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Peña RC, Ramos AC, Dos Santos Nunes Reis JM, Dovigo LN, Salomon JPGO, Del Mar Pérez M, Fonseca RG. Effect of polishing and bleaching on color, whiteness, and translucency of CAD/CAM monolithic materials. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 39076158 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of polishing and bleaching on the recovery of lightness, color, whiteness, and relative translucency parameter (RTP) in CAD/CAM materials and changes in these properties when another staining in coffee was conducted after the treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disks of Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), IPS Empress CAD (EMP), IPS e.max CAD (EMAX), and Vita Suprinity (VS) were (1) not treated (control), (2) polished with Proxyt or (3) Ceramisté, (4) bleached with Opalescence PF or (5) Whiteness HP Blue, and (6) air polished with Clinpro Prophy Powder. CIE L*a*b* color coordinates were registered at baseline (R0), after staining with coffee for 30 min daily for 36.5 days and treatment (R1), and after another staining (R2). Differences (R1-R0 and R2-R0) in lightness (ΔL00), color (ΔE00), RTP (ΔRTP00), and whiteness (ΔWID) were evaluated by mixed repeated measures ANOVA and 95% confidence intervals (α = 0.05) and interpreted in function of their respective 50:50% PT and AT thresholds. Topography was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS In LU, Opalescence PF and Proxyt decreasedΔ L 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ ,Δ E 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {\mathrm{R}}_0\right)} $$ , andΔWI D R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ and showed lowerΔ L 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ ,Δ E 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ , andΔWI D R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ . In VE, all treatments decreasedΔ L 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ ,Δ E 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ , andΔWI D R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ , whereasΔ L 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ ,Δ E 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ , andΔWI D R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ were lower in Opalescence PF than in the control group. In both moments, ΔE00 and ΔWID in EMP (also ΔL00) and EMAX were higher in Opalescence PF than in the control group, from which the other treatments did not differ in R1-R0. In EMP,Δ E 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ in Whiteness HP Blue (alsoΔ L 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ ) and Proxyt were also higher in comparison to the control group and in VS, Ceramisté decreasedΔ L 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta L}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ ,Δ E 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ , andΔ R T P 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ \varDelta RT{P}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ , whereas Opalescence PF increasedΔRTP 00 R 1 - R 0 $$ {\Delta \mathrm{RTP}}_{00\left({R}_1\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ .Δ E 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta E}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ of Ceramisté andΔWI D R 2 - R 0 $$ {\Delta \mathrm{WI}}_{\mathrm{D}\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ andΔ R T P 00 R 2 - R 0 $$ \varDelta RT{P}_{00\left({R}_2\hbox{--} {R}_0\right)} $$ of Proxyt were lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS The most suitable treatment to recover the lightness, color, whiteness, and RTP without changing these properties after another coffee exposure is material-dependent. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although the effectiveness of the treatment was material-dependent, Proxyt was the only treatment that promoted clinically acceptable changes for both LU and VE, while for purely ceramic materials, this condition was observed with Ceramisté and Clinpro Prophy Powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranulfo Castillo Peña
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Cardenas Ramos
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lívia Nordi Dovigo
- Department of Social Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - María Del Mar Pérez
- Department of Optics, School of Science, University of Granada, IBS Campus Fuente Nueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Renata Garcia Fonseca
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Schneider LF, Mueller B, Nisie Tango R, Volpato CAM. Effect of coffee staining and simulated oral hygiene methods on the color and translucency of a nanoceramic resin. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:1020-1028. [PMID: 38445806 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the color and translucency of a nanoceramic resin subjected to hygiene practices and immersion in coffee over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specimens (n = 80, HT and LT, 0.5-mm thick) of a nanoceramic resin were obtained and were divided in groups according to the simulated oral hygiene: no intervention (NT), brushing with an electric brush and water (BN), brushing with an electric brush and toothpaste for 10 s (BT), and immersion in mouthwash for 30 s (MW). Oral hygiene practices were repeated after staining in coffee solution for 15, 48, 336, 1440, 8640, and 35,040 min. Spectral wavelengths were recorded with a spectrophotometer at each time. ∆E00, ∆L', ∆C', ∆H', and TP00 were calculated by CIEDE2000 and were evaluated by 2-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05). RESULTS ANOVA showed significance among factors for ΔE00 (p < 0.05), with higher ΔE00 for NT-HT (11.7) and NT-LT (11.2). After T6 (2-year simulation), the lowest values were found for BT-HT (5.3) and BT-LT (4.9). All groups showed a reduction in lightness and translucency and increased chroma and hue. However, the smallest variations were found in the BT groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Brushing with toothpaste effectively minimized the color change of NCRs caused by coffee staining. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Oral hygiene practices, such as brushing with toothpaste, might be important to minimize staining of nanoceramic resin restorations, especially in patients who frequently consume coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Schneider
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mueller
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rubens Nisie Tango
