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Hsieh SW, Hsiao SF, Liaw LJ, Huang LC, Yang YH. Effectiveness of Early Multimodal Non-pharmacological Interventions in Cognitive Preservation in the Elderly. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2024; 39:15333175241256803. [PMID: 38798013 PMCID: PMC11135089 DOI: 10.1177/15333175241256803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multimodal non-pharmacological interventions (MNPI) have been determined as effective in delaying cognitive deterioration. The effectiveness of timing of such interventions in elderly is less discussed. We compared the different effectiveness of MNPI in cognitive preservation in elderly subjects with and without dementia. METHODS We enrolled volunteer the elderly subjects. Subjects were classified as dementia group and non-dementia group by instrument of ascertainment of dementia 8. All were assigned to attend 3 hours of MNPI (physical fitness training, Chinese capillary, and Chinese drawings and paintings) twice a week over a 16-week period. Neuropsychiatric tests, including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI), clinical dementia rating (CDR), and neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI), were administered before and 1 year after MNPI. We demonstrated the changes of cognition and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) before and after MNPI. We compared the different effectiveness of cognition preservation between two groups. RESULTS In total, there were 43 participants in our study, including 18 with non-dementia and 25 with dementia. The non-dementia group had a significantly higher proportion of cognitive preservation in remote memory (100.0% vs 68.0%, P = .007), orientation (94.4% vs 48.0%, P = .001), drawing (94.4% vs 64.0%, P = .021) and language (77.8% vs 48.0%, P = .049) than the dementia group. The highest proportion of preserved cognition after MNPI was remote memory (100%), followed by orientation (94.4%) and drawing (94.4%) in the non-dementia group. The highest proportion of preserved cognition after MNPI was attention (72%) followed by remote memory (68%), recent memory (64%) and drawing (64%) in the dementia group. Overall, their improved rate in behavioral and psychological symptoms was 55.6%. CONCLUSION Our study concluded the benefits of early MNPI in cognition preservation in the elderly, especially in the field of remote memory, orientation, drawing and language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wung Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Fen Hsiao
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Jiun Liaw
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chinese Mentality Protection Association, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wu HC, Lu PL, Yang YH, Feng MC. Prevalence and the associated factors of cognitive impairment among people living with HIV in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study. AIDS Care 2023; 35:1647-1653. [PMID: 37186954 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2206094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment impacts the quality of life and increases morbidity and mortality rates. The prevalence of and factors associated with cognitive impairment have become important issues as the age of people living with HIV(PLWH) increases. In 2020, We conducted a cross-sectional study to survey the cognitive impairment among PLWH in three hospitals in Taiwan with Alzheimer Disease-8 (AD8) questionnaire. The average age of 1,111 individuals was 37.54 ± 10.46 years old, and their average duration to live with HIV was 7.12 ± 4.85 years. The rate of impaired cognitive function was 2.25% (N = 25) when AD8 score ≥ 2 was a positive finding for cognitive impairment. Aging (p = .012), being less educated (p = 0.010), and having a longer duration to live with HIV (p = .025) were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only the duration of living with HIV was a significant factor related to the tendency of cognitive impairment (p = .032). The risk of cognitive impairment increased by 1.098 times for every additional year to live with HIV. In conclusion, the prevalence of cognitive impairment among PLWH in Taiwan was 2.25%. Healthcare personnel should be sensitive to the changes in PLWH's cognitive function as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Chun Wu
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chu Feng
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Chien CF, Huang LC, Li KY, Yang YH. Cognitive effects of cilostazol in Alzheimer's dementia patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: A case-control study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23:194-199. [PMID: 36682741 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disease, characterized by beta-amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles. Peripheral atherosclerosis may deteriorate these processes via endothelial cell dysfunction and microvascular impairment. Cilostazol - a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor - is a standard treatment for peripheral arterial occlusive disease and a potential treatment for preserving cognitive function in AD patients. We aimed to determine whether cilostazol is beneficial in AD patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease by evaluating Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) domains. METHODS We conducted a retrospective case-control study of 62 AD patients in Taiwan. Thirty-one patients had peripheral arterial occlusive disease and were receiving cilostazol plus acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AchEIs) or N-methyl d-aspartate antagonists, whereas 31 others were receiving AchEIs. Therapeutic responses were measured using neuropsychological assessments. The CASI was administered at baseline and 12 months later; different domains were analyzed between the groups using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Age, sex, education duration, ApoE ε4 gene status, and initial Mini-Mental State Examination scores were not different between the two groups. Except for fluency, no CASI domains showed a statistical difference between the groups. A significant difference was observed in category fluency (P = 0.010). In the logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for covariate effects, category fluency still showed a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS In AD patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease who have received Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy, cilostazol, as an antiplatelet, may help to preserve general cognitive function, with significant preservation in category fluency. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 194-199.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fang Chien
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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A Nationwide Survey of Dementia Prevalence in Long-Term Care Facilities in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061554. [PMID: 35329879 PMCID: PMC8955493 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As the average life expectancy of global citizens has increased, the prevalence of dementia has increased rapidly. The number of patients with dementia has increased by 6.7 times, reaching 300,000 in the past three decades in Taiwan. To realize the latest actual situation, the need for institutional care for elderly patients with dementia, and also a reference basis for government agencies to formulate dementia-related care policies, we investigated the institutional prevalence of dementia. Methods: We randomly sampled 299 out of the 1607 registered long-term care facilities including senior citizens’ institutions, nursing homes, and veteran homes in every administrative region of Taiwan. Then, a two-phase survey including MMSE screening, CDR, and clinical confirmation was conducted on each subject from 2019 to 2020. Results: Among 5753 enrolled subjects, 4765 from 266 facilities completed the examinations with a response rate of 82.8%. A total of 4150 subjects were diagnosed with dementia, 7.4% of whom had very mild dementia. The prevalence of all-cause dementia, including very mild dementia, was 87.1% in all facilities, 87.4% in senior citizens’ institutions, 87.1% in nursing homes, and 83.3% in veteran homes. Advanced age, low education, hypertension, Parkinsonism, respiratory disease, stroke, and intractable epilepsy were associated with dementia risk. Conclusions: We show that in an aged society, the prevalence of all-cause dementia in long-term care institutions can be as high as 87.1%. This study was completed before the outbreak of COVID-19 and provides a precious hallmark for future epidemiological research. We recommend that the long-term care policy in an aged society needs to take into account the increasing high prevalence of dementia in the institution.
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Hsieh SW, Chen JC, Chen NC, Jhang KM, Wang W, Yang YH. Real-world Evaluation of Tolerability, Safety and Efficacy of Rivastigmine Oral Solution in Patients with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:459-469. [PMID: 34294615 PMCID: PMC8316665 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of titrating dose of rivastigmine oral solution in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Taiwan. Methods We recruited 108 mild to moderate AD patients with RivastⓇ (rivastigmine oral solution 2 mg/ml) treatment for 52 weeks. We recorded the demographic characteristics, initial cognition by mini-mental state examination (MMSE), initial global status by clinical dementia rating (CDR) with CDR-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), initial dose, and titrating dose at each visit. We investigated the adherence, proportion of possible side effects, optimal dose, and time to optimal dose. We demonstrated the proportion of cognitive decline and its possible risk factors. Results During the course, 9 patients discontinued the rivastigmine oral solution due to poor compliance or preference. Twelve out of 99 patients (12.1%) reported possible side effects. Among 87 patients, the mean age was 77.2 ± 9.0 years ago with female predominant (65.2%). The optimal dose was 3.6 ± 1.4 ml in average and 4 ml (n = 31, 35.6%) in mode. The duration to optimal dose was 12.5 ± 10.2 weeks and 24 weeks (n = 35, 40.2%) in mode. It presented 25% with cognitive decline in MMSE, 27% with global function decline in CDR and 63% with global function decline in CDR-SB. Conclusion We demonstrated the clinical experience of rivastigmine oral solution in mild to moderate AD patients. It suggested rivastigmine oral solution 4ml is the optimal dose with 24 weeks to the optimal dose for at least one third of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wung Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siao-Gang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Ching Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ming Jhang
