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Khan B, Nippolainen E, Shahini F, Nonappa, Popov A, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Relationship between depth-wise refractive index and biomechanical properties of human articular cartilage. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2024; 29:095003. [PMID: 39309245 PMCID: PMC11413650 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.29.9.095003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Significance Optical properties of biological tissues, such as refractive index (RI), are fundamental properties, intrinsically linked to the tissue's composition and structure. We hypothesize that, as the RI and the functional properties of articular cartilage (AC) are dependent on the tissue's structure and composition, the RI of AC is related to its biomechanical properties. Aim This study aims to investigate the relationship between RI of human AC and its biomechanical properties. Approach Human cartilage samples ( n = 22 ) were extracted from the right knee joint of three cadaver donors (one female, aged 47 years, and two males, aged 64 and 68 years) obtained from a commercial biobank (Science Care, Phoenix, Arizona, United States). The samples were initially subjected to mechanical indentation testing to determine elastic [equilibrium modulus (EM) and instantaneous modulus (IM)] and dynamic [dynamic modulus (DM)] viscoelastic properties. An Abbemat 3200 automatic one-wavelength refractometer operating at 600 nm was used to measure the RI of the extracted sections. Similarly, Spearman's and Pearson's correlation coefficients were employed for non-normal and normal datasets, respectively, to determine the correlation between the depth-wise RI and biomechanical properties of the cartilage samples as a function of the collagen fibril orientation. Results A positive correlation with statistically significant relations ( p - values < 0.05 ) was observed between the RI and the biomechanical properties (EM, IM, and DM) along the tissue depth for each zone, e.g., superficial, middle, and deep zones. Likewise, a lower positive correlation with statistically significant relations ( p - values < 0.05 ) was also observed for collagen fibril orientation of all zones with the biomechanical properties. Conclusions The results indicate that, although the RI exhibits different levels of correlation with different biomechanical properties, the relationship varies as a function of the tissue depth. This knowledge paves the way for optically monitoring changes in AC biomechanical properties nondestructively via changes in the RI. Thus, the RI could be a potential biomarker for assessing the mechanical competency of AC, particularly in degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilour Khan
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fatemeh Shahini
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexey Popov
- VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Science Service Center, Kuopio, Finland
- The University of Queensland, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Isaac O. Afara
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, Kuopio, Finland
- The University of Queensland, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Kondiboyina V, Duerr TJ, Monaghan JR, Shefelbine SJ. Material properties in regenerating axolotl limbs using inverse finite element analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106341. [PMID: 38160643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular mechanical environment plays an important role in the skeletal development process. Characterization of the material properties of regenerating tissues that recapitulate development, provides insights into the mechanical environment experienced by the cells and the maturation of the matrix. In this study, we estimated the viscoelastic material properties of regenerating forelimbs in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) at three different regeneration stages: 27 days post-amputation (mid-late bud) and 41 days post-amputation (palette stage), and fully-grown time points. A stress-relaxation indentation test followed by two-term Prony series viscoelastic inverse finite element analysis was used to obtain material parameters. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was estimated using a 1,9- dimethyl methylene blue assay. RESULTS The instantaneous and equilibrium shear moduli significantly increased with regeneration while the short-term stress relaxation time significantly decreased with limb regeneration. The long-term stress relaxation time in the fully-grown time point was significantly lower than 27 and 41 DPA groups. The GAG content was not significantly different between 27 and 41 DPA but the GAG content of cartilage in the fully-grown group was significantly greater than in 27 and 41 DPA. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical environment of the proliferating cells changes drastically during limb regeneration. Understanding how the tissue's mechanical properties change during limb regeneration is critical for linking molecular-level matrix production of the cells to tissue-level behavior and mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Dept. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Chawla D, Eriten M, Henak CR. Effect of osmolarity and displacement rate on cartilage microfracture clusters failure into two regimes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 136:105467. [PMID: 36198233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a poroviscoelastic (PVE) material with remarkable resistance to fracture and fatigue failure. Cartilage failure mechanisms and material properties that govern failure are incompletely understood. Because cartilage is partially comprised of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans, altering solvent osmolarity can influence PVE relaxations. Therefore, this study aims to use osmolarity as a tool to provide additional data to interpret the role of PVE relaxations and identify cartilage failure regimes. Cartilage fracture was induced using a 100 μm radius spheroconical indenter at controlled displacement rates under three different osmolarity solvents. Secondarily, contact pressure (CP) and strain energy density (SED) were estimated to cluster data into two failure regimes with an expectation maximization algorithm. Critical displacement, critical load, critical time, and critical work to fracture increased with increasing osmolarity at a slow displacement rate whereas no significant effect was observed at a fast displacement rate. Clustering provided two distinct failure regimes, with regime (I) at lower normalized thickness (contact radius divided by sample thickness), and regime (II) at higher normalized thickness. Varied CP and SED in regime (I) suggest that failure in the regime is strain-governed. Constant CP and SED in regime (II) suggests that failure in the regime is dominantly governed by stress. These regimes can be interpreted as ductile versus brittle, or using a pressurized fragmentation interpretation. These findings demonstrated fundamental failure properties and postulate failure regimes for articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipul Chawla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Melih Eriten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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4
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A Cationic Contrast Agent in X-ray Imaging of Articular Cartilage: Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Diffusion and Attenuation Properties. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092111. [PMID: 36140512 PMCID: PMC9497730 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the preliminary assessment of a new cationic contrast agent, the CA4+, via the analysis of spatial distribution in cartilage of ex vivo bovine samples, at micrometer and millimeter scale. Osteochondral plugs (n = 18) extracted from bovine stifle joints (n = 2) were immersed in CA4+ solution up to 26 h. Planar images were acquired at different time points, using a microCT apparatus. The CA4+ distribution in cartilage and saturation time were evaluated. Tibial plates from bovine stifle joints (n = 3) were imaged with CT, before and after 24 h-CA4+ bath immersion, at different concentrations. Afterward, potential CA4+ washout from cartilage was investigated. From microCT acquisitions, the CA4+ distribution differentiated into three distinct layers inside the cartilage, reflecting the spatial distribution of proteoglycans. After 24 h of diffusion, the iodine concentration reached in cartilage was approximately seven times that of the CA4+ bath. The resulting saturation time was 1.9 ± 0.9 h and 2.6 ± 2.9 h for femoral and tibial samples, respectively. Analysis of clinical CT acquisitions confirmed overall contrast enhancement of cartilage after 24 h immersion, observed for each CA4+ concentration. Distinct contrast enhancement was reached in different cartilage regions, depending on tissue’s local features. Incomplete but remarkable washout of cartilage was observed. CA4+ significantly improved cartilage visualization and its qualitative analysis.
