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Allahabadi S, Yazdi AA, Weissman AC, Meeker ZD, Yanke AB, Cole BJ. Sport-specific Differences in Cartilage Treatment. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2024; 32:68-74. [PMID: 38978200 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects in the knee are common in athletes who have a variety of loading demands across the knee. Athletes of different sports may have different baseline risk of injury. The most studied sports in terms of prevalence and treatment of cartilage injuries include soccer (football), American football, and basketball. At this time, the authors do not specifically treat patients by their sport; however, return to sports timing may be earlier in sports with fewer demands on the knee based on the rehabilitation protocol. If conservative management is unsuccessful, the authors typically perform a staging arthroscopy with chondroplasty, followed by osteochondral allograft transplantation with possible additional concomitant procedures, such as osteotomies or meniscal transplants. Athletes in a variety of sports and at high levels of competition can successfully return to sports with the appropriate considerations and treatment.
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Coladonato C, Perez AR, Hanna AJ, Campbell MP, Destine H, Dees AN, Johnson EE, Tucker BS, Freedman KB. Outcomes of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation: A Comparative Study of BioUni and Snowman Techniques for Ovoid Lesions. Cureus 2023; 15:e46958. [PMID: 38021922 PMCID: PMC10640722 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of large articular cartilage lesions of the knee includes surgical options one of which includes cartilage replacement therapies. Among these therapies include osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation, which can be performed utilizing a BioUni® (Arthrex BioUni® Instrumentation System; Arthrex, Naples, FL) replacement and a 'snowman' technique of repair. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients who have undergone multiplug OCA transplantations utilizing a BioUni® replacement and a 'snowman' technique of repair. METHODS Patients who underwent OCA transplantation utilizing a snowman technique or BioUni® replacement between January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2018, and who had a minimum 1-year follow-up at the same institution were identified for inclusion in this study via current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. Charts of included patients were reviewed for injury and treatment details as well as demographic information. Imaging studies and operative reports were reviewed and pre and postoperative subjective and objective outcome measures were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients underwent OCA transplantation with either BioUni® replacement (n=5) or with snowman technique repair (n=23). Defects in both groups had similar characteristics including size, area, location, and classifications. Patient-reported outcomes using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Joint Replacement (KOOS-JR), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and Physical Health Composite Score (PCS-12) were similar at baseline and increased post-operatively for both groups with no significant differences between techniques after a mean follow-up of 2.77 ± 0.83. Although it did not reach significance, the snowman group had higher rates of knee-related complications (13%) and need for revision surgery (22%) when compared to BioUni® (0% and 0%, respectively). CONCLUSION The use of both BioUni® and snowman techniques for large, unicondylar articular cartilage lesions of the femoral condyle demonstrate improved patient-reported outcomes at short-term follow-up. The use of the snowman technique presents relatively higher rates of revision similar to previous studies with no statistical difference in patient-reported outcomes when compared to those of a single plug OCA using a BioUni® system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Coladonato
- Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Andres R Perez
- Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Adeeb J Hanna
- Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Henson Destine
- Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Azra N Dees
- Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Emma E Johnson
- Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Kevin B Freedman
- Sports Medicine, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, USA
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Wang X, Ren Z, Liu Y, Ma Y, Huang L, Song W, Lin Q, Zhang Z, Li P, Wei X, Duan W. Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes After Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Treating Articular Cartilage Defects: Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-analysis of Studies From 2001 to 2020. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231199418. [PMID: 37745815 PMCID: PMC10515554 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231199418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) treats symptomatic focal cartilage defects with satisfactory clinical results. Purpose To comprehensively analyze the characteristics and clinical outcomes of OCA for treating articular cartilage defects. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods We searched Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Database, and Web of Science for studies published between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2020, on OCA for treating articular cartilage defects. Publication information, patient data, osteochondral allograft storage details, and clinical outcomes were extracted to conduct a comprehensive summative analysis. Results In total, 105 studies involving 5952 patients were included. The annual reported number of patients treated with OCA increased from 69 in 2001 to 1065 in 2020, peaking at 1504 cases in 2018. Most studies (90.1%) were performed in the United States. The mean age at surgery was 34.2 years, and 60.8% of patients were male and had a mean body mass index of 26.7 kg/m2. The mean lesion area was 5.05 cm2, the mean follow-up duration was 54.39 months, the mean graft size was 6.85 cm2, and the number of grafts per patient was 54.7. The failure rate after OCA was 18.8%, and 83.1% of patients reported satisfactory results. Allograft survival rates at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years were 94%, 87.9%, 80%, 73%, 55%, and 59.4%, respectively. OCA was mainly performed on the knee (88.9%). The most common diagnosis in the knee was osteochondritis dissecans (37.9%), and the most common defect location was the medial femoral condyle (52%). The most common concomitant procedures were high tibial osteotomy (28.4%) and meniscal allograft transplantation (24.7%). After OCA failure, 54.7% of patients underwent revision with primary total knee arthroplasty. Conclusion The annual reported number of patients who underwent OCA showed a significant upward trend, especially from 2016 to 2020. Patients receiving OCA were predominantly young male adults with a high body mass index. OCA was more established for knee cartilage than an injury at other sites, and its best indication was osteochondritis dissecans. This analysis demonstrated satisfactory long-term postoperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueding Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingan Huang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qitai Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wangping Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Clark S, Jomha NM, Elliott JAW. Modeling the Simultaneous Transport of Multiple Cryoprotectants into Articular Cartilage Using a Triphasic Model. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9566-9579. [PMID: 36351190 PMCID: PMC9707523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreserving articular cartilage by vitrification can increase the availability of tissue for osteochondral allograft transplantation to treat cartilage defects. Developing well-optimized vitrification protocols can be supported by mathematical modeling to reduce the amount of trial-and-error experimentation needed. Fick's law has been used to model cryoprotectant diffusion, but it assumes ideal, dilute solution behavior, neglects water movement, and assumes diffusion of each cryoprotectant is independent of the presence of other cryoprotectants. The modified triphasic model addresses some of these shortcomings by accounting for water movement and the nonideal, nondilute nature of cryoprotectant vitrification solutions. However, it currently only exists for solutions containing a single cryoprotectant. As such, we extend the modified triphasic model to include two permeating cryoprotectants so that simultaneous diffusion occurring in vitrification protocols can be more accurately modeled. Using previously published experimental data, we determine suitable values for the fitting parameters of the new model. We then model a successful vitrification protocol for particulated cartilage cubes by calculating concentration, freezing point, vitrifiability, and strain profiles at the end of each loading step. We observe that Fick's law consistently underestimates cryoprotectant concentration throughout the cartilage compared to the modified triphasic model, leading to an underestimation of tissue vitrifiability. We additionally observe that simultaneous diffusion of cryoprotectants increases the permeation rate of each individual cryoprotectant, which Fick's law fails to consider. This suggests that using the two-cryoprotectant modified triphasic model to develop vitrification protocols could reduce excess exposure to cryoprotectants and improve preserved tissue outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Clark
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nadr M. Jomha
- Department
of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1H9, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1C9, Canada
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Tabbaa SM, Bugbee WD, Provencher M, Farr J, Crawford DC. Inconsistent Reporting of Preauthorization Medical Criteria for Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation Surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:1841-1853. [PMID: 35984006 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.21.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation has been a standard treatment for patients with osteochondral lesions, there is a disagreement in commercial payers' medical criteria regarding the definition of medical suitability and thus authorization for OCA transplantation. The primary goal of this study was to understand where consensus between a committee of experienced cartilage restoration surgeon scientists and payer policies existed and where there was significant disagreement. METHODS U.S. private payers were identified by reviewing health insurance market research literature. Medical criteria were then obtained from publicly available payer medical polices. A literature review was conducted to identify supporting evidence for consensus statements based on private payer medical criteria. The MOCA (Metrics of Osteochondral Allograft) Committee, 30 experienced surgeons and subject-matter experts in OCA transplantation, used a Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) to rank each statement. The extent of agreement and disagreement among participants was measured for each statement. Consensus was defined as agreement or disagreement of >75%. RESULTS Fifty-seven statements regarding relevant medical criteria for OCA transplantation were included in the survey. All 30 MOCA Committee members completed the survey (100% response rate). Over half of the statements (52.6%) did not reach consensus. Of the remaining 27 statements that reached consensus, respondents agreed or strongly agreed with 16 statements, and disagreed or strongly disagreed with 11 statements. Inconsistent voting was observed for statements related to osteoarthritis, inflammation, and degenerative changes. CONCLUSIONS Commercial payers are not consistent in the medical criteria used to define patient eligibility for authorization of OCA transplantation. In contrast, an expert panel of cartilage surgeons reached a consensus that OCA transplantation was clearly suitable for a variety of specific indications. This study demonstrates the need to standardize medical criteria for cartilage restoration based on the most current literature, as well as in conjunction with experienced cartilage restoration experts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level V . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Tabbaa
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Jack Farr
- Cartilage Restoration Center of Indiana, Greenwood, Indiana
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Lai WC, Bohlen HL, Fackler NP, Wang D. Osteochondral Allografts in Knee Surgery: Narrative Review of Evidence to Date. Orthop Res Rev 2022; 14:263-274. [PMID: 35979427 PMCID: PMC9377395 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s253761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee articular cartilage defects can result in significant pain and loss of function in active patients. Osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation offers a single-stage solution to address large chondral and osteochondral defects by resurfacing focal cartilage defects with mature hyaline cartilage. To date, OCA transplantation of the knee has demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes and long-term survivorship. However, significant variability still exists among clinicians with regard to parameters for graft acceptance, surgical technique, and rehabilitation. Technologies to optimize graft viability during storage, improve osseous integration of the allograft, and shorten recovery timelines after surgery continue to evolve. The purpose of this review is to examine the latest evidence on treatment indications, graft storage and surgical technique, patient outcomes and survivorship, and rehabilitation after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C Lai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCI Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Hunter L Bohlen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCI Health, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Nathan P Fackler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCI Health, Orange, CA, USA.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCI Health, Orange, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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