Serum adenosine deaminase activity and coronary artery disease: a retrospective case-control study based on 9929 participants

Vitamin D Reduces the Activity of Adenosine Deaminase and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus

SCOPE

Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have lower levels of vitamin D. An elevation in uric acid (UA) contributes to T2DM via an increase in oxidative stress. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme of the purine degradation pathway. It is hypothesized that a reduction of ADA activity via vitamin D supplementation reduces UA and oxidative stress.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 162 participants (81 with T2DM and 81 controls) are enrolled in a case-control study. A follow-up interventional study is performed on 30 patients with vitamin D deficiency. These patients receive 50 000 IU (international units) of vitamin D3 on a weekly basis for 12 weeks. This intervention is followed by the measurement of several markers. T2DM patients has higher ADA activity, UA, and lipid peroxidation but lower 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25 (OH) vitamin D) and GSH/GSSG ratio (p < 0.05). Vitamin D supplementation results in a reduction of ADA activity and UA levels (p < 0.05) along with an increase in GSH/GSSG ratio (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The results highlight the presence of an axis in T2DM patients between ADA, UA, and oxidative stress. Modulation of this axis can be achieved by clinically approved vitamin D supplementation protocols.

Biomarkers of Inflammation Increase with Tau and Neurodegeneration but not with Amyloid-β in a Heterogenous Clinical Cohort

Background: Neuroinflammation is an integral part of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. Inflammatory mediators can exacerbate the production of amyloid-β (Aβ), the propagation of tau pathology and neuronal loss. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between inflammation markers and established markers of AD in a mixed memory clinic cohort. Methods: 105 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from a clinical cohort under investigation for cognitive complaints were analyzed. Levels of Aβ 42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau were measured as part of the clinical pathway. Analysis of inflammation markers in CSF samples was performed using multiplex immune assays. Participants were grouped according to their Aβ, tau, and neurodegeneration status and the Paris-Lille-Montpellier (PLM) scale was used to assess the likelihood of AD. Results: From 102 inflammatory markers analyzed, 19 and 23 markers were significantly associated with CSF total tau and phosphorylated tau levels respectively (p <  0.001), while none were associated with Aβ 42. The CSF concentrations of 4 inflammation markers were markedly elevated with increasing PLM class indicating increased likelihood of AD (p <  0.001). Adenosine deaminase, an enzyme involved in sleep homeostasis, was the single best predictor of high likelihood of AD (AUROC 0.788). Functional pathway analysis demonstrated a widespread role for inflammation in neurodegeneration, with certain pathways explaining over 30% of the variability in tau values. Conclusion: CSF inflammation markers increase significantly with tau and neurodegeneration, but not with Aβ in this mixed memory clinic cohort. Thus, such markers could become useful for the clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders alongside the established Aβ and tau measures.

ADA gene haplotype is associated with coronary-in-stent-restenosis

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common and the first cause of death worldwide. While some studies have investigated the association of the Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) gene with CDVs, its roles on in-stent restenosis (ISR) has not been studied.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, we investigated the role of ADA gene variants in both genetic and haplotype models on the risk of ISR. 91 samples were included in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups regarding having or not-having ISR (n = 40 ISR+ and n = 51 ISR-). The genotyping for G22A (rs73598374) and A4223C (rs452159) polymorphisms was performed using PCR-RFLP method. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v. 20 and Haploview 4.2 softwares. The basic demographic conditions in ISR groups were statistically similar. There was a significant association between A allele of rs452159 ISR groups after adjustment (allelic model: P value = 0.028, OR(95%CI) = 0.366(0.149-0.899)), while rs73598374 polymorphism shows no significant association with ISR. In haplotype analysis, the GA (G:rs73598374/A:rs452159) haplotype decreased the risk of ISR (P value = 00.025, OR(95%CI) = 0.382(0.161-0.907)).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that A allele of ADA rs452159 polymorphism and GA (G:rs73598374/A:rs452159) haplotype may be related to decreased risk of ISR in CAD patients receiving drug-eluting stent and offers more observational studies on ADA variants in other populations to generate a potential haplotype panel for ISR risk assessment.

Serum fatty acids profile and association with early-onset coronary artery disease

Background:

Fatty acids (FAs) play crucial roles in modulating and preventing diseases in humans, including early-onset coronary artery disease (EOCAD). In this study, we aimed to provide a profile of FAs in the serum of EOCAD patients and identify potential EOCAD-associated FAs.

Methods:

In the first stage, we analyzed the FAs profiles in pooled samples of patients with EOCAD using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the second stage, the serum levels of the candidate FAs were validated in EOCAD patients.

Results:

A total of 128 EOCAD patients and 64 controls were included in the study. Forty-nine serum FAs were quantified in pooled samples; three ω-3 FAs were identified to be associated with EOCAD. Moreover, results from the validation stage indicated that serum levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly lower in EOCAD patients (55.43 ± 33.86 µg/ml) and myocardial infarction (MI) patients (47.49 ± 28.44 μg/ml) than those in the controls (70.65 ± 43.56 µg/ml). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that elevated serum DHA level was an independent protective factor for EOCAD [odds ratio (OR) = 0.8917, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.879–0.957] and MI (OR = 0.835, 95% CI: 0.799–0.862). Decreased serum levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were observed in the early-onset MI group.

