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Rudnev M, Barrett HC, Buckwalter W, Machery E, Stich S, Barr K, Bencherifa A, Clancy RF, Crone DL, Deguchi Y, Fabiano E, Fodeman AD, Guennoun B, Halamová J, Hashimoto T, Homan J, Kanovský M, Karasawa K, Kim H, Kiper J, Lee M, Liu X, Mitova V, Nair RB, Pantovic L, Porter B, Quintanilla P, Reijer J, Romero PP, Singh P, Tber S, Wilkenfeld DA, Yi L, Grossmann I. Dimensions of wisdom perception across twelve countries on five continents. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6375. [PMID: 39143069 PMCID: PMC11324649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Wisdom is the hallmark of social judgment, but how people across cultures recognize wisdom remains unclear-distinct philosophical traditions suggest different views of wisdom's cardinal features. We explore perception of wise minds across 16 socio-economically and culturally diverse convenience samples from 12 countries. Participants assessed wisdom exemplars, non-exemplars, and themselves on 19 socio-cognitive characteristics, subsequently rating targets' wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. Analyses reveal two positively related dimensions-Reflective Orientation and Socio-Emotional Awareness. These dimensions are consistent across the studied cultural regions and interact when informing wisdom ratings: wisest targets-as perceived by participants-score high on both dimensions, whereas the least wise are not reflective but moderately socio-emotional. Additionally, individuals view themselves as less reflective but more socio-emotionally aware than most wisdom exemplars. Our findings expand folk psychology and social judgment research beyond the Global North, showing how individuals perceive desirable cognitive and socio-emotional qualities, and contribute to an understanding of mind perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rudnev
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | - E Machery
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Stich
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - K Barr
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A Bencherifa
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - D L Crone
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - E Fabiano
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, San Miguel, Peru
| | - A D Fodeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - J Halamová
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - J Homan
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - M Kanovský
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - H Kim
- Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Kiper
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Lee
- Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - X Liu
- Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - V Mitova
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R B Nair
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - L Pantovic
- University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Porter
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P Quintanilla
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - J Reijer
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P P Romero
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - P Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - S Tber
- Université Internationale de Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - L Yi
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - I Grossmann
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Gish M. The Effect of Social Norms on Residential Insecticide Use. INSECTS 2024; 15:286. [PMID: 38667416 PMCID: PMC11050112 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Insecticide products are widely used in homes around the world, despite concerns about their adverse health effects. Variations in insecticide use levels can stem not only from differences in environmental conditions, but also from societal factors. This study investigates the impact of religiosity on insecticide use in Jewish households, hypothesizing that religious families might use more insecticides because insects are considered taboo in Judaism. Data from interviews with 70 families, examining their insecticide use, exposure to pests, aversion to cockroaches, and other predisposing factors, revealed that despite similar levels of pest exposure, religious families reported higher insecticide use and greater aversion to cockroaches. Multiple linear regression analysis identified religiosity as the primary predictor of insecticide use, followed by pest exposure levels. The elevated insecticide use among religious Jewish families may stem from several factors, with the Jewish categorization of insects as "impure animals" that should be strictly avoided likely playing a crucial role in promoting insecticide use. Understanding how attitudes toward insects influence insecticide use across different societies is crucial for health and environmental authorities to develop novel insecticide-reduction initiatives that will be tailored to the unique social characteristics of various communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Gish
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, Israel
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Sedikides C, Gebauer JE. Do religious people self-enhance? Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 40:29-33. [PMID: 32892032 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We ask if and when religious individuals self-enhance more than non-believers. First, religious individuals self-enhance on domains central to their self-concept. Specifically, they exhibit the Better-Than-Average Effect: They rate themselves as superior on attributes painting them as good Christians (e.g. traits like 'loving' or 'forgiving,' Biblical commandments) than on control attributes. Likewise, they exhibit the Overclaiming Effect: They assert superior, but false, knowledge on domains highly relevant to religiosity (e.g. international health charities, humanitarian aid organizations) than on control domains. Second, religious individuals self-enhance strongly in religious (than secular) cultures, which elevate religion to a social value. Finally, Christians may self-enhance in general, perhaps due to their conviction that they have a special relationship with God.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1SW, United Kingdom.