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5
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Saukko AEA, Nykänen O, Sarin JK, Nissi MJ, Te Moller NCR, Weinans H, Mancini IAD, Visser J, Brommer H, van Weeren PR, Malda J, Grinstaff MW, Töyräs J. Dual-contrast computed tomography enables detection of equine posttraumatic osteoarthritis in vitro. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:703-711. [PMID: 33982283 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the progression of posttraumatic osteoarthritis, assessment of cartilage composition is critical for effective treatment planning. Posttraumatic changes include proteoglycan (PG) loss and elevated water content. Quantitative dual-energy computed tomography (QDECT) provides a means to diagnose these changes. Here, we determine the potential of QDECT to evaluate tissue quality surrounding cartilage lesions in an equine model, hypothesizing that QDECT allows detection of posttraumatic degeneration by providing quantitative information on PG and water contents based on the partitions of cationic and nonionic agents in a contrast mixture. Posttraumatic osteoarthritic samples were obtained from a cartilage repair study in which full-thickness chondral defects were created surgically in both stifles of seven Shetland ponies. Control samples were collected from three nonoperated ponies. The experimental (n = 14) and control samples (n = 6) were immersed in the contrast agent mixture and the distributions of the agents were determined at various diffusion time points. As a reference, equilibrium moduli, dynamic moduli, and PG content were measured. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in partitions between the experimental and control samples were demonstrated with cationic contrast agent at 30 min, 60 min, and 20 h, and with non-ionic agent at 60 and 120 min. Significant Spearman's rank correlations were obtained at 20 and 24 h (ρ = 0.482-0.693) between the partition of cationic contrast agent, cartilage biomechanical properties, and PG content. QDECT enables evaluation of posttraumatic changes surrounding a lesion and quantification of PG content, thus advancing the diagnostics of the extent and severity of cartilage injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina E A Saukko
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Nykänen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko K Sarin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko J Nissi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nikae C R Te Moller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harrie Weinans
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Delft, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irina A D Mancini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jetze Visser
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Brommer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Réné van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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6
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Virtanen V, Nippolainen E, Shaikh R, Afara IO, Töyräs J, Solheim J, Tafintseva V, Zimmermann B, Kohler A, Saarakkala S, Rieppo L. Infrared Fiber-Optic Spectroscopy Detects Bovine Articular Cartilage Degeneration. Cartilage 2021; 13:285S-294S. [PMID: 33615831 PMCID: PMC8804829 DOI: 10.1177/1947603521993221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joint injuries may lead to degeneration of cartilage tissue and initiate development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Arthroscopic surgeries can be used to treat joint injuries, but arthroscopic evaluation of articular cartilage quality is subjective. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with fiber optics and attenuated total reflectance crystal could be used for the assessment of tissue quality during arthroscopy. We hypothesize that fiber-optic mid-infrared spectroscopy can detect enzymatically and mechanically induced damage similar to changes occurring during progression of osteoarthritis. DESIGN Bovine patellar cartilage plugs were extracted and degraded enzymatically and mechanically. Adjacent untreated samples were utilized as controls. Enzymatic degradation was done using collagenase and trypsin enzymes. Mechanical damage was induced by (1) dropping a weight impactor on the cartilage plugs and (2) abrading the cartilage surface with a rotating sandpaper. Fiber-optic mid-infrared spectroscopic measurements were conducted before and after treatments, and spectral changes were assessed with random forest, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and support vector machine classifiers. RESULTS All models had excellent classification performance for detecting the different enzymatic and mechanical damage on cartilage matrix. Random forest models achieved accuracies between 90.3% and 77.8%, while partial least squares model accuracies ranged from 95.8% to 84.7%, and support vector machine accuracies from 91.7% to 80.6%. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that fiber-optic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy is a viable way to detect minor and major degeneration of articular cartilage. Objective measures provided by fiber-optic spectroscopic methods could improve arthroscopic evaluation of cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Virtanen
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging,
Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Vesa Virtanen, Research Unit of Medical
Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu,
Aapistie 5 A, Oulu, Pohjois-Pohjanmaa 90220, Finland.
