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Wheless JW, Gidal B, Rabinowicz AL, Carrazana E. Practical Questions About Rescue Medications for Acute Treatment of Seizure Clusters in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy in the USA: Expanding Treatment Options to Address Unmet Needs. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26:49-57. [PMID: 37902940 PMCID: PMC10769986 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-023-00601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common pediatric neurological condition, affecting approximately 470,000 children in the USA and having a prevalence of 0.9% in the global population of approximately 2.6 billion children. Epilepsy is associated with disruptions in several areas of a child's life, including medical burden, quality of life, cognitive outcomes, and higher risk of mortality. Additionally, some pediatric patients may experience acute seizure emergencies such as seizure clusters (also called acute repetitive seizures), which are intermittent increases in seizure activity that differ from the patient's usual seizure pattern and may occur despite daily antiseizure drug administration. Seizure clusters increase a patient's risk for status epilepticus and emergency room visits. Benzodiazepines are the main category of drugs used as acute seizure therapies for seizure clusters. This narrative review provides a practical discussion of care for pediatric patients with epilepsy and seizure clusters exploring such topics as details about the US Food and Drug Administration-approved acute seizure therapies, safety and ease of use of these medications, benefits of seizure action plans to help ensure optimal treatment, and considerations for transitioning a pediatric patient with acute seizure therapy to adult healthcare management.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wheless
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Barry Gidal
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Enrique Carrazana
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Tatum WO, Glauser T, Peters JM, Verma A, Weatherspoon S, Benbadis S, Becker DA, Puri V, Smith M, Misra SN, Rabinowicz AL, Carrazana E. Acute seizure therapies in people with epilepsy: Fact or fiction? A U.S. Perspective. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2023; 23:100612. [PMID: 37520180 PMCID: PMC10372156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy (PWE) may experience seizure emergencies including acute repetitive seizures despite chronic treatment with daily antiseizure medications. Seizures may adversely impact routine daily activities and/or healthcare utilization and may impair the quality of life of patients with epilepsy and their caregivers. Seizures often occur at home, school, or work in a community setting. Appropriate treatment that is readily accessible for patients with seizure urgencies and emergencies is essential outside the hospital setting. When determining the best acute antiseizure therapy for PWE, clinicians need to consider all of the available rescue medications and their routes of administration including the safety and efficacy profiles. Benzodiazepines are a standard of care as a rescue therapy, yet there are several misconceptions about their use and safety. Reevaluating potential misconceptions and formulating best practices are necessary to maximize usage for each available option of acute therapy. We examine common beliefs associated with traditional use of acute seizure therapies to refute or support them based on the current level of evidence in the published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- William O. Tatum
- Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL 32224-1865, USA
| | - Tracy Glauser
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jurriaan M. Peters
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6560 Fannin St., Ste 802, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Weatherspoon
- Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 848 Adams Ave., Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Selim Benbadis
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, University of South Florida & Tampa General Hospital, 2 Tampa General Cir., Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Danielle A. Becker
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Vinay Puri
- Norton Children’s Neuroscience Institute, affiliated with University of Louisville, 411 E. Chestnut St., Suite 645, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Michael Smith
- Department of Neurology, Rush University, 1725 W. Harrison St., Ste 885, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sunita N. Misra
- Neurelis Inc., 3430 Carmel Mountain Rd., Ste 300, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Enrique Carrazana
- Neurelis Inc., 3430 Carmel Mountain Rd., Ste 300, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St., Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Santilli N, Dewar S, Guerra C, Misra SN, Rabinowicz AL, Carrazana E. Use of intranasal rescue therapy for seizure clusters in students with epilepsy: Nurses' knowledge, perceptions, and practice. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2023; 22:100604. [PMID: 37448486 PMCID: PMC10337358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
