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Narayanan R, Ezeonu T, Heard JC, Lee YA, Yeung CM, Henry T, Kellish A, Kohli M, Canseco JA, Kurd MF, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AR, Schroeder G, Kepler C, Kaye ID. Which North American spine society disc herniation morphology descriptors are most associated with improvements in clinical outcomes after microdiscectomy? NORTH AMERICAN SPINE SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 19:100336. [PMID: 39040946 PMCID: PMC11261486 DOI: 10.1016/j.xnsj.2024.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Background The North American Spine Society (NASS) assembled the first ever comprehensive naming system for describing lumbar disc disease, including lumbar disc herniation. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine which NASS descriptors are most predictive of independent patient-reported outcomes after microdiscectomy and (2) to identify the inter-rater reliability of each NASS descriptor. Methods Adult patients (≥18 years) who underwent a lumbar microdiscectomy from 2014-2021 were retrospectively identified. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected at preoperative, 3-month, and 1-year postoperative time points. Lumbar disc herniations were evaluated and classified on preoperative MRI using the NASS lumbar disc nomenclature specific to disc herniation. Results About 213 microdiscectomy patients were included in the final analysis. Herniation descriptors exhibiting the greatest reliability included sequestration status (κ=0.83), axial disc herniation area (κ=0.83), and laterality (κ=0.83). The descriptor with the lowest inter-rater reliability was direction of migration (κ=0.53). At 3 months, a sequestered herniation was associated with lower odds of achieving the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for ODI (p=.004) and MCS (p=.032). At 12 months, a similar trend was observed for Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) MCID achievement (p=.001). At 3 months, a herniation with larger axial area was a predictor of MCID achievement in ODI (p=.004) and the mental component summary (MCS) (p=.009). Neither association persisted at 12 months; however, larger axial disc herniation area was able to predict MCID achievement in the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) leg (p=.031) at 12 months. Conclusions The utility of the NASS nomenclature system in predicting postoperative outcomes after microdiscectomy has yet to be studied. We showed that sequestration status and disc area are both reliable and able to predict the odds of achieving MCID in certain clinical outcomes at 3 months and 12 months after surgery. Hence, preoperative imaging analysis of lumbar disc herniations may be useful in accurately setting patient expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkishen Narayanan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Teeto Ezeonu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Jeremy C. Heard
- Department Orthopaedics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Yunsoo A. Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Caleb M. Yeung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Tyler Henry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Alec Kellish
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Meera Kohli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Jose A. Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Mark F. Kurd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Alan S. Hilibrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Alexander R. Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Gregory Schroeder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Christopher Kepler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Ian David Kaye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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Albana MF, Chayes DR, Abuattieh OM, Radcliff KE. Microdiscectomy Insurance Medical Necessity Criteria Are Inconsistent and Unnecessarily Restrictive. Int J Spine Surg 2024; 18:1-8. [PMID: 37402507 PMCID: PMC11265489 DOI: 10.14444/8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microdiscectomy for patients with chronic lumbar radiculopathy refractory to conservative therapy has significantly better outcomes than continued nonoperative management. The North American Spine Society (NASS) outlined specific criteria to establish medical necessity for elective lumbar microdiscectomy. We hypothesized that insurance providers have substantial variability among one another and from the NASS guidelines. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of US national and local insurance companies was conducted to assess policies on coverage recommendations for lumbar microdiscectomy. Insurers were selected based on their enrollment data and market share of direct written premiums. The top 4 national insurance providers and the top 3 state-specific providers in New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania were selected. Insurance coverage guidelines were accessed through a web-based search, provider account, or telephone call to the specific provider. If no policy was provided, it was documented as such. Preapproval criteria were entered as categorical variables and consolidated into 4 main categories: symptom criteria, examination criteria, imaging criteria, and conservative treatment. RESULTS The 13 selected insurers composed roughly 31% of the market share in the United States and approximately 82%, 62%, and 76% of the market share for New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, respectively. Insurance descriptions of symptom criteria, imaging criteria, and the definition of conservative treatment had substantial differences as compared with those defined by NASS. CONCLUSION Although a guideline to establish medical necessity was developed by NASS, many insurance companies have created their own guidelines, which have resulted in inconsistent management based on geographic location and selected provider. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Providers must be cognizant of the differing preapproval criteria needed for each in-network insurance company in order to provide effective and efficient care for patients with lumbar radiculopathy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Albana