| | - Ervin Nippolainen
- Department of Applied Physics,
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rubina Shaikh
- Department of Applied Physics,
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isaac O. Afara
- Department of Applied Physics,
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,School of Information Technology and
Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics,
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio
University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland,School of Information Technology and
Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland,
Australia
| | - Johanne Solheim
- Biospectroscopy and Data Modeling Group,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås,
Norway
| | - Valeria Tafintseva
- Biospectroscopy and Data Modeling Group,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås,
Norway
| | - Boris Zimmermann
- Biospectroscopy and Data Modeling Group,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås,
Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Biospectroscopy and Data Modeling Group,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås,
Norway
| | - Simo Saarakkala
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging,
Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu
University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lassi Rieppo
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging,
Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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7
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Chawla D, Han G, Eriten M, Henak CR. Microindentation Technique to Create Localized Cartilage Microfractures. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e280. [PMID: 34670019 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a multiphasic, anisotropic, and heterogeneous material. Although cartilage possesses excellent mechanical and biological properties, it can undergo mechanical damage, resulting in osteoarthritis. Thus, it is important to understand the microscale failure behavior of cartilage in both basic science and clinical contexts. Determining cartilage failure behavior and mechanisms provides insight for improving treatment strategies to delay osteoarthritis initiation or progression and can also enhance the value of cartilage as bioinspiration for material fabrication. To investigate microscale failure behavior, we developed a protocol to initiate fractures by applying a microindentation technique using a well-defined tip geometry that creates localized cracks across a range of loading rates. The protocol includes extracting the tissue from the joint, preparing samples, and microfracture. Various aspects of the experiment, such as loading profile and solvent, can be adjusted to mimic physiological or pathological conditions and thereby further clarify phenomena underlying articular cartilage failure. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Harvesting and dissection of the joint surfaces Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of samples for microindentation and fatigue testing Basic Protocol 3: Microfracture using microindentation Basic Protocol 4: Crack propagation under cyclic loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipul Chawla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Guebum Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melih Eriten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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8
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Moo EK, Tanska P, Federico S, Al-Saffar Y, Herzog W, Korhonen RK. Collagen fibres determine the crack morphology in articular cartilage. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:301-314. [PMID: 33757903 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cracks in articular cartilage compromise tissue integrity and mechanical properties and lead to chondral lesions if untreated. An understanding of the mechanics of cracked cartilage may help in the prevention of cartilage deterioration and the development of tissue-engineered substitutes. The degeneration of cartilage in the presence of cracks may depend on the ultrastructure and composition of the tissue, which changes with aging, disease and habitual loading. It is unknown if the structural and compositional differences between immature and mature cartilage affect the mechanics of cartilage cracks, possibly predisposing one to a greater risk of degeneration than the other. We used a fibre-reinforced poro-viscoelastic swelling material model that accounts for large deformations and tension-compression non-linearity, and the finite element method to investigate the role of cartilage structure and composition on crack morphology and tissue mechanics. We demonstrate that the crack morphology predicted by our theoretical model agrees well with the histo-morphometric images of young and mature cracked cartilages under indentation loading. We also determined that the crack morphology was primarily dependent on collagen fibre orientation which differs as a function of cartilage depth and tissue maturity. The arcade-like collagen fibre orientation, first discussed by Benninghoff in his classical 1925 paper, appears to be beneficial for slowing the progression of tissue cracks by 'sealing' the crack and partially preserving fluid pressure during loading. Preservation of the natural load distribution between solid and fluid constituents of cartilage may be a key factor in slowing or preventing the propagation of tissue cracks and associated tissue matrix damage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cracks in articular cartilage can be detrimental to joint health if not treated, but it is not clear how they propagate and lead to tissue degradation. We used an advanced numerical model to determine the role of cartilage structure and composition on crack morphology under loading. Based on the structure and composition found in immature and mature cartilages, our model successfully predicts the crack morphology in these cartilages and determines that collagen fibre as the major determinant of crack morphology. The arcade-like Benninghoff collagen fibre orientation appears to be crucial in 'sealing' the tissue crack and preserves normal fluid-solid load distribution in cartilage. Inclusion of the arcade-like fibre orientation in tissue-engineered construct may help improve its integration within the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada.
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
| | - Salvatore Federico
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4 Canada; Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada.