School nurses play a crucial role in the prompt, appropriate response to epilepsy-related seizure emergencies among students in the school setting. Two intranasal benzodiazepine rescue therapies are now approved and offer potential benefits of being easy to use and socially acceptable. In July 2021, a survey was sent to 49,314 US school nurses to assess knowledge, perceptions, and practice with seizure rescue therapy. Responses were received from 866 (1.8% response rate). Of respondents, 45.7% had used rectal diazepam gel; 9.3%, midazolam nasal spray; and 6.0%, diazepam nasal spray. The majority (58.7%) had not delegated authority to administer rescue therapy, with state/local regulations and lack of willingness of school personnel being the most common barriers to delegation (37.7% and 20.1%, respectively). Additional training of nurses and school staff and progress on delegation policies may help optimize appropriate use of intranasal rescue therapy for seizures and enhance care of students with epilepsy in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Santilli
- Human Care Systems, 720-84 State St, Boston, MA 02109, United States
| | - Sandra Dewar
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA 23298-0599, United States
| | - Cynthia Guerra
- Neurelis, Inc., 300-3430 Carmel Mountain Rd, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Sunita N Misra
- Neurelis, Inc., 300-3430 Carmel Mountain Rd, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Adrian L Rabinowicz
- Neurelis, Inc., 300-3430 Carmel Mountain Rd, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Enrique Carrazana
- Neurelis, Inc., 300-3430 Carmel Mountain Rd, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813, United States
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Herman ST, Detyniecki K, O'Hara K, Penovich P, Rao VR, Tatum W, Long L, Stern JM, Carrazana E, Rabinowicz AL. Written seizure action plans for adult patients with epilepsy: Distilling insights from emergency action plans for other chronic conditions. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 140:109002. [PMID: 36822041 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Seizure emergencies and potential emergencies, ranging from seizure clusters to prolonged seizure and status epilepticus, may affect adults with epilepsy despite stable antiseizure therapy. Seizure action plans (SAPs) are designed for patients and their caregivers/care partners to provide guidance on the individualized treatment plan, including response to potential seizure emergencies and appropriate use of rescue therapy. The use of pediatric SAPs is common (typically required by schools), however, most adults with epilepsy do not have a plan. Patient-centered action plans are integral to care for other chronic conditions and may offer insights applicable to the care of adults with epilepsy. This review analyzes the potential benefits of action plans for medical conditions by exploring their utility in conditions such as asthma, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, and opioid overdose. Evidence across these conditions substantiates the value of action plans for patients, and the benefits of adult SAPs in epilepsy are emerging. Because wide implementation of SAPs has faced barriers, other conditions may provide insights that are relevant to implementing SAPs in epilepsy. Based on these analyses, we propose concrete steps to improve the use of SAPs among adults. A recent consensus statement promoting the use of formal SAPs in epilepsy and advances in rescue therapy delivery methods provides support to engage patients around the value of SAPs. The precedent for use of SAPs for pediatric epilepsy patients serves as the foundation to support increased usage in adults. Seizure action plans in the context of improved clinical outcomes are expected to reduce healthcare utilization, improve patient quality of life, and optimize epilepsy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Herman
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
| | | | | | | | - Vikram R Rao
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - John M Stern
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Enrique Carrazana
- University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, United States; Neurelis, Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
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Muniz EA, Queiroz MVO, Pinheiro PNDC, Silva MRFD, Moreira TMM, Oliveira EN, Almeida IFDPD, Barbosa Filho VC. Guia de Enfermagem Escolar para promoção da saúde de jovens estudantes: construção e validação. Rev Bras Enferm 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0260pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivos: descrever o processo de construção e validação do Guia de Enfermagem Escolar para promoção da saúde de jovens estudantes. Métodos: estudo metodológico, realizado de fevereiro a dezembro de 2021, composto por Pesquisa Convergente-Assistencial fundamentada no Modelo de Promoção da Saúde de Pender. A partir da literatura e diálogo com 11 enfermeiros nos sete grupos focais online, foram construídas ações. Posteriormente, 24 juízes avaliaram o conteúdo e a aparência. Resultados: o guia propõe estratégias para o desenvolvimento das práticas de enfermagem escolar enfocando a promoção da saúde. O Índice de Validade de Aparência variou de 0,63 a 1,0, e o total foi de 0,84. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo variou de 0,95 a 1,0, e o total foi de 0,997. Conclusões: o guia incorporou as necessidades dos jovens reconhecidas pelos profissionais, e a fase de avaliação confirma sua validação, podendo ser utilizado no contexto da prática com jovens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoel Avelar Muniz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Brazil
