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Long Q, Zhang P, Ou Y, Li W, Yan Q, Yuan X. Single-cell sequencing advances in research on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Hum Cell 2024; 37:904-916. [PMID: 38743204 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), originating from the mesoderm, represent a multifunctional stem cell population capable of differentiating into diverse cell types and exhibiting a wide range of biological functions. Despite more than half a century of research, MSCs continue to be among the most extensively studied cell types in clinical research projects globally. However, their significant heterogeneity and phenotypic instability have significantly hindered their exploration and application. Single-cell sequencing technology emerges as a powerful tool to address these challenges, offering precise dissection of complex cellular samples. It uncovers the genetic structure and gene expression status of individual contained cells on a massive scale and reveals the heterogeneity among these cells. It links the molecular characteristics of MSCs with their clinical applications, contributing to the advancement of regenerative medicine. With the development and cost reduction of single-cell analysis techniques, sequencing technology is now widely applied in fundamental research and clinical trials. This study aimed to review the application of single-cell sequencing in MSC research and assess its prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Long
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Affiliated North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Pingshu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Affiliated North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Ya Ou
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Affiliated North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Affiliated North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Affiliated North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Affiliated North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China.
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, China.
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Cao Y, Boss AL, Bolam SM, Munro JT, Crawford H, Dalbeth N, Poulsen RC, Matthews BG. In Vitro Cell Surface Marker Expression on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cultures does not Reflect Their Ex Vivo Phenotype. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10743-1. [PMID: 38837115 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell surface marker expression is one of the criteria for defining human mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC) in vitro. However, it is unclear if expression of markers including CD73 and CD90 reflects the in vivo origin of cultured cells. We evaluated expression of 15 putative MSC markers in primary cultured cells from periosteum and cartilage to determine whether expression of these markers reflects either the differentiation state of cultured cells or the self-renewal of in vivo populations. Cultured cells had universal and consistent expression of various putative stem cell markers including > 95% expression CD73, CD90 and PDPN in both periosteal and cartilage cultures. Altering the culture surface with extracellular matrix coatings had minimal effect on cell surface marker expression. Osteogenic differentiation led to loss of CD106 and CD146 expression, however CD73 and CD90 were retained in > 90% of cells. We sorted freshly isolated periosteal populations capable of CFU-F formation on the basis of CD90 expression in combination with CD34, CD73 and CD26. All primary cultures universally expressed CD73 and CD90 and lacked CD34, irrespective of the expression of these markers ex vivo indicating phenotypic convergence in vitro. We conclude that markers including CD73 and CD90 are acquired in vitro in most 'mesenchymal' cells capable of expansion. Overall, we demonstrate that in vitro expression of many cell surface markers in plastic-adherent cultures is unrelated to their expression prior to culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anna L Boss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott M Bolam
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob T Munro
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brya G Matthews
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Frerker N, Karlsen TA, Stensland M, Nyman TA, Rayner S, Brinchmann JE. Comparison between articular chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells for the production of articular cartilage implants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1116513. [PMID: 36896010 PMCID: PMC9989206 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1116513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal lesions of articular cartilage give rise to pain and reduced joint function and may, if left untreated, lead to osteoarthritis. Implantation of in vitro generated, scaffold-free autologous cartilage discs may represent the best treatment option. Here we compare articular chondrocytes (ACs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for their ability to make scaffold-free cartilage discs. Articular chondrocytes produced more extracellular matrix per seeded cell than mesenchymal stromal cells. Quantitative proteomics analysis showed that articular chondrocyte discs contained more articular cartilage proteins, while mesenchymal stromal cell discs had more proteins associated with cartilage hypertrophy and bone formation. Sequencing analysis revealed more microRNAs associated with normal cartilage in articular chondrocyte discs, and large-scale target predictions, performed for the first time for in vitro chondrogenesis, suggested that differential expression of microRNAs in the two disc types were important mechanisms behind differential synthesis of proteins. We conclude that articular chondrocytes should be preferred over mesenchymal stromal cells for tissue engineering of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Frerker
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy A Karlsen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Stensland
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Rayner
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan E Brinchmann
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Wang K, Esbensen Q, Karlsen T, Eftang C, Owesen C, Aroen A, Jakobsen R. Low-Input RNA-Sequencing in Patients with Cartilage Lesions, Osteoarthritis, and Healthy Cartilage. Cartilage 2021; 13:550S-562S. [PMID: 34775802 PMCID: PMC8808811 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211057245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and compare cartilage samples from 3 groups of patients utilizing low-input RNA-sequencing. DESIGN Cartilage biopsies were collected from patients in 3 groups (n = 48): Cartilage lesion (CL) patients had at least ICRS grade 2, osteoarthritis (OA) samples were taken from patients undergoing knee replacement, and healthy cartilage (HC) was taken from ACL-reconstruction patients without CLs. RNA was isolated using an optimized protocol. RNA samples were assessed for quality and sequenced with a low-input SmartSeq2 protocol. RESULTS RNA isolation yielded 48 samples with sufficient quality for sequencing. After quality control, 13 samples in the OA group, 9 in the HC group, and 9 in the CL group were included in the analysis. There was a high degree of co-clustering between the HC and CL groups with only 6 genes significantly up- or downregulated. OA and the combined HC/CL group clustered significantly separate from each other, yielding 659 significantly upregulated and 1,369 downregulated genes. GO-term analysis revealed that genes matched to cartilage and connective tissue development terms. CONCLUSION The gene expression profiles from the 3 groups suggest that there are no major differences in gene expression between cartilage from knees with a cartilage injury and knees without an apparent cartilage injury. OA cartilage, as expected, showed markedly different gene expression from the other 2 groups. The gene expression profiles resulting from this low-input RNA-sequencing study offer opportunities to discover new pathways not previously recognized that may be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of
Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Katherine Wang, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1072 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Q.Y. Esbensen
- Department of Clinical Molecular
Biology (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Clinical Molecular
Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T.A. Karlsen
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell
Research, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University
Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - C.N. Eftang
- Department of Pathology, Akershus
University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - C. Owesen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - A. Aroen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center,
Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty
of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - R.B. Jakobsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Health Management and
Health Economics, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Two reactive behaviors of chondrocytes in an IL-1β-induced inflammatory environment revealed by the single-cell RNA sequencing. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:11646-11664. [PMID: 33879632 PMCID: PMC8109072 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the heterogeneous responses of in vitro expanded chondrocytes, which were cultured in an interleukin (IL)-1β -induced inflammatory environment. Method: Human articular chondrocytes were expanded, in vitro, for 13 days and treated with IL-1β for 0, 24, and 48 h. Cells were collected and subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing. Multiple bioinformatics tools were used to determine the signatures that define chondrocyte physiology. Results: Two major cell clusters with distinct expression patterns were identified at the initial phase and were with heterogeneous variation that coincides with inflammation progress. They transformed into two terminal cell clusters one of which exhibited OA-phenotype and proinflammatory characteristics through two paths, “response-to-inflammation” and “atypical response-to-inflammation”, respectively. The involved cell clusters exhibited intrinsic relationship with cell types within native cartilage from OA patients. Genes controlling cell transformation to OA-phenotype were relating to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway via NFKB, up-regulated KRAS signaling and the IL2/STAT5 signaling pathway and pathways relating to apoptosis and reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: The in vitro expanded chondrocytes under IL-1β-induced inflammatory progression behave heterogeneously. One of the initial cell clusters could transform into a proinflammatory subpopulation through a termed response-to-inflammation path, which may serve as the core target to alleviate OA progression.
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