Differential protection of black-seed oil on econucleotidase, cholinesterases and aminergic catabolizing enzyme in haloperidol-induced neuronal damage of male rats

Naringin corrects renal failure related to Lesch-Nyhan disease in a rat model via NOS-cAMP-PKA and BDNF/TrkB pathways

This study explored the effect of naringin (NAR) on HGPRT1 deficiency and hyperuricemia through NOS-cAMP-PKA and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways induced by caffeine (CAF) and KBrO3 in a rat model. Sixty-three adult male albino rats were randomly assigned into nine (n = 7) groups. Group I: control animals, Group II was treated with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 , Group III was treated with 250 mg/kg CAF, Group IV was treated with 100 mg/kg KBrO3  + 250 mg/kg CAF, Group V was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3  + 100 mg/kg haloperidol, Group VI was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3  + 50 mg/kg NAR, Group VII was administered with 500 mg/kg CAF + 50 mg/kg NAR, and Group VIII was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3  + 250 mg/kg CAF + 50 mg/kg NAR. Finally, group IX was treated with 50 mg/kg NAR. The exposure of rats to KBrO3 and CAF for 21 days induced renal dysfunction linked with Lesch-Nyhan disease. NAR obliterated renal dysfunction linked with Lesch-Nyhan disease by decreasing uric acid, renal malondialdehyde level, inhibiting the activities of arginase, and phosphodiesterase-51 (PDE-51) with corresponding upregulation of brain derived-neurotrophic factor and its receptor (BDNF-TrkB), Bcl11b, HGPRT1, and DARPP-32. Additionally, renal failure related to Lesch-Nyhan disease was remarkably corrected by NAR as shown by the reduced activities of AChE and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis (ATPase, AMPase, and ADA) with affiliated increase in the NO level. This study therefore validates NAR as nontoxic and effective chemotherapy against kidney-related Lesch-Nyhan disease by mitigating effects of toxic food additives and enzymes of ATP-hydrolysis via NOS-cAMP-PKA and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways.

Meta-inhibition of ocular and gastrointestinal dysfunctions by phenolic-rich fraction of Croton zambsicus leaves in a rat model exposed to chronic mixed metals

PURPOSE

This study was aimed at investigating the protective effect of antioxidant-rich fraction of Croton zambsicus (C-ZAMB) leaves on ocular-gastrointestinal dysfunction in rats exposed to environmental mixed-metal (EOMABRSL).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The rats were divided into five (n = 10) groups. Group I designates the control which received 0.5 mL of distilled water. Group II and III received 0.5 mL of EOMABRSL for 98 days (non-withdrawal) and 70 days (withdrawal for 28 days), respectively. Group IV received 0.5 mL EOMABRSL for 70 days and 400 mg/kg C-ZAMB fraction for 28 days. Group V received 400 mg/kg C-ZAMB only for 28 days via oral route.

RESULTS

Exposure of the animals to EOMARBSL for 98 days and 70 days significantly up-regulated the activities of ocular-gastrointestinal aldolase-reductase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase and eco-5¹-nucleotidase with corresponding depletion of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Furthermore, exposure to EOMABRSL significantly altered the antioxidant proteins with up-production of MDA content. Apparently, management with 400 mg/kg C-ZAMB fraction significantly inhibited the key markers linked with ocular-gastrointestinal disorders.

CONCLUSION

Hence, this study underscores the biochemical mechanisms for managing ocular-gastrointestinal lesions by 400 mg/kg C-ZAMB fraction on exposure to mixture of environmental metals.

Fansidar drug induces cytotoxicity in some vital tissues in a rat model: combination defensive effect of selenium and zinc capsules

AIM

Fansidar (FAN) is widely used as an antimalarial drug, but it may cause hepatoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Hence, the study examines the cytoprotection of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) tablets against FAN induced toxicity.

METHOD

Group I was given distilled water. Groups II, III, IV, and V received 50 mg/kg FAN by gavage. Group III was co-treated with a 50 mg/kg Se tablet. Group IV was co-treated with a 50 mg/kg Zn tablet. Group V was co-treated with a 50 mg/kg Se tablet + 50 mg/kg Zn tablet. The exposure lasted for 7 days (sub-acute exposure).

RESULT

FAN causes cytotoxicity through significant (p < 0.05) alteration of antioxidant molecules and hepatic enzymes. It also significantly (p < 0.05) induces renal, hepatocyte, and purkinje cell damage, but no visible lesion on testicular cells. The FAN induced cytotoxicity was significantly (p < 0.05) reversed on treatment with both single and combined antioxidant tablets.