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Muniz EA, Queiroz MVO, Pinheiro PNDC, da Silva MRF, Moreira TMM, Oliveira EN, de Almeida IFDP, Barbosa VC. School Nursing Guide for student health promotion: construction and validity. Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 76:e20220260. [PMID: 36542056 PMCID: PMC9749768 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to describe the process of construction and validity of a School Nursing Guide for student health promotion. METHODS a methodological study, carried out from February to December 2021, composed of Convergent Care Research based on Pender's Health Promotion Model. Based on the literature and dialogue with 11 nurses in the seven online focus groups, actions were constructed. Subsequently, 24 judges assessed content and appearance. RESULTS the guide proposes strategies for developing school nursing practices focusing on health promotion. The Appearance Validity Index ranged from 0.63 to 1.0, and the total was 0.84. The Content Validity Index ranged from 0.95 to 1.0, and the total was 0.997. CONCLUSIONS the guide incorporated the needs of young people recognized by professionals, and the assessment phase confirms its validity, and can be used in the context of practice with young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanoel Avelar Muniz
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará. Acaraú, Ceará, Brazil,Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valter Cordeiro Barbosa
- Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará. Aracati, Ceará, Brazil
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Safety of Diazepam Nasal Spray in Children and Adolescents With Epilepsy: Results From a Long-Term Phase 3 Safety Study. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 132:50-55. [PMID: 35636283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate safety and tolerability of long-term treatment with diazepam nasal spray (Valtoco) for seizure clusters in patients aged six to 17 years. METHODS The study enrolled patients aged six to 65 years with frequent seizure clusters. Age- and weight-based doses of diazepam nasal spray were administered; second doses were permitted if needed. Safety assessments included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). RESULTS Of 163 treated patients, 45 (27.6%) were aged six to 11 years and 33 (20.2%) were aged 12 to 17 years. Mean doses per month were 2.1 in the 6 to 11 subgroup and 2.4 in the 12 to 17 subgroup. Of 1634 seizure clusters in pediatric patients, 186 (11.4%) required a second dose of diazepam nasal spray within 24 hours of the first dose. Similar proportions of TEAEs and serious TEAEs were reported in 6 to 11 (91.1%, 40.0%) and 12 to 17 subgroups (81.8%, 30.3%), respectively. No serious TEAEs were considered treatment related, and no patients discontinued because of TEAEs. Treatment-related TEAEs were more frequent in the 12 to 17 subgroup; only epistaxis and somnolence occurred in two or more patients overall. TEAE rates were similar across subgroups that received concomitant clobazam (90.0%), received prior diazepam rectal gel (90.9%), and were administered less than two versus greater than or equal to two doses per month (87.2% for both) of diazepam nasal spray. Most survey respondents (88%) were satisfied or very satisfied with treatment. CONCLUSIONS In this long-term safety analysis in pediatric patients with seizure clusters, repeated doses of diazepam nasal spray demonstrated a safety profile consistent across subgroups. These data support the dosing guidelines for diazepam nasal spray according to age and weight for pediatric patients.
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An Overview of the Implications for Perianesthesia Nurses in terms of Intraoperative Changes in Temperature and Factors Associated with Unintentional Postoperative Hypothermia. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:6955870. [PMID: 35444780 PMCID: PMC9015883 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6955870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients undergo surgery and anaesthesia on a daily basis across the United States and throughout the world. A major source of worry for these patients continues to be inadvertent hypothermia, once core temperature <36°C (96.8°F). Despite well-documented adverse physiological consequences, anaesthesia nurses continue to have a difficult task in keeping patient warmth pre-/peri-/post-surgical procedure. Thermostasis within postoperative patient necessitates the collaboration of many individuals. In order to provide safe and high-quality treatment, it is essential to use the most up-to-date data to guide therapeutic procedures targeted at achieving balance body temperature in surgical patients. Providing a review of the physiology of perioperative temperature variations and the comorbidities linked with accidental intraoperative hypothermia, this article will also provide preventive and treatment methods.
