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Pan Y, Wu T, Deng C, Yang Y, Hou X, Yan T, Wang S, Zheng Y, Xie X. Smoking and outcomes following personalized antiplatelet therapy in chronic coronary syndrome patients: A substudy from the randomized PATH-PCI trial. Clin Cardiol 2024; 47:e24214. [PMID: 38472152 PMCID: PMC10933083 DOI: 10.1002/clc.24214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a sub-analysis of the Personalized Antithrombotic Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease after PCI (PATH-PCI) trial in China to explore the relationship between smoking and outcomes following personalized antiplatelet therapy (PAT) in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS As a single-center, prospective, randomized controlled and open-label trial, the PATH-PCI trial randomized CCS patients undergoing PCI into standard group or personalized group guided by a novel platelet function test (PFT), from December 2016 to February 2018. All patients were divided into smokers and nonsmokers according to their smoking status. Subsequently, we underwent a 180-day follow-up evaluation. The primary endpoint was the net adverse clinical events (NACE). RESULTS Regardless of smoking status, in the incidence of NACE, there was a reduction with PAT but that the reductions are not statistically significant. In the incidence of bleeding events, we found no statistically significant difference between two groups (smokers: 2.0% vs. 1.4%, HR = 1.455, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.595-3.559, p = .412; nonsmokers: 2.2% vs. 1.8%, HR = 1.228, 95% CI: 0.530-2.842, p = .632). In smokers, PAT reduced major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) by 48.7% (3.0% vs. 5.9%, HR = 0.513, 95% CI: 0.290-0.908, p = .022), compared with standard antiplatelet therapy (SAT). PAT also reduced the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) but there was no statistically difference in the reductions (p > .05). In nonsmokers, PAT reduced MACCE and MACE by 51.5% (3.3% vs. 6.7%, HR = 0.485, 95% CI: 0.277-0.849, p = .011) and 63.5% (1.8% vs. 4.9%, HR = 0.365, 95% CI: 0.178-0.752, p = .006), respectively. When testing p-values for interaction, we found there was no significant interaction of smoking status with treatment effects of PAT (pint-NACE = .184, pint-bleeding = .660). CONCLUSION Regardless of smoking, PAT reduced the MACE and MACCE, with no significant difference in bleeding. This suggests that PAT was an recommendable regimen to CCS patients after PCI, taking into consideration both ischemic and bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pan
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Ting‐Ting Wu
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Chang‐Jiang Deng
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Xian‐Geng Hou
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Tuo Yan
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Ying‐Ying Zheng
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of CardiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of High Incidence Disease Research in Xingjiang (Xinjiang Medical UniversityMinistry of Education)UrumqiChina
- Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangChina
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Garcia-Moll X. Where there is smoke there is risk: is there an irreversible threshold? Eur Heart J 2023; 44:4473-4475. [PMID: 37850511 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garcia-Moll
- Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 91 Mas Casanovas, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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Guo X, Tang P, Zhang L, Li R. Tobacco and alcohol consumption and the risk of frailty and falling: a Mendelian randomisation study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:349-354. [PMID: 37001985 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundEpidemiological data have suggested that tobacco and alcohol consumption were associated with the risk of frailty and falling, but it is yet unclear whether these associations are of a causal nature. Thus, we conducted two-sample Mendelian randomisation analysis using genetic instruments to determine the causal associations of tobacco and alcohol consumption on frailty and falls.MethodsIndependent instrumental variables strongly (p<5E–09) associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption were obtained from the genome-wide association study (GWAS) and Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (up to 2 669 029 participants). Summary statistics of the frailty index (FI, N=175 226) and falling risk (N=451 179) were from the two latest published GWAS datasets on FI and falling risk.ResultsUsing the inverse-variance weighted method, our results showed that genetically determined initiation of smoking was significantly associated with an increased FI (β=0.34, 95% CI=0.29 to 0.40, p=5.48E–33) and risk of falling (OR=1.39, 95% CI=1.30 to 1.50, p=1.01E–20). In addition, the age of initiation of smoking and cigarettes consumption per day was negatively and positively associated with both FI and falls, respectively. Current smokers were prone to having a higher FI and falling risk than individuals who quit smoking. There was no significant causal association between alcohol use and the risk of frailty and falling. Similar results were obtained using other statistical approaches with good stability.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that tobacco use, but not alcohol drinking, significantly increases the risk of frailty and falling. Future studies are warranted to clarify the underlying physiopathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Guo
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Hu X, Fan Y, Li H, Zhou R, Zhao X, Sun Y, Zhang S. Impacts of Cigarette Smoking Status on Metabolomic and Gut Microbiota Profile in Male Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Multi-Omics Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:766739. [PMID: 34778417 PMCID: PMC8581230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.766739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cigarette smoking has been considered a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Changes in gut microbiota and microbe-derived metabolites have been shown to influence atherosclerotic pathogenesis. However, the effect of cigarette smoking on the gut microbiome and serum metabolites in CAD remains unclear. Method: We profiled the gut microbiota and serum metabolites of 113 male participants with diagnosed CAD including 46 current smokers, 34 former smokers, and 33 never smokers by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics study. A follow-up study was conducted. PICRUSt2 was used for metagenomic functional prediction of important bacterial taxa. Results: In the analysis of the microbial composition, the current smokers were characterized with depleted Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Akkermansia muciniphila, and enriched Enterococcus faecium, Haemophilus parainfluenzae compared with the former and never smokers. In the untargeted serum metabolomic study, we observed and annotated 304 discriminant metabolites, uniquely including ceramides, acyl carnitines, and glycerophospholipids. Pathway analysis revealed a significantly changed sphingolipids metabolism related to cigarette smoking. However, the change of the majority of the discriminant metabolites is possibly reversible after smoking cessation. While performing PICRUSt2 metagenomic prediction, several key enzymes (wbpA, nadM) were identified to possibly explain the cross talk between gut microbiota and metabolomic changes associated with smoking. Moreover, the multi-omics analysis revealed that specific changes in bacterial taxa were associated with disease severity or outcomes by mediating metabolites such as glycerophospholipids. Conclusions: Our results indicated that both the gut microbiota composition and metabolomic profile of current smokers are different from that of never smokers. The present study may provide new insights into understanding the heterogenic influences of cigarette smoking on atherosclerotic pathogenesis by modulating gut microbiota as well as circulating metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yueshen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Halasz G, Piepoli MF. Editor comment: focus on cardiovascular risk factor control. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:1163-1166. [PMID: 34389854 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geza Halasz