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Institute of Science and Technology, State University of São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Edelhoff D, Erdelt KJ, Stawarczyk B, Liebermann A. Pressable lithium disilicate ceramic versus CAD/CAM resin composite restorations in patients with moderate to severe tooth wear: Clinical observations up to 13 years. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:116-128. [PMID: 35919964 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the long-term clinical survival and failure rates of single-tooth restorations made of pressable lithium disilicate ceramics (LS2 ) and CAD/CAM resin composite (RC) by two separate clinical observations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one patients (12 female, nine male) were treated with 436 minimally invasive single-tooth restorations made of 274 pressed LS2 (n = 12; posterior: monolithic IPS e.max Press; anterior: IPS e.max Ceram veneered, Ivoclar) or 162 milled from RC (n = 9; monolithic exp. CAD/CAM resin composite, Ivoclar). The mean age of patients was 44.1 ± 9.3 years and the mean observation time was 86.2 ± 13.5 months (7.7 ± 1.1 years), with 8.5 ± 2.7 years for LS2 and 6.7 ± 0.5 years for RC. All restorations were observed for technical/biological failures using the modified criteria of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS). Collected data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test (α < 0.025). RESULTS The 274 LS2 restorations showed a survival of 100% and a total failure rate of 5.5%. The 162 RC restorations showed a survival of 100% and a total failure rate of 25.3%. RC restorations exhibited more material fractures (p = 0.020) and higher discoloration rates (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pressed LS2 single-tooth restorations showed lower long-term failure rates than restorations made of RC. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite the limitations of the clinical observations, single-tooth restorations of both materials can be recommended for permanent use in patients with severe tooth wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Edelhoff
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kurt-Jürgen Erdelt
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Liebermann
- Polyclinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Queiroz J, Fernandes L, Dovigo LN, Fonseca RG. Effect of Successive In-office Bleaching Sessions on the Surface Properties, Substance Loss, Biaxial Flexural Strength, and Reliability of CAD-CAM Monolithic Materials. Oper Dent 2023; 48:E25-E34. [PMID: 36445977 DOI: 10.2341/21-145-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of in-office bleaching on the surface properties and on other aspects of CAD-CAM monolithic materials, especially when successive bleaching sessions are conducted. This study evaluated the effect of up to three successive in-office bleaching sessions on the microhardness, roughness, topography, substance loss, biaxial flexural strength (BFS), and reliability of CAD-CAM monolithic materials. Disks from Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), and IPS Empress CAD (EMP) were fabricated and submitted to one, two, and three bleaching sessions. In-office bleaching was performed with 40% hydrogen peroxide and each session consisted of three applications of 20 minutes each. The analyses regarding the aforementioned parameters were assessed before and after the first, second, and third bleaching sessions, except for BFS, which was evaluated at the baseline and after the third session. Weibull modulus was calculated from the BFS data. Bleaching decreased the microhardness of LU and VE from the third and second sessions, respectively, and affected neither the roughness nor the BFS of the three materials. However, in LU, it decreased the reliability and caused topographic changes, which were accentuated by the increase in the number of sessions. In general, LU and EMP showed, respectively, the highest and the lowest substance losses. Successive in-office bleaching sessions with the use of the protocol of the present study should be avoided in LU and VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jfc Queiroz
- João Fernando Carrijo Queiroz, postgraduate student, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Fernandes
- Leandro Fernandes, Ing, MSc, PhD, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L N Dovigo
- Lívia Nordi Dovigo, DDS, MSc, PhD, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R G Fonseca
- *Renata Garcia Fonseca, DDS, MSc, PhD, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Porojan L, Toma FR, Bîrdeanu MI, Vasiliu RD, Uțu ID, Matichescu A. Surface Characteristics and Color Stability of Dental PEEK Related to Water Saturation and Thermal Cycling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112144. [PMID: 35683817 PMCID: PMC9183185 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The study was undertaken to evaluate the surface characteristics, microhardness, and color stability of PEEK materials related to water saturation and in vitro aging. (2) Methods: Custom specimens of unmodified and modified PEEK CAD/CAM materials were investigated: BioHPP, a ceramic reinforced PEEK, and Finoframe PEEK and Juvora medical PEEK, 100% PEEK materials. Forty-eight plates were sectioned in rectangular slices. The specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37 °C for a period of 28 days, and then subjected to aging by thermal cycling (10,000 cycles). Surface roughness was measured with a contact profilometer; nanosurface topographic characterization was made by Atomic Force Microscopy; Vickers hardness measurements were performed with a micro-hardness tester; color changes were calculated. All registrations were made before immersion in water and then subsequently once a week for 4 weeks, and after thermocycling. (3) Results: The studied reinforced and unfilled PEEK materials reached water saturation after the first week of immersion, without significant differences between them. The most affected from this point of view was the reinforced PEEK material. Thermocycling induces a significant increase inmicroroughness, without significant differences between the studied materials. In relation to the nanosurface topography and roughness, the reinforced PEEK material was the least modified by aging. The color changes after 4 weeks of water immersion and one year of simulated in vitro aging ranged from extremely slight to slight, for all materials. (4) Conclusions: Water absorption was associated with a decrease in microhardness. Surface characteristics are affected by water immersion and thermocycling. Perceivable or marked color changes of the materials were not detected during the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Porojan
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (F.R.T.); (R.D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Flavia Roxana Toma
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (F.R.T.); (R.D.V.)