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Dean P, O'Hara K, Brooks L, Shinnar R, Bougher G, Santilli N. Managing Acute Seizures: New Rescue Delivery Option and Resources to Assist School Nurses. NASN Sch Nurse 2021; 36:346-354. [PMID: 34189971 PMCID: PMC8586177 DOI: 10.1177/1942602x211026333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 470,000 children and adolescents in the United States have epilepsy, 30% of whom experience seizures despite antiseizure drug regimens. School nurses, teachers, caregivers, and parents play integral roles in implementing a care plan that avoids triggers, recognizes signs, and provides supportive care—ideally, guided by a patient-specific seizure action plan, which may include the use of rescue medication. Benzodiazepines are the mainstay of seizure rescue medication; for decades, rectally administered diazepam was the only approved rescue medication for seizure clusters outside the hospital setting. However, rectal administration has limitations that could delay treatment (e.g., social acceptability, removal of clothing, positioning). More recently, intranasal midazolam (for patients ≥12 years) and intranasal diazepam (for patients ≥6 years) were approved for this indication. Training and education regarding newer forms of rescue medication should improve confidence in the ability to treat seizures in school with the goal of increasing the safety of students with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Dean
- Epilepsy Program Specialist, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, FL
| | - Kathryn O'Hara
- Clinical Research Nurse, Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Lai Brooks
- Senior Director of the Neuroscience Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Genei Bougher
- Vice President/Subinvestigator, Northwest Florida Clinical Research Group, LLC, Gulf Breeze, FL
| | - Nancy Santilli
- Global Managing Director, Human Care Systems, Boston, MA
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Buchhalter J, Shafer PO, Buelow JM, French JA, Gilchrist B, Hirsch LJ, Nasuta M, Santilli N. Preferred practices for rescue treatment of seizure clusters: A consensus-driven, multi-stakeholder approach. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 117:107836. [PMID: 33640567 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the most difficult issues in the care of people living with epilepsy (PWE) regard the definition, treatment, and communication of unexpected increase(s) in seizure frequency over a relatively short duration of time. In order to address this issue, the Epilepsy Foundation established the Rescue Therapy Project in Epilepsy to understand the gaps, needs, and barriers facing people with epilepsy who use or may benefit from rescue therapies (RTs) for "seizure clusters". The intent was to provide consensus-derived recommendations from a broad stakeholder group including PWE, their caregivers, epilepsy specialist physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and representatives of epilepsy & neurology advocacy and professional organizations. METHODS During Phase 1, a group of epilepsy experts and stakeholders (N = 54) were divided into 3 workgroups that met by conference calls and in-person. Content of workgroups was developed into preferred practices related to RTs. In Phase 2, these recommendations were evaluated by a larger more diverse group of healthcare professionals, PWE, and caregivers. Agreement with recommended preferred practices at 80% or greater was set as the level to achieve consensus. RESULTS The preferred practices were centered around four core themes identified by the experts and key stakeholders: the importance of a common language; when RTs should be prescribed; assessing the need for RTs; and education/communication about RTs. Consensus from experts and key stakeholders was reached for 27 recommended preferred practices using the Delphi method. "Rescue therapy" or "rescue medicine" was the preferred term to describe what to name a treatment intervention in this context, and seizure action plans was the preferred term to communicate how to respond to a seizure or SCs and the use of RTs. In Phase 2, 23 of the recommendations reached final consensus, including the need for a common language, and the need to consider RTs and seizure action plans in all PWE in an individualized manner, several circumstances in which RTs should be prescribed, and the importance of education regarding RTs and SAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia O Shafer
- Osborne Health Consulting LLC, Boston, MA, USA; Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD, USA
| | | | - Jaqueline A French
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; Epilepsy Foundation, Landover, MD, USA
| | | | - Lawrence J Hirsch
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Dept. of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary Nasuta
- Harford County Public Schools, Bel Air, MD, USA
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Lepkowski AM, Shannon RA, Maughan ED. Validation of a Model for Developing Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for School Nursing. J Sch Nurs 2019; 36:410-414. [PMID: 31630637 DOI: 10.1177/1059840519881771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The paucity of scientifically rigorous school nursing clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) presents barriers to evidence-based care of students with special health-care needs. A Model for Developing Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for School Nursing (School Nursing CPG Model) was developed under the auspices of the National Association of School Nurses (NASN) to address this need. To test and validate this School Nursing CPG Model, a trial CPG development project was conducted to (1) identify structure and process gaps and areas for improvement within the School Nursing CPG Model and (2) develop an evidence-based CPG for school nursing practice that addresses a priority student health condition: seizures and epilepsy. The School Nursing CPG Model was validated through a trial CPG project which followed the systematic, standardized process of the School Nursing CPG Model while responsively implementing quality improvement measures through the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle. Both specific aims were accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin D Maughan
- 233071National Association of School Nurses, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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