| | - Jochen E Gebauer
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, A5, 6, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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5
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Abstract
People often make inferences about the values of other people in their families, cities, and countries, but there are reasons to expect systematic biases in these inferences. Across four studies ( N = 1,763), we examined people’s perceptions of the values of their families, fellow citizens of the cities in which they live, and compatriots across three nations (Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom). Our results show that people systematically misperceive comparison groups’ values. People underestimate the importance that their compatriots ascribe to more important values and overestimate the importance of less important values. This occurs in comparison with their own values, the actual values of the people living in the same city and the actual values of their compatriots. The effect sizes were medium to large. Furthermore, the results occurred independently of participants’ culture, time spent in the culture, and the underlying value model used. These results consistently show that people’s speculations about values in their community and society are biased in a self- and family favoring direction. In addition, we found that the structure of values (e.g., as proposed by Schwartz) holds for perceived family, fellow citizens of the cities in which they live, and compatriots’ values. Overall, our findings suggest that the values of other people are more selfless than is often believed.
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Lynn CD, Paris JJ, Frye CA, Schell LM. Religious-Commitment Signaling and Impression Management amongst Pentecostals: Relationships to Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-Amylase. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND CULTURE 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/15685373-12342152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Religious-commitment signaling is thought to indicate willingness to cooperate with a religious group. It follows that a desire to signal affiliation and reap concomitant benefits would lend itself to acting in socially desirable ways. Success or failure in such areas, especially where there is conscious intent, should correspond to proximal indicators of well-being, such as psychosocial or biological stress. To test this model, we assessed religious-commitment signaling and socially desirable responding among a sample of Pentecostals with respect to salivary biomarkers of stress and arousal. Results indicate that cortisol levels on worship and non-worship days were significantly influenced by religious-commitment signaling when moderated by impression management, a conscious form of socially desirable responding. No significant influences on salivary alpha-amylase were detected. These findings are important for understanding how religious-commitment signaling mechanisms may influence stress response when moderated by socially desirable responding and the role of communal orientation to psychosocial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dana Lynn
- Department of Anthropology, University of AlabamaDepartment of Anthropology, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyUSABox 870210, Tuscaloosa, al 35487
| | - Jason Joseph Paris
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular StudiesDepartment of Psychology, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyUSAPort St. Lucie, fl
| | - Cheryl Anne Frye
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyDepartment of Biology, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyCenter for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyCenter for Life Sciences Research, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyDepartment of Chemistry, University of Alaska-FairbanksAlaska INBRE, University of Alaska-FairbanksUSAny
| | - Lawrence M. Schell
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyCenter for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany (SUNY) AlbanyUSAny
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Wojcik SP, Hovasapian A, Graham J, Motyl M, Ditto PH. Conservatives report, but liberals display, greater happiness. Science 2015; 347:1243-6. [PMID: 25766233 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Research suggesting that political conservatives are happier than political liberals has relied exclusively on self-report measures of subjective well-being. We show that this finding is fully mediated by conservatives' self-enhancing style of self-report (study 1; N = 1433) and then describe three studies drawing from "big data" sources to assess liberal-conservative differences in happiness-related behavior (studies 2 to 4; N = 4936). Relative to conservatives, liberals more frequently used positive emotional language in their speech and smiled more intensely and genuinely in photographs. Our results were consistent across large samples of online survey takers, U.S. politicians, Twitter users, and LinkedIn users. Our findings illustrate the nuanced relationship between political ideology, self-enhancement, and happiness and illuminate the contradictory ways that happiness differences can manifest across behavior and self-reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Wojcik
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Arpine Hovasapian
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jesse Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matt Motyl
- University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Peter H Ditto
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Spontaneous associations and label framing have similar effects in the public goods game. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500006756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIt is known that presentation of a meaningful label (e.g., "The Teamwork Game") can influence decisions in economic games. A common view is that such labels cue associations to preexisting mental models of situations, a process here called frame selection. In the absence of such cues, participants may still spontaneously associate a game with a preexisting frame. We used the public goods game to compare the effect of such spontaneous frame selection with the effect of label framing. Participants in a condition where the public goods game was labeled "The Teamwork Game" tended to contribute at the same level as participants who spontaneously associated the unlabeled game with teamwork, whereas those who did not associate the the unlabeled game with teamwork tended to make lower contributions. We conclude that neutrally described games may be subject to spontaneous frame selection effects comparable in size to the effects of label framing.
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