Pelvic Insufficiency Fractures

Insights into pelvic insufficiency fracture following pelvic radiotherapy for cervical cancer: a comparative review

BACKGROUND

Radiotherapy (RT)-induced pelvic insufficiency fractures (PIF) are prevalent in patients with cervical cancer. Inconclusive studies on PIF after cervical irradiation create uncertainty. This review examined PIF after RT in cervical patients, including its pathobiology, likely locations of fractures, incidence, clinical symptoms, and predisposing factors. We further discussed study limitations and therapeutic possibilities of PIF.

METHODS

The following online resources were searched for relevant articles: Google Scholar and PubMed. The keywords 'pelvic insufficiency fractures', 'cervical carcinoma' and 'cervical cancer', as well as 'chemoradiotherapy', 'chemoradiation', and 'radiotherapy', were some of the terms that were used during the search.

RESULTS

Patients with PIF report pelvic pain after radiation treatment for cervical cancer; the incidence of PIF ranges from 1.7 to 45.2%. Evidence also supports that among all patients treated with pelvic radiation, those who experienced pelvic insufficiency fractures invariably had at least one sacral fracture, making it the most frequently fractured bone in the body. Menopausal status, weight, BMI, age, and treatments and diagnosis modalities can influence PIF during radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our comparative review of the literature highlights significant heterogeneity in various aspects of PIF following radiation for patients with cervical cancer. This diversity encompasses prevalence rates, associated risk factors, symptoms, severity, diagnosis methods, preventive interventions, and follow-up periods. Such diversity underscores the complexity of PIF in this population and emphasizes the critical need for further research to elucidate optimal management strategies and improve patient outcomes.

Bilateral insufficiency fracture of coracoid process: A rare case report

A 69-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for a left femoral neck fracture. A preliminary chest computed tomography scan showed no coracoid process fracture. The patient had no history of trauma during his hospitalization. However, subsequent in-hospital computed tomography scan revealed bilateral coracoid process fracture. The patient underwent hip replacement surgery for femoral neck fracture, while conservative treatment was administered for the bilateral coracoid process fracture. After 1-year follow-up, the patient was diagnosed with bilateral insufficiency fracture of coracoid process after ruling out other types of fractures. The fractures did not heal while functions in both shoulders were adequate. Insufficiency fracture should be considered when fractures occur without trauma, especially in the presence of associated risk factors such as chronic renal failure and osteoporosis. For bilateral insufficiency fracture of coracoid process, conservative treatment is acceptable.

Posterior pelvic ring involvement detected with CT taken within a week of admission in acute fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) does not predict failure of conservative treatment: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Acute low energy pubic rami fractures in the elderly receive primarily conservative treatment. There is debate to what extent posterior ring involvement, which is detected superiorly by CT compared to X-ray, has an impact on outcome and may require modified treatment. We want to demonstrate if posterior ring involvement has an influence on different types of outcome in primarily conservatively treated acute FFP, questioning the usefulness of early CT. Additionally we analysed the early fracture pattern in cases where conservative treatment failed with need for secondary surgery.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study of 155 consecutive patients, recruited between 2009 and 2016, aged over 65 years diagnosed with an acute LE-PFr on X-ray at the emergency department of a single, level-one trauma centre and receiving an early CT. A set of outcome parameters was compared between patients with an isolated pubic rami fracture (CTia) and patients who had a combined posterior pelvic ring fracture (CTcp).

RESULTS

There were 155 patients of whom 85.2% were female with a mean age of 83 years. 76.8% of patients living at home returned home and 15.5% moved to a nursing home. Mortality rate during hospitalisation was 6.4% and 14.8% at one year post-trauma. Secondary fracture displacement occurred in 22.6%. Secondary surgery was performed in 6 cases (3.9%). Median hospitalisation length of stay was 21 days (range 0 to 112 days). There was no significant association between the subgroups and change in residential status (p = 0.65), complications during hospitalisation (p = 0.75), mortality rate during admission (p = 0.75) and at 1 year (p = 0.88), readmission within 30 days (p = 0.46) and need for secondary surgery (p = 0.2). There was a significant increased median length of stay (p = 0.011) and rate of secondary displacement (p = 0.015) in subgroup CTcp. Secondary displacement had no impact on in-hospital complications (p = 0.7) nor mortality rate during admission (p = 0.79) or at 1 year (0.77). Early CT in patients who underwent secondary surgery showed stable B2.1 lesions in 4 of 6 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that early CT in patients with conservatively treated acute LE-PFr in order to detect posterior lesions, has limited value in predicting failure of conservative treatment.

Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis: Current Practices and Future Directions

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To summarise the current evidence and clinical practices for patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP).

RECENT FINDINGS

FFPs are an increasingly prevalent and recognised problem in the elderly population. Recent evidence indicates they have a significant impact on function, morbidity and mortality. While traditional management of FFPs was predominantly non-surgical, surgical options have been increasingly used, with a range of surgical methods available. To date, limited consensus exists on the optimal strategy for suitable patient selection, and clinical trials in this population have proved problematic. The management of FFPs requires a multi-faceted approach to enhance patient care, including adequate pain control, minimisation of complications and optimisation of medical management. Early return to mobilisation should be a key treatment goal to maintain functional independence. The selection of patients who will maximally benefit from surgical treatment, and the most appropriate surgical strategy to employ, remains contentious.

Energy, Waves, and Forces in Bilateral Fracture of the Femoral Necks: Two Case Presentations and Updated Critical Review

Two case reports and an updated critical review on bilateral fractures of the femoral neck are presented. Bilateral fractures of the femoral neck have been investigated for at least 80 years and are treated as rare cases. The primary cause is usually considered an external shock; however, aside from high energy shocks (e.g., falling and impact with hard, rigid surfaces, traffic accidents, etc.) the underlying causes of femoral neck frailty have not yet been fully understood. Although not exhaustive, the review spans cases reported as early as 1944 and compares their conclusions in line with medicine developments at the time of the reports until present. The discussion is perhaps controversial at times; it brings to the fore the energy balance between shock waves and stress waves. The two cases reported here add to the review, one highlighting the biomechanics, and the other supporting more recent findings on metabolic disorders, which ultimately lead to enhanced frailty of the femoral neck. Investigation of the fractures has been performed with X-ray radiographs, MRI, and CT, with a follow up using a Doppler US to check blood flow in the lower zone of the limbs. The second case was investigated both for fractures and metabolic diseases, e.g., type I diabetes and kidney failure (dialysis). In Case 1 the second fracture was not observable at the time of admission, and therefore two surgery operations were performed at seven days interval. Taperloc Complete prostheses (Zimmer Biomet) were applied. Case 2 suffered a second fracture in the right hip in the segment above the knee and required better fixation with cables. Despite this, she returned one month later with a new crack in the femur. Case 1 is a typical case of wear consequences on the biomechanics of the hill pad-tibia-femur-femoral neck system, where tension of the neck occurred due to a stress wave rather than a shock wave. This can be proven by the absence of a second fracture from the images first acquired, the only evidence being pain and walking difficulty. Case 2 shows that metabolic diseases can dramatically enhance the frequency of bilateral femoral neck fractures.

A Review on Management of Insufficiency Fractures of the Pelvis and Acetabulum

"Insufficiency fractures of the pelvis and acetabulum are occurring at increasing rates. Osteoporosis is the most prevalent risk fracture. Diagnosis begins with plain radiographs followed by advanced imaging with computed tomography and/or MRI. Pelvic ring fragility injuries are classified by the Fragility fractures of the pelvis system. Elderly acetabular fractures may be classified by the Letournel system. Management of these injuries is primarily nonoperative with early immobilization when allowed by fracture characteristics. When warranted, percutaneous fixation and open reduction internal fixation are options for both. Both acute and delayed total hip arthroplasty are options for acetabular fractures."

A Case of Fragility Fracture of the Pelvis Initially Diagnosed as Osteoarthritis of the Hip

We present the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented with anterior groin pain, initially diagnosed with hip osteoarthritis (OA), scheduled for total hip arthroplasty, and subsequently diagnosed with an occult fragility fracture of the pelvis (FFP) by preoperative computed tomography (CT) examination. We diagnosed the patient with pre-existing hip OA and a bilateral sacrum and left pubic tubercle fracture that exacerbated the groin pain. We operated on the FFP followed by simultaneous bilateral total hip arthroplasty. Given the high prevalence of hip OA and the increasing incidence of FFP, comorbidity of these 2 entities should be ruled out. Even if hip OA is apparent, plain radiographs are insufficient to rule out FFP, necessitating a thorough clinical examination, followed by a CT examination if an FFP is suspected.