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wenfu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Holistic Wellness, Ming Dao University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chinese Mentality Protection Association, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yang YH, Huang LC, Hsieh SW, Huang LJ. Dynamic Blood Concentrations of Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:768. [PMID: 32850865 PMCID: PMC7432270 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is produced by the cleavage of amyloid precursor proteins in the cell membrane by β-secretase and γ-secretase into a monomeric form with peptides of different lengths such as Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42, which is then transformed into oligomeric and fibril forms and is considered to be one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The plasma concentrations of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are unstable after blood samples have been obtained. In order to examine the dynamic changes of plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 in blood samples, we used fresh blood samples in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes from 32 clinically diagnosed AD patients. Each sample was subdivided into eight sub-samples, and levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were measured at 0 (baseline), 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 24 h, respectively. All samples were incubated at 37°C before being measuring. The results showed that compared to baseline, 87.5 and 62.5% of the patients had higher plasma levels of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 at 24 h, respectively. The patients with an increased amyloid level did not have a significantly different apo-lipoprotein E4 allele (APOE4) gene status for either Aβ1-40 (p = 0.422) or Aβ1-42 (p = 1.000). However, for plasma Aβ1-42, the APOE4 carriers had a significantly lower level than the non-carriers at baseline [31.2 ± 6.5 (mean ± SD) ng/ml vs. 50.4 ± 47.7 ng/ml, p = 0.031] and 0.5 h (37.5 ± 7.6 ng/ml vs. 51.9 ± 30.8 ng/ml, p = 0.043). There were no significant differences between the APOE4 carriers and non-carriers in plasma Aβ1-42 concentration at 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 24 h (p = 0.112, p = 0.086, p = 0.112, p = 0.263, p = 0.170 and p = 0.621, respectively). The Aβ1-40 level was related to disease severity as assessed using the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale. Patients with advanced stages of dementia (CDR = 1 and CDR = 2) had a significantly higher Aβ1-40 level compared to those with very mild stage dementia (CDR = 0.5) at all time points (p < 0.05) except for 24 h (p = 0.059). Our findings illustrate the effects of APOE4 status on dynamic changes in plasma Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels, and significant associations between Aβ1-40 level and disease severity. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact mechanisms of how APOE4 affects the dynamic changes in plasma Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, and the association between Aβ1-40 and advanced dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Teaching and Research, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of and Master’s Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sun-Wung Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ju Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center of Teaching and Research, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Hsieh SW, Huang LC, Chang YP, Hung CH, Yang YH. M2b macrophage subset decrement as an indicator of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 74:383-391. [PMID: 32170772 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Various inflammatory processes account for the pathology of AD, and macrophages in particular have a distinct polarization phenotype related to M1/M2 classification. We aimed to investigate macrophage polarization patterns as an indicator of cognitive function in AD. METHODS We recruited 54 non-demented individuals as control and 105 AD patients as experimental groups respectively. Percentages of macrophage (PM2K+ CD14+ and PM2K+ CD14- ) and macrophage polarization subsets (M1, M2a, M2b, and M2c) were assessed using flow cytometry. All AD patients were classified by dementia severity using clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR) as CDR 0.5, 1 and ≧2. AD patients had cognitive function evaluation using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI). We compared the macrophage polarization patterns between control and patient groups. Cognitive function was evaluated in association with macrophage polarization patterns in AD patients. RESULTS The percentages of PM2K+ CD14+ and PM2K+ CD14- macrophages were higher in AD patients than in controls. M2b macrophage subset decrement and M1 macrophage subset increment of PM2K+ CD14+ and PM2K+ CD14- macrophages were observed in AD patients compared with controls. Although percentages of macrophage subsets were not consistent with CDR staging, PM2K+ CD14+ M2b macrophage subset decrement was correlated with worse cognitive functioning by MMSE and CASI in AD patients. CONCLUSION M2b macrophage subset decrement and M1 macrophage subset increment were noted in AD patients, while PM2K+ CD14+ M2b macrophage subset decrement indicated worse cognitive function in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Wung Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Chun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Pei Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Chinese Mentality Protection Association, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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