- Cardiac Unit, G. da Saliceto Hospital, AUSL Piacenza and University of Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo F Piepoli
- Cardiac Unit, G. da Saliceto Hospital, AUSL Piacenza and University of Parma, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
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Lee SN, Choi IJ, Lim S, Choo EH, Hwang BH, Kim CJ, Park MW, Lee JM, Park CS, Kim HY, Yoo KD, Jeon DS, Youn HJ, Chung WS, Kim MC, Jeong MH, Ahn Y, Chang K. Effects of Smoking on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Lung Cancer in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Korean Circ J 2021; 51:336-348. [PMID: 33821583 PMCID: PMC8022024 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2020.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Smoking is well-established as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. However, recent studies demonstrated favorable results, including reduced mortality, among smokers, which are referred to as the "smoker's paradox". This study examined the impact of smoking on clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS Patients with AMI undergoing PCI between 2004 and 2014 were enrolled and classified according to smoking status. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization. RESULTS Among the 10,683 patients, 4,352 (40.7%) were current smokers. Smokers were 10.7 years younger and less likely to have comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and prior PCI. Smokers had less MACE (hazard ratio [HR], 0.644; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.594-0.698; p<0.001) and cardiac death (HR, 0.494; 95% CI, 0.443-0.551; p<0.001) compared to nonsmokers during the 5 years in an unadjusted model. However, after propensity-score matching, smokers showed higher risk of MACE (HR, 1.125; 95% CI, 1.009-1.254; p=0.034) and cardiac death (HR, 1.190; 95% CI, 1.026-1.381; p=0.022). Smoking was a strong independent predictor of lung cancer (propensity-score matched HR, 2.749; 95% CI, 1.416-5.338; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the unadjusted model, smoking is associated with worse cardiovascular outcome and higher incidence of lung cancer after adjustment of various confounding factors. This result can be explained by the characteristics of smokers, which were young and had fewer comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Nam Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ik Jun Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sungmin Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ho Choo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Hee Hwang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Joon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mahn Won Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Soo Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Yeol Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Dong Yoo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Soo Jeon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Joong Youn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook Sung Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Chul Kim
- Cardiovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- Cardiovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Cardiovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kiyuk Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Zhao J, Liang G, Huang H, Zeng L, Yang W, Pan J, Liu J. Identification of risk factors for falls in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:1895-1904. [PMID: 32591972 PMCID: PMC7497515 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for falls in postmenopausal women and provide evidence for the primary prevention of falls in postmenopausal women. The protocol for this meta-analysis is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020170927). We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library and EMBASE for observational studies on the risk factors for falls in postmenopausal women. Review Manager 5.3 was used to calculate the relative risk (RR) or weighted mean difference (WMD) of potential risk factors related to falls. STATA 14.0 was used for the quantitative evaluation of publication bias. Eleven studies with 42,429 patients from 7 countries were included. The main risk factors for falls in postmenopausal women were patient sociodemographic risk factors (age: WMD = 0.37, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.68; body weight: WMD = 0.88, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.12; BMI: WMD = 0.34, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.46; exercise: RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99; and FES-I: WMD = 6.60, 95% CI 0.72 to 12.47) and medical risk factors (dietary calcium intake: WMD = - 16.91, 95% CI - 25.80 to - 8.01; previous fracture history: RR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.29; previous falls: RR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.91 to 2.14; number of diseases, ˃ 2: RR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.23; and number of reported chronic health disorders: WMD = 0.30, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.49). Knowledge of the many risk factors associated with falls in postmenopausal women can aid in fall prevention. However, we cannot rule out some additional potential risk factors (age at the onset of menopause, years since last menstruation, hormone therapy and BMD) that need further clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Zhao
- The Second School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - G. Liang
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury, Guangzhou, 510120 China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - H. Huang
- The Second School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405 China
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - L. Zeng
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury, Guangzhou, 510120 China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - W. Yang
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury, Guangzhou, 510120 China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - J. Pan
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury, Guangzhou, 510120 China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - J. Liu
- Guangdong Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Team on Bone and Joint Degeneration and Injury, Guangzhou, 510120 China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, 510120 China
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