The aging athlete

Aging athletes, those 60 years and older, are a growing population of mature, active individuals who value sports and exercise participation throughout their lifespan. Although recommendations for younger and masters athletes have been extrapolated to this population, there remains a paucity of specific guidelines, treatment algorithms, and considerations for aging athletes. The benefits of living an active lifestyle must be weighed against the risks for unique cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal injuries requiring diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. In this article, we review the unique cardiovascular and muscular physiology of aging athletes and how it influences the risk of specific medical conditions. We also discuss general prevention and treatment strategies. Finally, we identify areas of future research priorities and emerging treatments.

Unusual presentation of atraumatic insufficiency pelvic fractures unmasking pregnancy-related osteoporosis: A case report

We describe the case of a young 27-year-old Caucasian female who presented in the third trimester of her first pregnancy with sudden and severe suprapubic and left-sided hip pain without history of trauma. She was eventually diagnosed with two insufficiency fractures of the pelvis. The underlying diagnosis was pregnancy-related osteoporosis. Her baby was delivered successfully at term, with an elective caesarean section. The diagnosis was eventually made using a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Pregnancy-related osteoporosis is relatively rare, and cases of patients presenting with insufficiency fractures of this condition are rarer still. Our case raises the importance of considering this diagnosis in females in the later stages of pregnancy, with severe sudden hip or pelvis pain. The patient gave informed written consent for the publication of this case.

Generalized Uncoupled Bone Remodeling Associated With Delayed Healing of Fatigue Fractures

Fatigue fractures in bones are common injuries with load‐bearing activities, during which the remodeling aimed at removing microdamage has been suggested to play a role in increasing related fracture risk. Much attention has been given to the uncoupling between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic osteogenesis in fatigue fracture cases; however, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of impaired fracture healing are yet unknown. Here we report multiple fatigue fractures in a physically active woman receiving contraceptive pills for years. Her fracture healing was remarkably slow, although she has been otherwise healthy. The patient underwent bone biopsy of the iliac crest that showed remarkable peritrabecular fibrosis with increased osteoclastic bone resorption combined with relatively low bone formation. Analysis of bone biochemical composition revealed a more complex picture: First, notable declines in bone mineral content–based parameters indicating abnormal mineralization were evident in both cancellous and cortical bone. Second, there was elevation in mineral crystal size, perfection, and collagen maturity in her bone tissues from different anatomical sites. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing generalized uncoupling in bone remodeling, increased peritrabecular fibrosis, and bone compositional changes associated with delayed healing of fatigue fractures. These results may explain delayed healing of fatigue and stress fractures. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Population-based, three-dimensional analysis of age- and sex-related femur shaft geometry differences

This study deals with differences of femoral geometric focus on the bowing and width. Analysis using three-dimensional skeletonization showed increase of femoral bowing and femur width over life (more in women), and widening of the medullary canal only in women after 50 years old, not in men.

INTRODUCTION

The changes in femur geometry that occur with aging and lead to fragility or insufficiency fracture remain unclear. The role of the lower limb geometry, including the femur and femoral bowing, has become a point of discussion, especially in atypical femur fracture. This study aimed to analyze femur shaft geometry using three-dimensional skeletonization.

METHODS

We acquired computed tomography images of both femurs obtained. A total of 1400 age- and sex-stratified participants were enrolled and were divided into subgroups according to age (by decade) and sex. The computed tomography images were used to produce 3-dimensional samplings of anatomical elements of the human femur using reconstruction and parametrization from these datasets. The process of skeletonization was conducted to obtain compact representation of the femur. With the skeletonization, we were able to compare all parameters according to age and sex.

