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Mondal S, Dharan BS, Namboodiri N. A wide complex tachycardia in bigeminy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2024. [PMID: 38953492 DOI: 10.1111/pace.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Mondal
- Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Division, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Baiju S Dharan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Division, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Narayanan Namboodiri
- Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Division, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Kim ME, Baskar S, Janson CM, Chandler SF, Whitehill RD, Dionne A, Law MA, Domnina Y, Smith-Parrish MN, Bird GL, Banerjee M, Zhang W, Reichle G, Schumacher KR, Czosek RJ, Morales DLS, Alten JA. Epidemiology of Postoperative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia in Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2024; 117:1178-1185. [PMID: 38484909 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) complicates congenital heart surgery in 2% to 8.3% of cases. JET is associated with postoperative morbidity in single-center studies. We used the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium data registry to provide a multicenter epidemiologic description of treated JET. METHODS This is a retrospective study (February 2019-August 2022) of patients with treated JET. Inclusion criteria were (1) <12 months old at the index operation, and (2) treated for JET <72 hours after surgery. Diagnosis was defined by receiving treatment (pacing, cooling, and medications). A multilevel logistic regression analysis with hospital random effect identified JET risk factors. Impact of JET on outcomes was estimated by margins/attributable risk analysis using previous risk-adjustment models. RESULTS Among 24,073 patients from 63 centers, 1436 (6.0%) were treated for JET with significant center variability (0% to 17.9%). Median time to onset was 3.4 hours, with 34% present on admission. Median duration was 2 days (interquartile range, 1-4 days). Tetralogy of Fallot, atrioventricular canal, and ventricular septal defect repair represented >50% of JET. Patient characteristics independently associated with JET included neonatal age, Asian race, cardiopulmonary bypass time, open sternum, and early postoperative inotropic agents. JET was associated with increased risk-adjusted durations of mechanical ventilation (incidence rate ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5-1.7) and intensive care unit length of stay (incidence rate ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.3), but not mortality. CONCLUSIONS JET is treated in 6% of patients with substantial center variability. JET contributes to increased use of postoperative resources. High center variability warrants further study to identify potential modifiable factors that could serve as targets for improvement efforts to ameliorate deleterious outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Kim
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Shankar Baskar
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher M Janson
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Robert D Whitehill
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Audrey Dionne
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Law
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Yuliya Domnina
- Department of Cardiac Critical Care, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Melissa N Smith-Parrish
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Geoffrey L Bird
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mousumi Banerjee
- Department of Cardiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Garrett Reichle
- Department of Cardiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kurt R Schumacher
- Department of Cardiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard J Czosek
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David L S Morales
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey A Alten
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Hassan PF, El Haddad AM. Dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulfate in preventing junctional ectopic tachycardia after pediatric cardiac surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2024; 34:459-466. [PMID: 38269418 DOI: 10.1111/pan.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a serious tachyarrhythmia following pediatric cardiac surgery. It isn't easy to treat and better to be prevented. This study aimed to examine the prophylactic effects of dexmedetomidine, MgSO4, or their combination in reducing JET following pediatric open cardiac surgery. METHODS Hundred and twenty children under 5 years, weighing more than 5 kg, who were scheduled for corrective acyanotic cardiac surgeries were randomized into three groups. Group MD (Dexmedetomidine-MgSO4 group): received dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg IV over 20 min after induction, then infusion 0.5 μg/kg/h for 72 h, and 50 mg/kg bolus of MgSO4 with aortic cross-clamp release, then continued administration for 72 h postoperatively at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day. Group D (the dexmedetomidine group) received the same dexmedetomidine as the MD group in addition to normal saline instead of MgSO4. Group C (control group): received normal saline instead of dexmedetomidine and MgSO4. The primary outcome was the detection of JET incidence; the secondary outcomes were hemodynamic parameters, ionized Mg, vasoactive-inotropic score, extubation time, PCCU and hospital stay, and perioperative complications. RESULTS The incidence of JET was significantly reduced in Group MD and Group D (p = .007) compared to Group C. Ionized Mg was significantly higher in Group MD than in Groups D and C during rewarming and in the ICU (p < .001). Better hemodynamic profile in Group MD compared to Group D and Group C throughout surgery and in the ICU, the predictive indexes were significantly better in Group MD than in Groups D and C (p < .001). Including the extubation time, PCCU, and hospital stay. CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine alone or combined with MgSO4 had a therapeutic role in the prevention of JET in children after congenital heart surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Passaint Fahim Hassan
- Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Kasr Al Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El Haddad
- Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Kasr Al Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Fernandez-Cisneros A, Staffa SJ, Emani SM, Chávez M, Friedman KG, Hoganson DM, Kaza AK, Del Nido PJ, Baird CW. Association of tetralogy of Fallot and complete atrioventricular canal: a single-centre 40-year experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2024; 65:ezae037. [PMID: 38310341 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Outcome data in tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) and complete atrioventricular canal (CAVC) are limited. We report our experience for over 40 years in this patient population. METHODS Single-centre, retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgical repair with the diagnosis of ToF-CAVC from 1979 to 2022, divided into 2 different periods and compared. RESULTS A total of 116 patients were included: 1979-2007 (n = 61) and 2008-2021 (n = 55). Balanced CAVC (80%) and Rastelli type C CAVC (81%) were most common. Patients in the later era were younger (4 vs 14 months, P < 0.001), fewer had trisomy 21 (60% vs 80%, P = 0.019) and fewer had prior palliative prior procedures (31% vs 43%, P < 0.001). In the earlier era, single-patch technique was more common (62% vs 16%, P < 0.001), and in recent era, double-patch technique was more common (84% vs 33%, P < 0.001). In the earlier era, right ventricular outflow tract was most commonly reconstructed with transannular patch (51%), while in more recent era, valve-sparing repairs were more common (69%) (P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was 4.3%. The median follow-up was 217 and 74 months for the first and second eras. Survival for earlier and later eras at 2-, 5- and 10-year follow-up was (85.1%, 81.5%, 79.6% vs 94.2%, 94.2%, 94.2% respectively, log-rank test P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS The surgical approach to ToF-CAVC has evolved over time. More recently, patients tended to receive primary repair at younger ages and had fewer palliative procedures. Improved surgical techniques allowing for earlier and complete repair have shown a decrease in mortality, more valve-sparing procedures without an increase in total reoperations. Presented at the 37th EACTS Annual Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven J Staffa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariana Chávez
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin G Friedman
- Cardiology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Hoganson
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Pedro J Del Nido
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher W Baird
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Vô C, Dib N, Bartoletti S, Gonzalez CM, Mondésert B, Gagnon MH, Fournier A, Khairy P. Navigating Arrhythmias in Tetralogy of Fallot Throughout the Lifespan: A Case-based Review. CJC PEDIATRIC AND CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 2023; 2:404-413. [PMID: 38161682 PMCID: PMC10755829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjcpc.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Arrhythmias are a common complication associated with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), one of the most prevalent forms of congenital heart disease. As illustrated by this case-based review, various forms of arrhythmias can be encountered across the lifespan of patients with ToF, from infancy to older adulthood. These include atrioventricular block, junctional ectopic tachycardia, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Arrhythmias have important implications on the health and quality of life of patients with ToF and require treatment by caregivers with dedicated expertise. The choice of pharmacologic and/or interventional therapies to alleviate symptoms, avoid complications, and mitigate risks depends in part on the type, severity, and frequency of the arrhythmia, as well as on the particularities of individual clinical scenarios. Preventing, monitoring for, and managing arrhythmias are an integral component of the care of patients with ToF throughout their lifespan that is critical to optimizing health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Vô
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Electrophysiology Service, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nabil Dib
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stefano Bartoletti
- Electrophysiology Service, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cecilia M. Gonzalez
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Blandine Mondésert
- Electrophysiology Service, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Gagnon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Fournier