| | - Yasir Al-Saffar
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500, University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4 Canada; Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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9
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Baer K, Kieser S, Schon B, Rajendran K, Ten Harkel T, Ramyar M, Löbker C, Bateman C, Butler A, Raja A, Hooper G, Anderson N, Woodfield T. Spectral CT imaging of human osteoarthritic cartilage via quantitative assessment of glycosaminoglycan content using multiple contrast agents. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:026101. [PMID: 33834156 PMCID: PMC8018795 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of early osteoarthritis to stabilize or reverse the damage to articular cartilage would improve patient function, reduce disability, and limit the need for joint replacement. In this study, we investigated nondestructive photon-processing spectral computed tomography (CT) for the quantitative measurement of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content compared to destructive histological and biochemical assay techniques in normal and osteoarthritic tissues. Cartilage-bone cores from healthy bovine stifles were incubated in 50% ioxaglate (Hexabrix®) or 100% gadobenate dimeglumine (MultiHance®). A photon-processing spectral CT (MARS) scanner with a CdTe-Medipix3RX detector imaged samples. Calibration phantoms of ioxaglate and gadobenate dimeglumine were used to determine iodine and gadolinium concentrations from photon-processing spectral CT images to correlate with the GAG content measured using a dimethylmethylene blue assay. The zonal distribution of GAG was compared between photon-processing spectral CT images and histological sections. Furthermore, discrimination and quantification of GAG in osteoarthritic human tibial plateau tissue using the same contrast agents were demonstrated. Contrast agent concentrations were inversely related to the GAG content. The GAG concentration increased from 25 μg/ml (85 mg/ml iodine or 43 mg/ml gadolinium) in the superficial layer to 75 μg/ml (65 mg/ml iodine or 37 mg/ml gadolinium) in the deep layer of healthy bovine cartilage. Deep zone articular cartilage could be distinguished from subchondral bone by utilizing the material decomposition technique. Photon-processing spectral CT images correlated with histological sections in healthy and osteoarthritic tissues. Post-imaging material decomposition was able to quantify the GAG content and distribution throughout healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage using Hexabrix® and MultiHance® while differentiating the underlying subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Kieser
- Christchurch Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering (CReaTE), Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Mohsen Ramyar
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | | | - Christopher Bateman
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Nigel Anderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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10
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Xie Q, Tang Y, Zhou M, Dai B, Zhao X, Cheng Y, He J, Zhang C, Deng X, Li L, Tao R. Reducing the effects of control materials based on interchangeability of estimates of day-to-day imprecision between commercial control materials and serum samples. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23710. [PMID: 33483963 PMCID: PMC8059733 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduce the effects in the storage‐and‐thawing process of commercial control materials based on their interchangeability evaluation. Methods Seven assays—anti‐streptolysin O, complement 3, carcinoembryonic antigen, urea, ferritin, total bilirubin, and glucose—were selected. Commercial control materials and serum samples with similar concentrations were chosen as samples. The experiment was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the assays with statistical differences in imprecision were screened. In the second stage, two specimens were sealed with parafilm and frozen at −80°C and thawed in the water bath, and the imprecision differences were compared again. Finally, the effective means to reduce the effects were included in the standard operating procedure to repeat confirmation. Results In the first stage, there was only a statistical difference (p < 0.05) in the imprecision of glucose and total bilirubin between two specimens, and the imprecision of control materials was higher than the serum samples. In the second stage, glucose imprecision was not statistically different (p > 0.05) and lower than in the first stage. In the third stage, the methods from the second stage were confirmed to be effective at reducing control material effects. Conclusion Finding variation factors and confirming and standardizing the measures will help lessen commercial control material effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xie
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Changsha Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Changsha Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Changsha, China
| | - Meihua Zhou
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Changsha Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Dai
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Changsha Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Changsha Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Changsha, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenli Zhang
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Taiyuan Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishi Li