RESULTS

The femur length was 424.4 ± 28.6 mm and was longer in men (P < 0.001). The minimum diameter of the medullary canal was 8.9 ± 2.0 mm. The radius of curvature (ROC) was 906.9 ± 193.3 mm. Men had a larger femur length, femur outer diameter, and the narrowest medullary diameter (P < 0.001, respectively). Women had significantly smaller ROC (P < 0.001). ROC decreased by 19.4% in men and 23.6% in women between the ages of 20 to 89 years. Femur width increased over life by 11.4% in men and 24.5% in women. Between the ages of 50 and 89 years, the medullary canal appears to have increased by 32.7% in women.

CONCLUSION

This geometry analysis demonstrated that femoral bowing and femoral width increased related to aging, and that the medullary canal widened after the age of 50 years in women. This cross-sectional study revealed important age- and sex-related differences in femur shaft geometry that occur with aging.

CT-guided percutaneous bilateral sacroiliac joint arthroplasty

Pelvic fractures and sacroiliac joint (SI) diastasis are debilitating injuries which can drastically decrease an individual's functional capacity, and lead to significant morbidity and mortality. In younger, healthier populations, pelvic fractures are usually the result of sudden traumatic forces, such as a motor vehicle collision. Atraumatic pelvic fractures can also occur, and are most commonly due to age related changes and osteoporosis. Even with prompt surgical management, pelvic fractures often result in a host of challenging complications such as disruption of the SI joint with subsequent limitations in mobility and chronic pain. In this case report, we present a novel treatment of SI diastasis, secondary to corticosteroid induced osteoporosis and pelvic fractures. We performed percutaneous bilateral poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) SI joint fusions under CT-guidance. Here we describe a case of bilateral SI joint CT guided percutaneous arthroplasty for osteoporotic SI joint diastasis and pelvic fractures, resulting in a rapid resolution of SI joint pain and restoration of the ability to ambulate in a previously wheelchair-bound patient. This may be of particular benefit in patients who are poor surgical candidates who experience osteoporotic fractures and would be otherwise unable to receive definitive operative management of their pathologic fractures.

Differential diagnosis of acute traumatic hip pain in the elderly

Elderly patients who present with an inability to weight bear following a fall, with normal radiographs, should be appropriately investigated to rule out an occult hip fracture (OHF). We aim to identify both the range and incidence of the differential diagnosis of acute traumatic hip pain in a large series of patients investigated for OHF. A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients investigated for an OHF with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Dedicated musculo- skeletal radiologists reported the MRI scans. All diagnoses including hip fractures, other fractures and soft tissue injuries were recorded. Case notes were reviewed for all patients to identify subsequent complications, management and outcomes. A total of 157 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 52 (33%) patients had a fracture of the proximal femur. The majority of patients with proximal femoral fractures required surgical intervention. 9 patients who had fractures of the greater trochanter of the femur without fracture extension across the femoral neck were managed non-operatively. 40 (25%) patients had fractures of the pelvis, with a combined pubic rami and sacral fracture occurring frequently. The most common diagnosis was a soft tissue injury alone that was seen in 60 (38%) patients imaged. Injuries to the gluteal muscle group, iliopsaos complex and trochanteric bursa were most prevalent. All patients with soft tissue injuries or fractures of the pelvis were successfully managed non-operatively. This study highlights a wide range of differential diagnoses in elderly patients presenting with acute traumatic hip pain. The proximal femur was frac- tured in 33% of patients imaged for OHFs in our series. The most common diagnosis was a soft tissue injury around the hip and pelvis ; these injuries can be successfully managed without surgery.

Low-Energy Pelvic Ring Fractures: A Care Conundrum

Introduction:

A need exists for improved care pathways for patients experiencing low-energy pelvic ring fractures. A review of the current literature was performed to understand the typical patient care and post-acute rehabilitation pathway within the US healthcare system. We also sought to summarize reported clinical outcomes worldwide. Significance: Low-energy pelvic ring fracture patients usually do not qualify for inpatient admission, yet they often require post-acute rehabilitative care. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) 3-day rule is a barrier to obtaining financial coverage of this rehabilitative care.

Results:

Direct admission of some patients to post-acute care facilities has shown promise with decreased cost, improved patient outcomes, and increased patient satisfaction. Secondary fracture prevention programs may also improve outcomes for this patient population.

