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Yan W, Fan Y, Dai W, Cheng J, Zhao F, Yang S, Li Y, Maimaitimin M, Cao C, Shao Z, Li Z, Wang H, Hu X, Ao Y. Earlier and More Severe Cartilage Degeneration Occurs After Meniscal Tears in Juvenile Rabbits Compared with Adults. Cartilage 2023; 14:106-118. [PMID: 36444115 PMCID: PMC10076899 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221138959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the severity of cartilage degeneration after meniscal tears between juvenile and adult rabbits. DESIGN This study included 20 juvenile rabbits (2 weeks after birth) and 20 adult rabbits (6 months after birth). Meniscal tears were prepared in the anterior horn of medial menisci of right knees. Rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Cartilage degenerations in the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. The semiquantitative assessment of cartilage degeneration was graded by macroscopic Outerbridge scoring system and histological Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. RESULTS In juvenile rabbits, the morphologically intact cartilage and normal extracellular matrix architecture were observed at the first week postoperatively. Mild uneven cartilage surface and toluidine blue depletion in the medial femoral condyle were observed on histological assessment at 3 weeks postoperatively. The worsened cartilage deterioration demonstrating chondral fibrillation, prominent cell death, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release was observed at 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. In adult rabbits, only mild cartilage degeneration was observed in the medial femoral condyle at 12 weeks postoperatively. The outcomes of Outerbridge and OARSI scores were consistent with the aforementioned findings in juvenile and adult rabbits. CONCLUSIONS Our study validated that earlier and more severe cartilage degenerations were observed in juvenile rabbits after meniscal tears compared with adult rabbits. Moreover, the post-tear cartilage degeneration demonstrated regional specificity corresponded to the tear position. However, caution is warranted when extrapolating results of animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Yan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Fan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Dai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyuan Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Maihemuti Maimaitimin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Cao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxing Shao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Zong Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Hongde Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
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Zhu H, Liu H, Chen X, Xu X, Zhang S, Xie D. Enhancing autophagy and energy metabolism in the meniscus can delay the occurrence of PTOA in ACLT rat. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:971736. [PMID: 36120586 PMCID: PMC9479128 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.971736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease characterized by the destruction of the articular cartilage, meniscus and the like. Autophagy and cellular energy metabolism are the mechanisms by which cells maintain homeostasis. However, little is known about the effects of autophagy and cellular energy metabolism on meniscus degeneration, and the pathogenesis of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) after the meniscal injury is rarely reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in autophagy and cellular energy metabolism in the meniscus following anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and PTOA induced by subsequent articular cartilage injury. In this study, we use a combination of cell experiments in vitro and animal experiments in vivo. On the one hand, cell experiment results show that inhibiting the mTORC1 signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of S6K and AKT proteins in meniscal cells will lead to the increase of Beclin1, LC-3B, ATG12, ULK1, P62, and activate autophagy-related signaling pathways, which in turn protects the extracellular matrix component COL1 of meniscal cells from degradation by catabolic factor MMP13. In addition, it increased the generation of mitochondrial membrane potential in meniscal cells, increased the expression of anti-apoptotic factor BCL-XL, decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic factors BAD and BAX, and reduced the apoptosis of meniscal cells. More importantly, under the stimulation of inflammatory factor IL-1β, the secretion of meniscus cells can reduce the elevated levels of MMP13 and Adamts5 caused by chondrocytes affected by IL-1β. On the other hand, the results of animal experiments in vivo further proved the validity of the results of the cell experiments, and also proved that the meniscus injury did prior to the articular cartilage degeneration after ACLT. In conclusion, this study suggests that the meniscus prior to articular cartilage damage during the development of PTOA after ACLT, and that promoting autophagy and energy metabolism of meniscal cells may be a potential therapeutic target for delaying PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangrong Zhu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Department of Joint Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics), Guangzhou, China
- Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics), Guangzhou, China
- Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xizhong Chen
- Department of Joint Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics), Guangzhou, China
- Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics), Guangzhou, China
- Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Denghui Xie
- Department of Joint Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Academy of Orthopedics), Guangzhou, China
- Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Denghui Xie,
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Yan W, Dai W, Cheng J, Fan Y, Zhao F, Li Y, Maimaitimin M, Cao C, Shao Z, Li Q, Liu Z, Hu X, Ao Y. Histologically Confirmed Recellularization is a Key Factor that Affects Meniscal Healing in Immature and Mature Meniscal Tears. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:793820. [PMID: 34957120 PMCID: PMC8692889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.793820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Healing outcomes of meniscal repair are better in younger than in older. However, exact mechanisms underlying superior healing potential in younger remain unclear from a histological perspective. This study included 24 immature rabbits and 24 mature rabbits. Tears were created in the anterior horn of medial meniscus of right knee in each rabbit. Animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. We performed macroscopic and histological evaluations of post-meniscal repair specimens. Cells were counted within a region of interest to confirm cellularization at tear site in immature menisci. The width of cell death zone was measured to determine the region of cell death in mature menisci. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay. Vascularization was assessed by CD31 immunofluorescence. The glycosaminoglycans and the types 1 and 2 collagen content was evaluated by calculating average optical density of corresponding histological specimens. Cartilage degeneration was also evaluated. Healing outcomes following untreated meniscal tears were superior in immature group. Recellularization with meniscus-like cell morphology was observed at tear edge in immature menisci. Superior recellularization was observed at meniscal sites close to joint capsule than at sites distant from the capsule. Recellularization did not occur at tear site in mature group; however, we observed gradual enlargement of cell death zone. Apoptosis was presented at 1, 3, 6, 12 weeks in immature and mature menisci after untreated meniscal tears. Vascularization was investigated along the tear edges in immature menisci. Glycosaminoglycans and type 2 collagen deposition were negatively affected in immature menisci. We observed glycosaminoglycan degradation in mature menisci and cartilage degeneration, specifically in immature cartilage of the femoral condyle. In conclusion, compared with mature rabbits, immature rabbits showed more robust healing response after untreated meniscal tears. Vascularization contributed to the recellularization after meniscal tears in immature menisci. Meniscal injury fundamentally alters extracellular matrix deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Yan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Dai
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Fan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyuan Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Maihemuti Maimaitimin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Cao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxing Shao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Sports Medicine of Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Beijing, China
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