CONCLUSION

Our study supports the view that antioxidant micronutrient (Se and Zn) tablets may be a useful modulator in alleviating FAN induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in male rats.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY

Combined selenium and zinc capsules: better therapy against cytotoxicity Fansidar was approved by United States' Food and Drug Administration as an anti-malarial drug to treat acute and complicated malaria fever among patients in West Africa; however, its usage elicits toxicity to several organs of the body. It was elucidated that the combination of selenium and zinc capsules promotes organ wellness on co-treatment with Fansidar.

Metabolic depletion of synaptosomal enzymes linked with neurotoxicity and ovarian dysfunction by phenolic antioxidants of Croton zambsicus leaves in rats exposed to chronic mixture of anthropogenic toxicant

A complex mixture of organic contaminants and metals is associated with neuron-fertility disorders and studies have demonstrated that phenolic antioxidants from herbal origin, possesses a strong protective potential. This study aimed to investigate the protection of phenolic croton zambesicus (C-ZAMB) leaves against neuro-ovarian damage in rats exposed to chronic mixture of anthropogenic toxicants (EOMABRSL). The animals were divided into five groups (n = 10): Group I was given 0.5 ml of distilled water only; Group II received 0.5 ml of EOMABRSL for 98 days; Group III received 0.5 ml of EOMABRSL for 70 days and withdrew for 28 days; Group IV received 0.5 ml of EOMABRSL for 70 days +400 mg/kg phenolic C-ZAMB for 28 days; Group V received 400 mg/kg C-ZAMB only for 28 days via oral route. Both non-withdrawal and withdrawal EOMABRSL-exposed animals exhibited neuro-ovarian impairment by up-regulating neuronal 51 eco-nucleotidase (51ENT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butrylcholinesterase (BuChE), synaptosomal monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) with altered cerebral antioxidants. Similarly, exposure to EOMABRSL for 98 and 70 days caused ovarian injury by amplifying the activity of 51ENT with corresponding decline of fertility index, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Δ5 17β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase (Δ517β-HSD). EOMABRSL intoxication also increased the neuro-ovarian MDA content with reduced numbers of neonates. Phenolic antioxidants from C-ZAMB leaves identified by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) ameliorated the chronic EOMABRSL intoxication. The treatment also prevented ovarian lesions by depleting MDA content and improved antioxidant status. Thus, confirming its neuro-ovarian protection.

Diet and Psychosis: A Scoping Review

INTRODUCTION

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) represent a cluster of severe mental illnesses. Diet has been identified as a modifiable risk factor and opportunity for intervention in many physical illnesses and more recently in mental illnesses such as unipolar depression; however, no dietary guidelines exist for patients with SSD.

OBJECTIVE

This review sought to systematically scope the existing literature in order to identify nutritional interventions for the prevention or treatment of mental health symptoms in SSD as well as gaps and opportunities for further research.

METHODS

This review followed established methodological approaches for scoping reviews including an extensive a priori search strategy and duplicate screening. Because of the large volume of results, an online program (Abstrackr) was used for screening and tagging. Data were extracted based on the dietary constituents and analyzed.

RESULTS

Of 55,330 results identified by the search, 822 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Observational evidence shows a connection between the presence of psychotic disorders and poorer quality dietary patterns, higher intake of refined carbohydrates and total fat, and lower intake or levels of fibre, ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, vegetables, fruit, and certain vitamins and minerals (vitamin B12 and B6, folate, vitamin C, zinc, and selenium). Evidence illustrates a role of food allergy and sensitivity as well as microbiome composition and specific phytonutrients (such as L-theanine, sulforaphane, and resveratrol). Experimental studies have demonstrated benefit using healthy diet patterns and specific vitamins and minerals (vitamin B12 and B6, folate, and zinc) and amino acids (serine, lysine, glycine, and tryptophan).

DISCUSSION

Overall, these findings were consistent with many other bodies of knowledge about healthy dietary patterns. Many limitations exist related to the design of the individual studies and the ability to extrapolate the results of studies using dietary supplements to dietary interventions (food). Dietary recommendations are presented as well as recommendations for further research including more prospective observational studies and intervention studies that modify diet constituents or entire dietary patterns with statistical power to detect mental health outcomes.