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Khairy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Electrophysiology Service, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Faerber JA, Huang J, Zhang X, Song L, DeCost G, Mascio CE, Ravishankar C, O'Byrne ML, Naim MY, Kawut SM, Goldmuntz E, Mercer-Rosa L. Identifying Risk Factors for Complicated Post-operative Course in Tetralogy of Fallot Using a Machine Learning Approach. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:685855. [PMID: 34368247 PMCID: PMC8339319 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.685855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair is associated with excellent operative survival. However, a subset of patients experiences post-operative complications, which can significantly alter the early and late post-operative course. We utilized a machine learning approach to identify risk factors for post-operative complications after TOF repair. Methods: We conducted a single-center prospective cohort study of children <2 years of age with TOF undergoing surgical repair. The outcome was occurrence of post-operative cardiac complications, measured between TOF repair and hospital discharge or death. Predictors included patient, operative, and echocardiographic variables, including pre-operative right ventricular strain and fractional area change as measures of right ventricular function. Gradient-boosted quantile regression models (GBM) determined predictors of post-operative complications. Cross-validated GBMs were implemented with and without a filtering stage non-parametric regression model to select a subset of clinically meaningful predictors. Sensitivity analysis with gradient-boosted Poisson regression models was used to examine if the same predictors were identified in the subset of patients with at least one complication. Results: Of the 162 subjects enrolled between March 2012 and May 2018, 43 (26.5%) had at least one post-operative cardiac complication. The most frequent complications were arrhythmia requiring treatment (N = 22, 13.6%), cardiac catheterization (N = 17, 10.5%), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (N = 11, 6.8%). Fifty-six variables were used in the machine learning analysis, of which there were 21 predictors that were already identified from the first-stage regression. Duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was the highest ranked predictor in all models. Other predictors included gestational age, pre-operative right ventricular (RV) global longitudinal strain, pulmonary valve Z-score, and immediate post-operative arterial oxygen level. Sensitivity analysis identified similar predictors, confirming the robustness of these findings across models. Conclusions: Cardiac complications after TOF repair are prevalent in a quarter of patients. A prolonged surgery remains an important predictor of post-operative complications; however, other perioperative factors are likewise important, including pre-operative right ventricular remodeling. This study identifies potential opportunities to optimize the surgical repair for TOF to diminish post-operative complications and secure improved clinical outcomes. Efforts toward optimizing pre-operative ventricular remodeling might mitigate post-operative complications and help reduce future morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Faerber
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lihai Song
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Grace DeCost
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Christopher E Mascio
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chitra Ravishankar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael L O'Byrne
- Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Leonard Davis Institute and Center for Cardiovascular Outcomes, Quality, and Evaluative Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryam Y Naim
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven M Kawut
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura Mercer-Rosa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Early postoperative arrhythmias in patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. TURK GOGUS KALP DAMAR CERRAHISI DERGISI-TURKISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2021; 29:27-35. [PMID: 33768978 PMCID: PMC7970075 DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2021.20366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate early postoperative arrhythmias in children undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. Methods A total of 670 pediatric patients (355 males, 315 females; median age: 4 months; range, 1 day to 18 years) who underwent cardiac surgery due to congenital heart defects between December 2018 and November 2019 were included. The rate of postoperative arrhythmias, diagnosis, potential risk factors, and management strategies were evaluated. Multivariate regression analysis was used to identify significant factors of development of postoperative arrhythmias. Results Tachyarrhythmia was detected in 54 patients (8.1%), and the most common tachyarrhythmia was junctional ectopic tachycardia. Medical treatment was required in 25/38 (66%) of junctional ectopic tachycardia patients. Amiodarone was initiated in 18, dexmedetomidine in five, and flecainide + amiodarone in two of the patients. Different degrees of atrioventricular block were observed in 30 patients (4.5%). In 12 patients, permanent pacemakers were implanted during hospitalization. Age at the time of surgery under one-year-old, high inotropic scores, prolonged operation time, and high Aristotele"s scores were independent risk factors associated with early postoperative arrhythmia (p<0.05). The most common operations associated with early postoperative arrhythmia were left ventricular outflow tract, (6/20, 30%), complete atrioventricular septal defect (13/53, 24%), and tetralogy of Fallot (20/134, 14%) surgeries. Conclusion Cardiac arrhythmias are common in the early period after congenital heart surgery in children. The diagnosis and frequency of arrhythmias may vary according to different surgical procedures.