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Laboratory Diagnosis Department, Guangzhou Kingmed Center for Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Motavalli M, Jones C, Berilla JA, Li M, Schluchter MD, Mansour JM, Welter JF. Apparatus and Method for Rapid Detection of Acoustic Anisotropy in Cartilage. J Med Biol Eng 2020; 40:419-427. [PMID: 32494235 DOI: 10.1007/s40846-020-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Articular cartilage is known to be mechanically anisotropic. In this paper, the acoustic anisotropy of bovine articular cartilage and the effects of freeze-thaw cycling on acoustic anisotropy were investigated. Methods We developed apparatus and methods that use a magnetic L-shaped sample holder, which allowed minimal handling of a tissue, reduced the number of measurements compared to previous studies, and produced highly reproducible results. Results SOS was greater in the direction perpendicular to the articular surface compared to the direction parallel to the articular surface (N=17, P = 0.00001). Average SOS was 1,758 ± 107 m/s perpendicular to the surface, and 1,617 ± 55 m/s parallel to it. The average percentage difference in SOS between the perpendicular and parallel directions was 8.2% (95% CI: 5.4% to 11%). Freeze-thaw cycling did not have a significant effect on SOS (P>0.4). Conclusion Acoustic measurement of tissue properties is particularly attractive for work in our laboratory since it has the potential for nondestructive characterization of the properties of developing engineered cartilage. Our approach allowed us to observe acoustic anisotropy of articular cartilage rapidly and reproducibly. This property was not significantly affected by freeze-thawing of the tissue samples, making cryopreservation practical for these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Motavalli
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Jim A Berilla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark D Schluchter
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Mansour
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University all Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Case Western Reserve University, all Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Arthroscopic Determination of Cartilage Proteoglycan Content and Collagen Network Structure with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:1815-1826. [PMID: 31062256 PMCID: PMC6647474 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional arthroscopic evaluation of articular cartilage is subjective and insufficient for assessing early compositional and structural changes during the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Therefore, in this study, arthroscopic near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is introduced, for the first time, for in vivo evaluation of articular cartilage thickness, proteoglycan (PG) content, and collagen orientation angle. NIR spectra were acquired in vivo and in vitro from equine cartilage adjacent to experimental cartilage repair sites. As reference, digital densitometry and polarized light microscopy were used to evaluate superficial and full-thickness PG content and collagen orientation angle. To relate NIR spectra and cartilage properties, ensemble neural networks, each with two different architectures, were trained and evaluated by using Spearman’s correlation analysis (ρ). The ensemble networks enabled accurate predictions for full-thickness reference properties (PG content: ρin vitro, Val= 0.691, ρin vivo= 0.676; collagen orientation angle: ρin vitro, Val= 0.626, ρin vivo= 0.574) from NIR spectral data. In addition, the networks enabled reliable prediction of PG content in superficial (25%) cartilage (ρin vitro, Val= 0.650, ρin vivo= 0.613) and cartilage thickness (ρin vitro, Val= 0.797, ρin vivo= 0.596). To conclude, NIR spectroscopy could enhance the detection of initial cartilage degeneration and thus enable demarcation of the boundary between healthy and compromised cartilage tissue during arthroscopic surgery.
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13
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Honkanen MKM, Matikka H, Honkanen JTJ, Bhattarai A, Grinstaff MW, Joukainen A, Kröger H, Jurvelin JS, Töyräs J. Imaging of proteoglycan and water contents in human articular cartilage with full-body CT using dual contrast technique. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1059-1070. [PMID: 30816584 PMCID: PMC6594070 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of cartilage composition via tomographic imaging is critical after cartilage injury to prevent post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Diffusion of cationic contrast agents in cartilage is affected by proteoglycan loss and elevated water content. These changes have opposite effects on diffusion and, thereby, reduce the diagnostic accuracy of cationic agents. Here, we apply, for the first time, a clinical full-body CT for dual contrast imaging of articular cartilage. We hypothesize that full-body CT can simultaneously determine the diffusion and partitioning of cationic and non-ionic contrast agents and that normalization of the cationic agent partition with that of the non-ionic agent minimizes the effect of water content and tissue permeability, especially at early diffusion time points. Cylindrical (d = 8 mm) human osteochondral samples (n = 45; four cadavers) of a variable degenerative state were immersed in a mixture of cationic iodinated CA4+ and non-charged gadoteridol contrast agents and imaged with a full-body CT scanner at various time points. Determination of contrast agents' distributions within cartilage was possible at all phases of diffusion. At early time points, gadoteridol, and CA4+ distributed throughout cartilage with lower concentrations in the deep cartilage. At ≥24 h, the gadoteridol concentration remained nearly constant, while the CA4+ concentration increased toward deep cartilage. Normalization of the CA4+ partition with that of gadoteridol significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced correlation with proteoglycan content and Mankin score at the early time points. To conclude, the dual contrast technique was found advantageous over single contrast imaging enabling more sensitive diagnosis of cartilage degeneration. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-12, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miitu K. M. Honkanen