Conclusions:

Post-acute care innovation and secondary fracture prevention should be prioritized in the low-energy pelvic fragility fracture patient population. To demonstrate the effect and feasibility of these improved care pathways, further studies are necessary.

Complications of intracavitary brachytherapy for gynecologic cancers and their management: A comprehensive review

Intracavitary gynecologic brachytherapy in the form of tandem-based brachytherapy and vaginal cylinder-based brachytherapy represents a fundamental component of the treatment of women with cervical or uterine cancer due to the ability to deliver a therapeutic dose of radiation with sharp dose falloff. This results in highly effective treatment in terms of oncologic outcomes with an overall favorable toxicity profile. Still, complications and side effects of brachytherapy do exist. While advances in brachytherapy techniques have led to a significant decrease in the rates of toxicity, a thorough understanding of the potential complications is crucial to ensuring optimal outcomes for women with gynecologic cancer undergoing brachytherapy. Use of equivalent dose at 2 Gy per fraction (EQD2) models has allowed incorporation of external beam radiotherapy dose to the brachytherapy dose leading to development of consolidated dose constraints for organs-at-risk in the modern era. This manuscript offers a comprehensive review of potential complications associated with intracavitary brachytherapy for gynecologic cancer including predictive factors, mitigation tactics, and management strategies.

Multi-Site Insufficiency Pelvic Fracture Following Total Hip Arthroplasty

Patient: Female, 47-year-old

Final Diagnosis: Pelvic fracture

Symptoms: Hip pain

Medication: —

Clinical Procedure: —

Specialty: Orthopedics and Traumatology

Treatment of pelvic fractures in cats with patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome

Objectives

The aim of this study was to describe the treatment and outcome of acetabular and other pelvic fractures in cats with patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome (PADS) and to provide advice on how to manage these cases in practice.

Methods

Data were collated on cats with PADS that were reported to have sustained pelvic fractures or had fractures or fissures of the pelvis identified on submitted radiographs. The details of the fractures were recorded, in addition to any treatment and outcome information.

Results

Of the 215 cases reported with PADS, 58 cats (27%) were found to have pelvic fractures, none of which were known to have resulted from significant trauma. There were 101 fractures in total and of these 15 were treated with surgery, including 10 acetabular fractures, two ilial, two pubic and one ischial fracture. Screw loosening and loss of fracture reduction was seen in four of the surgically treated fractures (two pubic fractures, one ilial and one acetabular fracture). Fourteen cats were euthanased as a direct result of a fracture occurring. While most pelvic fractures healed uneventfully, some cats remained intermittently lame, but it was not always possible to determine the cause of the lameness from the information available and because all cats had concurrent patellar fractures.

Conclusions and relevance

Many of the pelvic fractures healed with conservative management. Fractures involving articular surfaces such as acetabular fractures may benefit from surgical stabilisation as surgery may offer the benefits of articular fracture repair with improved joint congruency and a faster return to normal activity.

Balloon-assisted sacroplasty as a successful procedure for osteoporotic sacral insufficiency fractures after failure of the conservative treatment

Osteoporotic vertebral fractures without prior adequate traumatization are frequent diagnosed in orthopedics because of the increasing life expectancy and incidence of osteoporosis. The associated high mortality is caused by reduced mobilization which leads to a higher risk of infection and a bedridden state. On the other hand the diagnosis of sacral insufficiency fractures is often prolonged because of unspecific symptoms while being associated with similar risks. This article presents an overview of the present scientific literature and a retrospective analysis of patients treated via balloon-assisted sacroplasty. In 8 years, ten patients (three men and seven women) were treated. The average age was 78.4 years and the average time until the diagnosis 4.6 weeks. In most patients a significant pain reduction after the failure of conservative treatment thanks to operative treatment as well as increased mobility was observed. Only one experienced a minor surgical complication being cement leakage with nerval impaction which did not compromise her clinical outcome or satisfaction with the procedure. Balloon-assisted sacroplasty can possibly be seen as an effective symptomatic therapy in osteoporotic insufficiency fractures.

