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Cabrera DeBuc D, Gaca-Wysocka M, Grzybowski A, Kanclerz P. Identification of Retinal Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Using Optical Coherence Tomography: Recent Insights, Challenges, and Opportunities. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070996. [PMID: 31323964 PMCID: PMC6678943 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will highlight recent insights into measuring retinal structure in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A growing body of evidence indicates that disturbances in retinal blood flow and structure are related to cognitive function, which can severely impair vision. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging technology that may allow researchers and physicians to gain deeper insights into retinal morphology and clarify the impact of AD on retinal health and function. Direct and noninvasive measurement of retinal morphology using OCT has provided useful diagnostic and therapeutic indications in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including AD, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson disease. Despite several limitations, morphology assessment in the retinal layers is a significant advancement in the understanding of ocular diseases. Nevertheless, additional studies are required to validate the use of OCT in AD and its complications in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cabrera DeBuc
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | | | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, 60-554 Poznan, Poland
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Cunha JP, Moura-Coelho N, Proença RP, Dias-Santos A, Ferreira J, Louro C, Castanheira-Dinis A. Alzheimer's disease: A review of its visual system neuropathology. Optical coherence tomography-a potential role as a study tool in vivo. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:2079-2092. [PMID: 27377656 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent, long-term progressive degenerative disorder with great social impact. It is currently thought that, in addition to neurodegeneration, vascular changes also play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Visual symptoms are frequent and are an early clinical manifestation; a number of psychophysiologic changes occur in visual function, including visual field defects, abnormal contrast sensitivity, abnormalities in color vision, depth perception deficits, and motion detection abnormalities. These visual changes were initially believed to be solely due to neurodegeneration in the posterior visual pathway. However, evidence from pathology studies in both animal models of AD and humans has demonstrated that neurodegeneration also takes place in the anterior visual pathway, with involvement of the retinal ganglion cells' (RGCs) dendrites, somata, and axons in the optic nerve. These studies additionally showed that patients with AD have changes in retinal and choroidal microvasculature. Pathology findings have been corroborated in in-vivo assessment of the retina and optic nerve head (ONH), as well as the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in particular has shown great utility in the assessment of these changes, and it may become a useful tool for early detection and monitoring disease progression in AD. The authors make a review of the current understanding of retinal and choroidal pathological changes in patients with AD, with particular focus on in-vivo evidence of retinal and choroidal neurodegenerative and microvascular changes using OCT technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cunha
- CHCL - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Alameda Santo António dos Capuchos, 1169-050, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - N Moura-Coelho
- CHCL - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R P Proença
- CHCL - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Dias-Santos
- CHCL - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Alameda Santo António dos Capuchos, 1169-050, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Ferreira
- CHCL - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Alameda Santo António dos Capuchos, 1169-050, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C Louro
- Nova Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS/FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Alameda Santo António dos Capuchos, 1169-050, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Castanheira-Dinis
- VSRC-FML - Visual Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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In the Spirit of Medical and Scientific Publication. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/201010581402300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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