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Hanna Matikka
- Department of Clinical RadiologyDiagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | | | - Abhisek Bhattarai
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, and MedicineBoston UniversityBostonMassachusetts
| | - Antti Joukainen
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand SurgeryKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Hand SurgeryKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
| | - Jukka S. Jurvelin
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Juha Töyräs
- Department of Applied PhysicsUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland,Diagnostic Imaging CenterKuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland,School of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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14
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Mahmood F, Clarke J, Riches P. The ionic contribution of proteoglycans to mechanical stiffness of the meniscus. Med Eng Phys 2018; 64:23-27. [PMID: 30594414 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Load transmission is an important function of the meniscus. In articular cartilage, proteoglycans help maintain hydration via negatively charged moieties. We aimed to investigate the influence of electrostatic effects on stiffness of meniscal tissue. Circular discs from bovine menisci of 8 mm diameter and 5 mm thickness were placed within a confined compression chamber. The apparatus was bathed in distilled water, 0.14 M PBS or 3 M PBS before being subjected to 5% ramp compressive strain and held for 300s. FEBio software was used to fit resultant relaxation curves to a non-linear poroviscoelastic model with strain dependent Holmes-Mow permeability. Analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc analysis. 10 samples were tested in each solution. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the values for Young's modulus, zero strain dependent permeability and the viscoelastic coefficient for samples tested in 3 M PBS as compared to deionised water/0.14 M PBS. No significant differences were observed in the strain dependent/stiffening coefficients or the relaxation time. Approximately 79% of the stiffness of the meniscus appears attributable to ionic effects. Ionic effects play a significant role in the mechanical stiffness of the meniscus. It is important to include the influence of ionic effects when developing mathematical models of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Mahmood
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, Wolfson Building, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK; Department of Orthopaedics, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon Street, Clydebank, G81 4DY, UK.
| | - Jon Clarke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Agamemnon Street, Clydebank, G81 4DY, UK
| | - Philip Riches
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, Wolfson Building, University of Strathclyde, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
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15
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Effect of freezing storage time on the elastic and viscous properties of the porcine TMJ disc. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 71:314-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Pawlak Z, Urbaniak W, Hagner-Derengowska M, Hagner W. The Probable Explanation for the Low Friction of Natural Joints. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1615-21. [PMID: 25391892 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The surface of an articular cartilage, coated with phospholipid (PL) bilayers, plays an important role in its lubrication and movement. Intact (normal) and depleted surfaces of the joint were modelled and the pH influence on the surface interfacial energy, wettability and friction were investigated. In the experiments, the deterioration of the PL bilayer was controlled by its wettability and the applied friction. The surrounding fluid of an undamaged articular cartilage, the synovial fluid, has a pH value of approximately 7.4. Buffer solutions were formulated to represent the synovial fluid with various pH values. It was found that the surface interfacial energy was stabilised at its lowest values when the pH varied between 6.5 and 9.5. These results suggested that as the PL bilayers deteriorated, the hydration repulsion mechanism became less effective as friction increased. The decreased number of bilayers changed the wettability and lowered PL lubricant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenon Pawlak
- Tribochemistry Consulting, Salt Lake City, UT, 84117, USA. .,Biotribology Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Bydgoszcz, Unii Lubelskiej 4c, 85-059, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Wieslaw Urbaniak
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Technical Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-867, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Technical University, Legska 20, 87-800, Włocławek, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Hagner
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Department of Rehabilitation, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Curie Sklodowskiej 9, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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17
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te Moller NCR, Pitkänen M, Sarin JK, Väänänen S, Liukkonen J, Afara IO, Puhakka PH, Brommer H, Niemelä T, Tulamo RM, Argüelles Capilla D, Töyräs J. Semi-automated International Cartilage Repair Society scoring of equine articular cartilage lesions in optical coherence tomography images. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:552-555. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. C. R. te Moller