Radiation-induced occult insufficiency fracture or bone metastasis after radiotherapy for cervical cancer? The nomogram based on quantitative apparent diffusion coefficients for discrimination

Background

Radiation-induced insufficiency fractures (IF) is frequently occult without fracture line, which may be mistaken as metastasis. Quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) shows potential value for characterization of benign and malignant bone marrow diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop a nomogram based on multi-parametric ADCs in the differntiation of occult IF from bone metastasis after radiotherapy (RT) for cervical cancer.

Methods

This study included forty-seven patients with cervical cancer that showed emerging new bone lesions in RT field during the follow-up. Multi-parametric quantitative ADC values were measured for each lesion by manually setting region of interests (ROIs) on ADC maps, and the ROIs were copied to adjacent normal muscle and bone marrow. Six parameters were calculated, including ADC_mean, ADC_min, ADC_max, ADC_std, ADC_mean ratio (lesion/normal bone) and ADC_mean ratio (lesion/muscle). For univariate analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the performance. For combined diagnosis, a nomogram model was developed by using a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 75 bone lesions were identified, including 48 occult IFs and 27 bone metastases. There were significant differences in the six ADC parameters between occult IFs and bone metastases (p < 0.05), the ADC ratio (lesion/ muscle) showed an optimal diagnostic efficacy, with an area under ROC (AUC) of 0.887, the sensitivity of 95.8%, the specificity of 81.5%, respectively. Regarding combined diagnosis, ADC_std and ADC_mean ratio (lesion/muscle) were identified as independent factors and were selected to generate a nomogram model. The nomogram model showed a better performance, yielded an AUC of 0.92, the sensitivity of 91.7%, the specificity of 96.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 97.8% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 86.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

Multi-parametric ADC values demonstrate potential value for differentiating occult IFs from bone metastasis, a nomogram based on the combination of ADC_std and ADC_mean ratio (lesion/muscle) may provide an improved classification performance.

An overview of the key principles and guidelines in the management of pelvic fractures

Pelvic fractures are complex injuries with a range of different presentations depending on the mechanism of trauma. Due to the morbidity and mortality of pelvic fractures, patients require thorough investigation and timely management with multidisciplinary input. Various surgical and non-surgical techniques can be used to treat pelvic fractures, as well as any associated visceral injuries. Following repair, it is important to remain vigilant for postoperative complications such as infection, sexual and urinary dysfunction, chronic pain and adverse psychological health. This article summarises the relevant UK guidance and literature and presents them in a format that follows the patient’s journey. In doing so, it highlights the key perioperative factors that need to be considered in cases of pelvic fracture.

Interdigitating percutaneous screw fixation for Rommens type IIIa fragility fractures of the pelvis: technical notes and preliminary clinical results

PURPOSE

Fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFPs) type IIIa in the Rommens classification include unilateral iliac fractures as well as pubic rami fractures. We devised a new, less-invasive fixation technique to achieve increased stability for FFPs type IIIa. The aim of this study was to describe this procedure and report the preliminary clinical results.

METHODS

A total of 14 geriatric patients (> 60 years old) who sustained FFP type IIIa caused by low-energy trauma were surgically treated with interdigitating screw fixation including a trans-pubic screw in a retrograde manner and two trans-iliac screws from the anterior inferior iliac spine toward the posterior inferior iliac spine. All iliac fractures were displaced with external rotation, and closed reduction was performed. Percutaneous screw fixation, in which fully threaded screws were in contact with each other, provided stable fixation allowing early mobilization.

RESULTS

A median decrease in pain levels by post-operative day two was 4.5 compared with pre-operatively using a numerical rating scale. While full weight-bearing was allowed from four weeks post-operatively in the initial five patients, immediate full weight-bearing was instructed as tolerated for the subsequent nine patients. No complications were encountered during the peri-operative period. At the final follow-up, all fractures were united without fixation loss, screw dislodgment, or hardware failure.

CONCLUSIONS

This procedure of closed reduction and interdigitating screw fixation for FFP type IIIa appears to represent a safe, reliable technique. Our experience suggests that interdigitating fixation for FFP type IIIa is effective for relieving pain and promoting early mobilization in elderly patients.