Naringin attenuates Bisphenol-A mediated neurotoxicity in hypertensive rats by abrogation of cerebral nucleotide depletion, oxidative damage and neuroinflammation

We examined whether active fruit naringin can reduce the risk of BPA-mediated neurotoxicity in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats and whether the modulation could be linked to improvement of brain NO signaling. Male albino rats were randomly distributed into eight (n = 7) groups. Group I was control animals, Group II was orally-treated with L-NAME, Group III was orally treated with 100 mg/kg BPA, Group IV was orally-treated with L-NAME +100 mg/kg BPA. Group V was orally-administered with L-NAME +80 mg/kg NAR. Group VI was orally-administered with 100 mg/kg BPA +80 mg/kg NAR. Group VII was orally-administered with L-NAME+100 mg/kg BPA +80 mg/kg NAR. Lastly, group VIII was orally-treated with 80 mg/kg NAR. The treatment lasted for 14 days. Sub-acute exposure to L-NAME and BPA induced hypertension and mediated-neuroinflammation at CA-2 and CA-4 of hippocampus cells. It was evident by increase in PDE-5¹ and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis (ATPase, ADPase and AMPase) with corresponding upsurge in cholinergic (AChE and BuChE), dopaminergic (MAO-A) and adenosinergic (ADA) enzymes as well as movement disorder. The hypertensive-mediated neurotoxicity was related to alteration of NO signaling and higher release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), apoptotic proteins (P53 and caspace-9) and facilitated entry of T-lymphocytes (CD43⁺) into CNS through blood brain barrier potentiated by antigen presenting cells. Hence, these features of BPA-mediated neurotoxicity in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats were prohibited by co-administration of NAR through production of neuro-inflammatory mediators, stabilizing neurotransmitter enzymes, normalizing NO signaling and improving brain histology.

Naringin regulates erectile dysfunction by abolition of apoptosis and inflammation through NOS/cGMP/PKG signalling pathway on exposure to Bisphenol-A in hypertensive rat model

This study investigated the effect of naringin (NRG) on extracellular metabolism of ATP through the NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway induced by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (_L-NAME) on exposure to Bisphenol-A (BPA) in penis. Fifty-six adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into eight (n = 7) groups. Group I: control animals, Group II was treated with 40 mg/kg _L-NAME, Group III was treated with 50 mg/kg BPA, Group IV was treated with 40 mg/kg _L-NAME +50 mg/kg BPA. Group V was administered with 40 mg/kg _L-NAME +80 mg/kg NRG. Group VI was administered with 50 mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG. Group VII was administered with 40 mg/kg _L-NAME+50 mg/kg BPA + 80 mg/kg NRG. Lastly, group VIII was treated with 80 mg/kg NRG for 14 days. NRG prevented hypertension and erectile dysfunction by inhibiting the activities of angiotensin-converting enzymes, arginase, and phosphodiesterase-5¹ (PDE-5¹) with corresponding down-regulation of inflammatory markers including TNF-α and IL-B. Additionally, hypertensive erectile dysfunction was remarkably prevented by NRG as manifested by the declined activities of AChE, MAO-A and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis (ATPase, ADPase, AMPase and ADA) with resultant increase in NO level. Also, penile expression of antigen presenting cells, CD43 transcript, caspace-9 and tumor suppressor P53 proteins were repressed on treatment with NRG. This study validates the hypothesis that NRG may be a valuable remedy in abrogating penile inflammatory markers, apoptosis and enzymes of ATP-hydrolysis via NOS/cGMP/PKG signaling pathways in hypertensive rat model on exposure to environmental toxicant.

Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat

The metabolic shift in cholinesterase activity and inhibitor of hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones were hypothesized as resultant effect of Parkinson's disease (PD) which is clinically characterized by a movement disorder. This study therefore examined the effect of turmeric curcumin (CUR) on index of PD, acetylcholine esterase activity and disorder of hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormone (HPGH) in Bisphenol-A induced injury using animal model. Forty adult male albino rats were randomly distributed into five (n = 8) groups. Group I: vehicle control (olive oil 0.5 ml), Group II was given 50 mg/kg of BPA only, Group III was given 50 mg/kg BPA + 50 mg/kg curcumin, Group IV was given 50 mg/kg BPA + 100 mg/kg curcumin and Group V was administered 50 mg/kg of curcumin only for 14 days. The study examined the effect of curcumin on acetylcholineesterase (AChE) activity, nitric oxide radical (NO•) production, HPGH (LH, FSH and testosterone), MDA level, antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), in BPA induced male rat. Sperm parameters were similarly examined. The animals induced with BPA exhibited impairment to striatum, leydig cells and sertoli cells by depleting LH, FSH, testosterone and spermatozoa with reduced AChE activity and significant (p < 0.05) alteration in cerebral enzymatic antioxidants. Locomotive activity was impeded followed by the increase of brain NO• level (marker of pro-inflammation). Therapeutically, CUR promoted hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular hormones via modulation of AChE and locomotive activities, reduction of intracellular NO• level, prevention of striatum-endocrine injury as well as oxidative damage. Hence, CUR abolished HPGH dysfunction linked with PD mediated by BPA in rat.

Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C. Jeffrey inhibits oxidative damage and econucleotidase followed by increased cellular ATP in testicular cells of rats exposed to metropolitan polluted river water

BACKGROUND

Humans are directly/indirectly exposed to hazardous chemicals from the aquatic environment. We investigated the protection of the Launea taraxacifolia methanolic extract (LTME) on the hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenases [(∆5-3β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase (∆5-3β-HSD) and the ∆5-17β-hydroxyl steroid dehydrogenase (∆5-17β-HSD), testicular 5'-nucleotidase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)] activities as well as the key indicators of oxidative stress in germinal epithelial cells of rats induced with surulere polluted river water (SPRW).

METHODS

The animals were divided into six groups (n=8). Group I was given 1 mL of distilled water only, Group II received 1 mL of SPRW only, Group III received 200 mg/kg LTME before+1 mL of SPRW after, Group IV received 200 mg/kg LTME+1 mL of SPRW, Group V received 1 mL of SPRW before+200 mg/kg LTME after and Group VI received 200 mg/kg LTME only. The treatment was done via oral administration for 28 days.

RESULTS

The HPLC results showed the abundance of quercetin and quercitrin. The SPRW increased 5'-nucleotidase with the concomitant decrease of ∆5-3β-HSD, ∆5-17β-HSD and LDH activities in rats exposed in relation to the control. Similarly, the administration of the SPRW caused a systemic oxidative damage along with adverse histopathological changes in germinal epithelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Interestingly, these alterations were differentially reversed by LTME via the elevation of steroidogenic enzymes and cellular ATP.

Novel therapeutic approaches of natural oil from black seeds and its underlying mechanisms against kidney dysfunctions in haloperidol-induced male rats

BACKGROUND

Antipsychotic drugs could be nephrotoxic in schizophrenia patients.

METHODS

The present study investigated the protective effect of oil from black seed on kidney dysfunctions using several biological approaches in adult rats. The animals were divided into six groups (n=10): normal control rats; haloperidol (HAL)-induced rats: induced rats were pre-, co- and post-treated with black seed oil (BSO), respectively, and the last group was treated with the oil only. The treatment was done through oral administration, and the experiment lasted 14 days.

RESULTS

Therapeutic administration of HAL to rats caused reduction in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins mediated by stable OH˙ and DPPH free radicals. K+, Na+ and MDA contents as well as 51 nucleotidase, aldose-reductase activities were increased with corresponding decrease in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in HAL-induced toxicity rats. Contrariwise, differential treatments with BSO prevented and reversed the nephrotoxicity by depleting K+, Na+, MDA contents and aldose-reductase activity, and AMP hydrolysis with increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the PMFs of rat kidney. The cytotoxicity of HAL elicited on both inner renal cortex and outer medulla was equally alleviated by combined active molecules of oil from black seed (OBS). However, pre-, co- and post-treatment demonstrate significant approaches in averting nephrotoxicity of neuroleptic drug (HAL) via several biological mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS

This study therefore validates the use of black seed oil as therapy particularly for individuals with renal dysfunctions.

Functional Oil from Black Seed Differentially Inhibits Aldose-reductase and Ectonucleotidase Activities by Up-regulating Cellular Energy in Haloperidol-induced Hepatic Toxicity in Rat Liver

In this study, the effect of rate-limiting enzymes involved in degradation of hepatic adenosine and intracellular sorbitol was investigated in rats exposed to haloperidol (HAL) and treated with functional oil (FO), containing principal active phytochemicals from black seed. Animals were divided into six groups (n=10): Distilled water, HAL 15 mg/kg, pre-administration/HAL 15 mg/kg, co-administration/HAL 15 mg/kg, post-administration/HAL 15 mg/kg, FO 150 mg/kg. The results of this study revealed that the activities of ectonucleotidase and aldose-reductase were significantly increased in HAL-treated rats when compared with the control (p < 0.05). However, differential treatments (pre, co and post) with FO depleted the activities of these enzymes compared with HAL-treated rats. Furthermore, therapeutic HAL administration increased the levels of key hepatic biomarkers (ALT, AST, and ALP) and malondialdehyde level with a concomitant decrease in functional hepatic cellular ATP. However, differential treatment with FO increases hepatic ATP and non-enzymatic antioxidant status, with a concomitant decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde and liver biomarkers. Therefore, results of this finding underlined the importance of aldose-reductase and econucleotidase activities in HAL induced toxicity and suggest some possible mechanisms of action by which FO prevent HAL-induced hepatic toxicity in rats.