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Sharma D, Subramaniam G, Sharma N. Use of ivabradine for treatment of junctional ectopic tachycardia in post congenital heart surgery. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 37:323-325. [PMID: 33967423 DOI: 10.1007/s12055-020-01056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac surgeries especially involving crux of the heart as performed in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and pulmonary stenosis are mainly responsible for junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET). Diversified antiarrhythmic agents have been used in an impressive way to treat JET but showed suboptimal efficacy and varied associated adverse effects. But, ivabradine has proved as final crusader for its treatment. We report our initial experience of 4 cases in last 6 months with ivabradine in the management of postoperative JET. Encouraged by various reports and our increasing experience with ivabradine in heart failure population, we have moved to ivabradine as the first drug of choice for postoperative JET. Bradycardia was the only significant adverse effect in our series. The availability of atrial and ventricular pacing wires or at least transvenous temporary pacing should be ensured before starting ivabradine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Sharma
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J L N Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302001 India
| | - Ganapathy Subramaniam
- Institute of Heart and Lung Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, MGM Healthcare, No. 72, Nelson Manickam Road, Aminjikarai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600029 India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, SMS Medical College & Attached Hospitals, J L N Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302001 India
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Kylat RI, Samson RA. Junctional ectopic tachycardia in infants and children. J Arrhythm 2020; 36:59-66. [PMID: 32071621 PMCID: PMC7011855 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tachyarrhythmias originating in the atrioventricular (AV) node and AV junction including the bundle of His complex (BH) are called junctional tachycardia (JT) or junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET). Congenital JET (CJET) is a rare arrhythmia that occurs in patients without a preceding cardiac surgery and can be refractory to medical therapy and associated with high morbidity and mortality. CJET has a high rate of morbidity and mortality with death occurring in 35% of cases. JET occurring within 72 hours after cardiac surgery is referred to as postoperative JET (POJET) and caused by direct trauma, ischemic, or stretch injury to the AV conduction tissues during surgical repair of congenital heart defects. Focal junctional tachycardia (FJT) is also known as automatic junctional tachycardia and includes paroxysmal or non-paroxysmal forms. We discuss a staged approach to therapy with improved pharmacological therapies and the use of catheter-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit I. Kylat
- Department of PediatricsCollege of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Ricardo A. Samson
- Children's Heart Center of NevadaLas VegasNVUSA
- Department of PediatricsDivision of CardiologyUniversity of Nevada‐Las Vegas School of MedicineLas VegasNVUSA
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Mahajan P, Ebenroth ES, Borsheim K, Husain S, Bo N, Herrmann JL, Rodefeld MD, Turrentine MW, Brown JW, Patel JK. Intermediate Outcomes of Staged Tetralogy of Fallot Repair. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2019; 10:694-701. [PMID: 31701830 DOI: 10.1177/2150135119874035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal surgical strategy for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair in neonates and young infants requiring early surgical intervention remains controversial. Our surgical center follows the uniform strategy of a staged approach with initial systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt the majority of time when early surgical intervention is required. We characterized a contemporary cohort of patients with TOF with pulmonary stenosis (PS) undergoing staged repair in order to determine the rate of pulmonary valve-sparing repair (PVSR), growth of the pulmonary valve annulus and pulmonary arteries, postoperative morbidity and mortality, and need for reintervention. METHODS We retrospectively studied patients with TOF/PS who underwent staged repair from 2000 to 2017. Surgical details, postoperative course, and reinterventions were noted. Echocardiographic measurements and Z-score values of pulmonary valve annulus, main pulmonary artery (MPA), right pulmonary artery (RPA), and left pulmonary artery (LPA) diameters were evaluated. RESULTS Of the 59 patients with staged TOF/PS, PVSR was performed in 25 (42%). There was a 5% incidence of postoperative arrhythmia. The Z-scores of MPA, RPA, and LPA were significantly higher before complete repair when compared to before palliative shunt. The 5 and 10-year survival rates were both 93%, and the probability of freedom from reoperation at 5 and 10 years was 87% and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Staged repair of TOF in young symptomatic infants results in 42% receiving PVSR, pulmonary artery growth, low incidence of postoperative arrhythmia, and relatively low rate of reoperations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mahajan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric S Ebenroth
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kirsten Borsheim
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sabena Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Na Bo
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeremy L Herrmann
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark D Rodefeld
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark W Turrentine
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John W Brown
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jyoti K Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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