Successful treatment for bilateral femoral neck insufficiency fractures: a rare lesion case report and an updated review of the literature

BACKGROUND

The incidence of insufficiency fracture (IF) at femoral neck is low, accounting for about 5% of all insufficiency fractures, and IF at bilateral femoral neck is less common with more occurrence in athlete or serviceman. With the aging of populations, more cases of bilateral femoral neck IF have occurred recently, while the standard clinical treatment still remains lacking due to the complexity of these patients.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 55-year-old male patient complained pain in his bilateral hip, with no history of trauma, glucocorticoid hormone consumption or radiotherapy, and imaging examination revealed fracture nonunion and shortening in his left femoral neck, and double fracture line on the right femoral neck. The patient received a cementless THA for the left femoral neck fracture and conservative treatment for the right side, followed by Elcatonin injection and oral administration of Carbonate D3 Granules. After 4 months of fellow-up, the patient presented improved functional scorings in bilateral hip joints, with no signs of prothesis infection or loosening.

CONCLUSION

We present a rare case of bilateral femoral neck IF in a middle-aged male and the treatment is successful. The timely CT and MRI examinations of bilateral hip joints for patients was necessary for orthopedists to select proper therapeutic regimen. In addition, the choice for therapeutic regimen of bilateral femoral IF should not only be based on the professional judgement of orthopedists, but also on the wishes of patients.

Cement augmentation of sacroiliac screws in fragility fractures of the pelvic ring-A synopsis and systematic review of the current literature

BACKGROUND

Fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) show a notable rise in prevalence. Minimally invasive surgical fixation of FFP is increasingly advocated for its obvious advantages with reference to early mobilization and weight bearing. Concerns regarding the holding power of osteosynthetic materials in osteoporotic bone led to the development of cementing techniques. However, the role of cement augmentation in the surgical treatment of FFP has yet to be defined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the current literature concerning studies that are comparing the performance of cement augmented versus non-augmented sacroiliac (SI) screws.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic literature review from 01/01/2000 onwards. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled studies, case series (n>3), biomechanical studies and reviews, comparing augmented and non-augmented SI screws. Only papers in German or English language were included.

RESULTS

Out of 1247 initial hits, eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Out of those, six were biomechanical studies and five were clinical case series. Most biomechanical studies showed cement augmented screws to have a greater mechanical stability, both regarding pull-out force and resistance to cyclic loading. The five case studies reported on a total of 98 patients with 122 screw fixations. Three cases of cement leakage into neuroforamina occurred, however, none of these patients showed clinical symptoms.

CONCLUSION

In clinical case series, cement augmentation of SI screws appears to be a safe surgical technique without relevant complications and biomechanical studies demonstrate greater pull-out forces of augmented SI screws but no advantage in regard of cyclic loading. Hence, applicability of the mechanical testing results on the clinical situation are debatable. So far, there are neither retrospective nor randomized controlled studies comparing the performance of cemented and non-cemented SI screws in FFP. Therefore, the clinical benefit of SI screw cement augmentation is unclear and their use remains experimental.

The Association of Iliac and Sacral Insufficiency Fractures and Implications for Treatment: The Role of Bone Scans in Three Different Cases

Iliac wing fractures are under-diagnosed fractures often associated with sacral insufficiency fractures in osteoporotic patients. They are rarely seen alone. Insufficiency fractures of the iliac bone can often be missed on computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) yet identified on radioisotope bone scans. Symptomatic iliac fractures present with more lateralized pain in the hip and groin compared to patients with only sacral insufficiency fractures. Since the acetabulum is the key weight-bearing articulation between the sacrum and pelvis and the femoral head and leg, worsening of iliac stress fractures can have major effects on weight bearing and should be a consideration in patients with persistent pain in this area. The anatomy of the ilium and relationship to other pelvic insufficiency fractures is reviewed as well as treatment options. Typical cases are presented where the iliac fractures were found on bone scan either in addition to the more common sacral fracture or due to the persistence of symptoms of hip and thigh pain.

In-hospital mortality of pelvic ring fractures in older adults now and then: A pelvic registry study

AIM

With the predicted demographic change, the treatment of geriatric patients will become a major issue for health systems worldwide. The majority of pelvic ring fractures occur in older adults, and their treatment might be associated with a distinct mortality. Herein, we analyzed the data of 5665 patients with pelvic ring fractures aged ≥60 years included in the German Pelvic Trauma Registry from 1991 to 2013.