- Department of Equine Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - M. Pitkänen
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - J. K. Sarin
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - S. Väänänen
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - J. Liukkonen
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - I. O. Afara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Elizade University; Ondo Nigeria
| | - P. H. Puhakka
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - H. Brommer
- Department of Equine Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - T. Niemelä
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - R.-M. Tulamo
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - D. Argüelles Capilla
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Töyräs
- Department of Applied Physics; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Diagnostic Imaging Centre; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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18
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Arokoski MEA, Tiitu V, Jurvelin JS, Korhonen RK, Fick JM. Topographical investigation of changes in depth-wise proteoglycan distribution in rabbit femoral articular cartilage at 4 weeks after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1278-86. [PMID: 25820864 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we explore topographical changes in proteoglycan distribution from femoral condylar cartilage in early osteoarthritis, acquired from both the lateral and medial condyles of anterior cruciate ligament transected (ACLT) and contralateral (CNTRL) rabbit knee joints, at 4 weeks post operation. Four sites across the cartilage surface in a parasagittal plane were defined across tissue sections taken from femoral condyles, and proteoglycan (PG) content was quantified using digital densitometry. The greatest depth-wise change in PG content due to an ACLT (compared to the CNTRL group) was observed anteriorly (site C) from the most weight-bearing location within the lateral compartment. In the medial compartment, the greatest change was observed in the most weight-bearing location (site B). The depth-wise changes in PG content were observed up to 48% and 28% depth from the tissue surface at these aforementioned sites, respectively (p < 0.05). The smallest depth-wise change in PG content was observed posteriorly (site A) from the most weight-bearing location within both femoral condyles (up to 20% and up to 5% depth from the tissue surface at lateral and medial compartments, respectively). This study gives further insight into how early cartilage deterioration progresses across the parasagittal plane of the femoral condyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko E A Arokoski
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Virpi Tiitu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jukka S Jurvelin
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - James M Fick
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
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19
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Thibbotuwawa N, Oloyede A, Senadeera W, Li T, Gu Y. Investigation of the mechanical behavior of kangaroo humeral head cartilage tissue by a porohyperelastic model based on the strain-rate-dependent permeability. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 51:248-59. [PMID: 26275487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-interstitial fluid interaction, which depends on tissue permeability, is significant to the strain-rate-dependent mechanical behavior of humeral head (shoulder) cartilage. Due to anatomical and biomechanical similarities to that of the human shoulder, kangaroos present a suitable animal model. Therefore, indentation experiments were conducted on kangaroo shoulder cartilage tissues from low (10(-4)/s) to moderately high (10(-2)/s) strain-rates. A porohyperelastic model was developed based on the experimental characterization; and a permeability function that takes into account the effect of strain-rate on permeability (strain-rate-dependent permeability) was introduced into the model to investigate the effect of rate-dependent fluid flow on tissue response. The prediction of the model with the strain-rate-dependent permeability was compared with those of the models using constant permeability and strain-dependent permeability. Compared to the model with constant permeability, the models with strain-dependent and strain-rate-dependent permeability were able to better capture the experimental variation at all strain-rates (p < 0.05). Significant differences were not identified between models with strain-dependent and strain-rate-dependent permeability at strain-rate of 5 × 10(-3)/s (p = 0.179). However, at strain-rate of 10(-2)/s, the model with strain-rate-dependent permeability was significantly better at capturing the experimental results (p < 0.005). The findings thus revealed the significance of rate-dependent fluid flow on tissue behavior at large strain-rates, which provides insights into the mechanical deformation mechanisms of cartilage tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namal Thibbotuwawa
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology(QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Adekunle Oloyede
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology(QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Wijitha Senadeera
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology(QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology(QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - YuanTong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology(QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
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