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inspira Health, Vineland, NJ, USA
| | - Dylan R Chayes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inspira Health, Vineland, NJ, USA
| | - Omar M Abuattieh
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kris E Radcliff
- Spinal Disc Institute, Orthopedic Spine Surgeon, Somers Point, NJ, USA
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Shetty AP, Arumugam T, Ramachandran K, Anand KSV, Meena J, Kanna RM, Shanmuganathan R. Propensity matched outcome analysis following microdiscectomy versus interlaminar endoscopic discectomy for L5-S1 disc herniation. J Orthop 2023; 42:87-92. [PMID: 37575319 PMCID: PMC10412985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The main purpose of the study is to perform a propensity-matched functional outcome analysis following microdiscectomy (MD) versus interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy (IELD) for L5-S1 disc herniation. Although many studies have compared endoscopic lumbar discectomy and microdiscectomy, few have compared the outcomes of microdiscectomy (MD) and interlaminar endoscopic discectomy (IELD) at the L5-S1 level. Methods This is a propensity-matched analysis of 100 patients (50 MD patients, 50 IELD patients) based on baseline covariates with a minimum of one-year follow-up. Patient-reported outcome measures were obtained from EMR during follow-up visits. Back pain and sciatic pain were assessed by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS-B and VAS-L). Functional outcome was assessed using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) Score and 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) score. Data were obtained at baseline (pre-op) and at 0, 1, 3, and 12 months post-operatively. Results Mean operative time was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the IELD group (44 min) compared to the MD group (59 min). Mean VAS-B at the immediate and 1-month postoperative period was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the IELD group (0.36, 0.24) when compared with the MD group (1.74, 1.16). There was no significant difference between IELD and MD groups with regard to improvement in sciatic pain (VAS-L). ODI scores at 1 month and 3 months post-operative period were significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the IELD group (30.1, 23.2) when compared with the MD group (41, 27.5). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups with regards to VAS-B, ODI, and SF-12 at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the IELD group achieved better immediate and early postoperative outcomes despite no significant difference at one-year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoy Prasad Shetty
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Thirumurugan Arumugam
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Karthik Ramachandran
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India
| | - K.S. Sri Vijay Anand
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Jalaj Meena
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rishi Mugesh Kanna
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Road, Coimbatore, India
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Trager RJ, Daniels CJ, Perez JA, Casselberry RM, Dusek JA. Association between chiropractic spinal manipulation and lumbar discectomy in adults with lumbar disc herniation and radiculopathy: retrospective cohort study using United States' data. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e068262. [PMID: 36526306 PMCID: PMC9764600 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy (CSMT) and lumbar discectomy are both used for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbosacral radiculopathy (LSR); however, limited research has examined the relationship between these therapies. We hypothesised that adults receiving CSMT for newly diagnosed LDH or LSR would have reduced odds of lumbar discectomy over 1-year and 2-year follow-up compared with those receiving other care. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING 101 million patient US health records network (TriNetX), queried on 24 October 2022, yielding data from 2012 query. PARTICIPANTS Adults age 18-49 with newly diagnosed LDH/LSR (first date of diagnosis) were included. Exclusions were prior lumbar surgery, absolute indications for surgery, trauma, spondylolisthesis and scoliosis. Propensity score matching controlled for variables associated with the likelihood of discectomy (eg, demographics, medications). INTERVENTIONS Patients were divided into cohorts according to receipt of CSMT. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES ORs for lumbar discectomy; calculated by dividing odds in the CSMT cohort by odds in the cohort receiving other care. RESULTS After matching, there were 5785 patients per cohort (mean age 36.9±8.2). The ORs (95% CI) for discectomy were significantly reduced in the CSMT cohort compared with the cohort receiving other care over 1-year (0.69 (0.52 to 0.90), p=0.006) and 2-year follow-up (0.77 (0.60 to 0.99), p=0.040). E-value sensitivity analysis estimated the strength in terms of risk ratio an unmeasured confounding variable would need to account for study results, yielding point estimates for each follow-up (1 year: 2.26; 2 years: 1.92), which no variables in the literature reached. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest receiving CSMT compared with other care for newly diagnosed LDH/LSR is associated with significantly reduced odds of discectomy over 2-year follow-up. Given socioeconomic variables were unavailable and an observational design precludes inferring causality, the efficacy of CSMT for LDH/LSR should be examined via randomised controlled trial to eliminate residual confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert James Trager
- Connor Whole Health, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- College of Chiropractic, Logan University, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Clinton J Daniels
- Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Jaime A Perez
- Clinical Research Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Regina M Casselberry
- Clinical Research Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffery A Dusek
- Connor Whole Health, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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