METHODS

The data were collected prospectively, multicentrically in hospitals participating in the German Pelvic Trauma Registry. Demographic data were retrospectively analyzed, stratified for age, sex, type of injury, mode of therapy, injury severity score (ISS) and mortality.

RESULTS

The overall mortality decreased over the 22-year study period from 9.3% to 3.8% (P < 0.05), whereas the median ISS significantly increased. During the observation period, mortality was higher in patients with type B and, particularly, type C fractures when compared with patients with type A fractures. Mortality rates of patients aged >80 years did not significantly differ from those aged >60 or >70 years. Male patients showed a significantly higher mortality compared with female patients, as well as a significantly higher median ISS. The mortality rate of patients with surgically-treated type C fractures decreased over the study period from 35.7% to 6.9% (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Over the past two decades, the mortality of older patients after pelvic ring fractures has significantly decreased. The higher overall mortality rate of male patients might mainly be accounted for by the relatively higher fraction of type C fractures and a higher ISS. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 24-29.

In-screw polymethylmethacrylate-augmented sacroiliac screw for the treatment of fragility fractures of the pelvis: a prospective, observational study with 1-year follow-up

BACKGROUND

The incidence of pelvic ring fractures in the elderly significantly increased. Because of persistent pain and immobilization associated with this injury, surgical treatment is recommended. To minimise comorbidities and surgical risk, percutaneous techniques are becoming more relevant. In-screw cement augmentation of sacroiliac screw fixation is a promising procedure; however, clinical follow-up data remain scarce. This study investigated the safety and possible complications of the procedure along with a 1-year follow-up.

METHODS

Thirty-four patients (treated with 43 screws) were prospectively included. Data on patients' age and sex, the mechanism of accident, fracture pattern, duration of hospital stay, surgery and adverse events were recorded. Data were obtained postoperatively on the reduction of pain and complications, such as infection, cement leakage and neurological deficits, and at 1-year follow-up on pain, quality of life according to the 12-Item Short Form Survey and mobility. Implant failure was defined as retraction or dislocation of screws and was also documented.

RESULTS

Screw-related complications occurred with 2 of 43 screws. None of these complications were related to cement augmentation. In-hospital adverse events occurred in 6 of 34 patients. Postoperative pain, measured by the visual analogue scale, was significantly reduced from 6.7 ± 1.4 preoperatively to 2.7 ± 1.0 postoperatively (p < 0.001). Although patients complained of pain at the 1-year follow-up, they reported a significant decline compared with pain at admission (3.4 ± 2.3; p < 0.001). Results on the quality of life were comparable with those for the age- and gender matched German population. All patients were mobile, and no implant failure was detected.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that in-screw augmented sacroiliac screw fixation for fragility fractures of the pelvis is a safe technique. Pain was significantly reduced immediately after surgery compared to the preoperative state. Furthermore, significant pain reduction after one year compared to the preoperative state and quality of life was comparable to the age- and gender- matched German population. Thus, we recommend in-screw augmentation for screw fixation for sacral fragility fractures of the pelvis following failed conservative treatment.

Pelvic fractures: epidemiology, consequences, and medical management

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Until recently, osteoporotic pelvic fractures have not been specifically studied. This review presents an update on epidemiological data of pelvic fracture, including morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs, the role of surgery and new data on sacroplasty in acute phase management.

RECENT FINDINGS

All studies underline the burden of osteoporotic pelvic fractures. Risk factors associated with these fractures are age, sex (women), and previous loss of autonomy. An increased mortality has been reported in all publications, similar to hip fracture for in-patient mortality and at 5 years of follow-up. Pelvic fractures often lead to transient or permanent autonomy loss, reflecting the high costs because of extended hospital stay, combined with nursing home requirement. However, recent studies report a decrease in the length of stay. Sacroplasty displays promising results to control pain and improve functional outcome. Early surgery begins to be discussed to also improve the outcome.

SUMMARY

Pelvic fractures display all the features of severe osteoporotic fractures: increased incidence, high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs that justify awareness of the practitioner on these fractures. Further studies on sacroplasty and surgery are necessary to improve pain control, functional improvement, thereby reducing the length of hospital stay and cost.