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Spelman T, Kalincik T, Jokubaitis V, Zhang A, Pellegrini F, Wiendl H, Belachew S, Hyde R, Verheul F, Lugaresi A, Havrdová E, Horáková D, Grammond P, Duquette P, Prat A, Iuliano G, Terzi M, Izquierdo G, Hupperts RMM, Boz C, Pucci E, Giuliani G, Sola P, Spitaleri DLA, Lechner-Scott J, Bergamaschi R, Grand'Maison F, Granella F, Kappos L, Trojano M, Butzkueven H. Comparative efficacy of first-line natalizumab vs IFN-β or glatiramer acetate in relapsing MS. Neurol Clin Pract 2016; 6:102-115. [PMID: 27104064 PMCID: PMC4828679 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared efficacy and treatment persistence in treatment-naive patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) initiating natalizumab compared with interferon-β (IFN-β)/glatiramer acetate (GA) therapies, using propensity score-matched cohorts from observational multiple sclerosis registries. METHODS The study population initiated IFN-β/GA in the MSBase Registry or natalizumab in the Tysabri Observational Program, had ≥3 months of on-treatment follow-up, and had active RRMS, defined as ≥1 gadolinium-enhancing lesion on cerebral MRI at baseline or ≥1 relapse within the 12 months prior to baseline. Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were balanced between propensity-matched groups. Annualized relapse rate (ARR), time to first relapse, treatment persistence, and disability outcomes were compared between matched treatment arms in the total population (n = 366/group) and subgroups with higher baseline disease activity. RESULTS First-line natalizumab was associated with a 68% relative reduction in ARR from a mean (SD) of 0.63 (0.92) on IFN-β/GA to 0.20 (0.63) (p [signed-rank] < 0.0001), a 64% reduction in the rate of first relapse (hazard ratio [HR] 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.47; p < 0.001), and a 27% reduction in the rate of discontinuation (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.58-0.93; p = 0.01), compared with first-line IFN-β/GA therapy. Confirmed disability progression and area under the Expanded Disability Status Scale-time curve analyses were not significant. Similar relapse and treatment persistence results were observed in each of the higher disease activity subgroups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides Class IV evidence that first-line natalizumab for RRMS improves relapse and treatment persistence outcomes compared to first-line IFN-β/GA. This needs to be balanced against the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in natalizumab-treated patients. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that first-line natalizumab for RRMS improves relapse rates and treatment persistence outcomes compared to first-line IFN-β/GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Spelman
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Tomas Kalincik
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Vilija Jokubaitis
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Annie Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Fabio Pellegrini
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Shibeshih Belachew
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Robert Hyde
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Freek Verheul
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alessandra Lugaresi
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Eva Havrdová
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Dana Horáková
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Pierre Grammond
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Gerardo Iuliano
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Murat Terzi
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Guillermo Izquierdo
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Raymond M M Hupperts
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Cavit Boz
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Eugenio Pucci
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Giorgio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Daniele L A Spitaleri
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - François Grand'Maison
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Franco Granella
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Medicine and Melbourne Brain Centre at the Royal Melbourne Hospital (TS, TK, VJ, HB), University of Melbourne, Australia; Biogen Idec Inc. (AZ, FP, SB, RH), Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (HW), University of Münster, Germany; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis (FV), Gouda, the Netherlands; MS Center, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (AL), University "G. d'Annunzio," Chieti, Italy; MS Center, Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty (EH, DH), Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Center de Réadaptation Déficience Physique Chaudière-Appalache (PG), Levis; Hôpital Notre Dame (PD, AP), Montreal, Canada; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno (G. Iuliano), Salerno, Italy; 19 Mayis University (M. Terzi), Medical Faculty, Turkey; Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena (G. Izquierdo), Sevilla, Spain; Orbis Medical Centre (RMMH), Sittard-Geleen, the Netherlands; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital (CB), Trabzon, Turkey; Neurology Unit (EP, GG), ASUR Marche-AV3, Macerata; Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino (PS), Modena; AORN San Giuseppe Moscati (DLAS), Avellino, Italy; John Hunter Hospital (JL-S), Newcastle, Australia; Neurological Institute IRCCS Mondino (RB), Pavia, Italy; Neuro Rive-Sud (F. Grand'Maison), Hôpital Charles LeMoyne, Quebec, Canada; University of Parma (F. Granella), Italy; Department of Neurology (LK), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs (M. Trojano), University of Bari, Italy; and Department of Neurology (HB), Eastern Health, Monash University, Australia
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