Conclusion:

The study provided the serum FAs profile of EOCAD and confirmed that the decrease in serum levels of DHA, DPA, and EPA was associated with EOCAD. These findings might contribute to understanding the cardiovascular effects of FAs, particularly the protective effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs.

The relationship between adenosine deaminase and heart rate-corrected QT interval in type 2 diabetic patients

BACKGROUND

Prolonged heart rate-corrected QT (QTc) interval may reflect poor prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels are related to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation, which may participate in diabetic complications. We investigated the association of serum ADA levels with prolonged QTc interval in a large-scale sample of patients with T2D.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 492 patients with T2D were recruited. Serum ADA levels were determined by venous blood during fasting. QTc interval was estimated from resting 12-lead ECGs, and prolonged QTc interval was defined as QTc > 440 ms.

RESULTS

In this study, the prevalence of prolonged QTc interval was 22.8%. Serum ADA levels were positively associated with QTc interval (r = 0.324, P < 0.0001). The proportion of participants with prolonged QTc interval increased significantly from 9.2% in the first tertile (T1) to 24.7% in the second tertile (T2) and 39.0% in the third tertile (T3) of ADA (P for trend < 0.001). After adjusting for other possible risk factors by multiple linear regression analysis, serum ADA level was still significantly associated with QTc interval (β = 0.217, t = 3.400, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female (OR 5.084, CI 2.379-10.864, P < 0.001), insulin-sensitizers treatment (OR 4.229, CI 1.290-13.860, P = 0.017) and ADA (OR 1.212, CI 1.094-1.343, P < 0.001) were independent contributors to prolonged QTc interval.

CONCLUSIONS

Serum ADA levels were independently associated with prolonged QTc interval in patients with T2D.

Inverse relationship between serum adenosine deaminase levels and islet beta cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease, which characterized by islet beta cell dysfunction. Serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an important enzyme that regulates the biological activity of insulin, and its levels are greatly increased in inflammatory diseases with insulin resistance. The present study was designed to explore the relationship between serum ADA levels and islet beta cell function in patients with T2D.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study recruited 1573 patients with T2D from the Endocrinology Department of the Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University between 2015 and 2018. All participants were received serum ADA test and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin sensitivity index (assessed by Matsuda index using C-peptide, ISI_M-cp), insulin secretion index (assessed by ratio of area under the C-peptide curve to glucose curve, AUC_cp/glu) and islet beta cell function (assessed by insulin secretion-sensitivity index 2 using C-peptide, ISSI2_cp) were derived from OGTT. And other clinical parameters, such as HbA1c, were also collected.

RESULTS

It was showed that HbA1c was significantly increased, while ISI_M-cp, AUC_cp/glu and ISSI2_cp significantly decreased, across ascending quartiles of serum ADA levels. Moreover, serum ADA levels were negatively correlated with ISSI2_cp (r = - 0.267, p < 0.001). Furthermore, after adjusting for other clinical parameters by multiple linear regression analysis, serum ADA levels were still independently associated with ISSI2_cp (β =  - 0.125, t =  - 5.397, p < 0.001, adjusted R² = 0.459).

CONCLUSIONS

Serum ADA levels are independently associated with islet beta cell function in patients with T2D.

Quantitative Assessment of Serum Amino Acids and Association with Early-Onset Coronary Artery Disease

Background

Amino acids play essential roles in protein construction and metabolism. Our study aims to provide a profile of amino acid changes in the serum of patients with early-onset coronary artery disease (EOCAD) and identify potential disease biomarkers.

Methods

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring-multistage/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MRM-MS/MS) was used to determine the amino acid profile of patients with EOCAD in sample pools. In the validation stage, the serum levels of candidate amino acids of interest are determined for each sample.

Results

A total of 128 EOCAD patients and 64 healthy controls were included in the study. Eight serum amino acids associated with disease state were identified. Compared with the control group, serum levels of seven amino acids (L-Arginine, L-Methionine, L-Tyrosine, L-Serine, L-Aspartic acid, L-Phenylalanine, and L-Glutamic acid) increased and one (4-Hydroxyproline) decreased in the patient group. Results from the validation stage demonstrate that serum levels of 4-Hydroxyproline were significantly lower in myocardial infarction (MI) patients (9.889 ± 3.635 μg/mL) than those in the controls (16.433 ± 4.562 μmol/L, p < 0.001). Elevated serum 4-Hydroxyproline levels were shown to be an independent protective factor for MI (OR = 0.863, 95% CI: 0.822–0.901). The significant negative correlation was seen between serum 4-Hydroxyproline levels and cardiac troponin I (r = −0.667) in MI patients.

Conclusion

We have provided a serum amino acid profile for EOCAD patients and screened eight disease state-related amino acids, and we have also shown that 4-Hydroxyproline is a promising target for further biomarker studies in early-onset MI.