| | - Mihaela Ionela Bîrdeanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 300569 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Diana Vasiliu
- Department of Dental Prostheses Technology (Dental Technology), Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania; (F.R.T.); (R.D.V.)
| | - Ion-Dragoș Uțu
- Department of Materials and Fabrication Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, Bulevard MihaiViteazul nr.1, 300222 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Anamaria Matichescu
- Department of Preventive, Community Dentistry and Oral Health, Center for Advanced Technologies in Dental Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
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Peña RC, Simóes R, Ramos AC, Dovigo LN, Fonseca RG. Effect of In-office Bleaching on Color, Translucency, and Whiteness Variations in CAD-CAM Monolithic Materials. Oper Dent 2021; 46:428-437. [PMID: 34624105 DOI: 10.2341/20-119-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of bleaching on the optical properties of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufactured (CAD-CAM) monolithic materials. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of one session of in-office bleaching on stain removal, staining susceptibility, translucency, and whiteness variations of CAD-CAM monolithic materials. Disks were fabricated from Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), Vita Suprinity (VS), and IPS e.max CAD (IPS). A spectrophotometer was used to register Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* coordinates. For stain removal, 80 specimens from each material were assessed at baseline (R0) and after immersion in deionized water or coffee for 36.5 days followed or not by bleaching with 40% hydrogen peroxide (R1). For staining susceptibility, 80 specimens from each material were analyzed at baseline (R0'), and after having been bleached or not and immersed in deionized water or coffee (R1'). Both analyses were calculated as the color difference (ΔE00) between R1-R0 and R1'-R0', respectively. Differences in translucency (ΔTP00) and whiteness (ΔWID) between R1-R0 and R1'-R0' were also calculated. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and the Games-Howell post hoc test (α=0.05). Clinical significance was based on 50%:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds for ΔE00, ΔTP00 and ΔWID, respectively. Surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Coffee increased ΔE00 in LU, VE, and VS, and decreased their translucency and whiteness, whereas the IPS had only its whiteness affected. Bleaching after immersion in coffee decreased ΔE00 in LU and VE, and increased translucency and whiteness of LU, VE, and VS. No effect was observed on IPS. Bleaching before immersion in coffee decreased translucency of LU, but within the acceptable interval, while VE exhibited lower ΔE00, and became more translucent and less dark. Both VS and IPS were not affected. One session of in-office bleaching benefited optical properties of the previously stained LU, VE, and VS, without increasing their susceptibility to staining or adversely providing clinically unacceptable variations in their translucency and whiteness. All variations exhibited by the IPS were below the perceptible threshold.
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Ayna M, Karayürek F, Jepsen S, Emmert M, Acil Y, Wiltfang J, Gülses A. Six-year clinical outcomes of implant-supported acrylic vs. ceramic superstructures according to the All-on-4 treatment concept for the rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla. Odontology 2021; 109:930-940. [PMID: 33837889 PMCID: PMC8387254 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to document the long-term clinical results of the use of two prosthetic techniques for the rehabilitation of completely edentulous maxillae according to the “All-on-Four” concept: Fixed, screw-retained prosthesis mounted on a chrome-molybdenum framework with (1) metal-ceramic veneers and (2) Acrylic prosthesis with acrylic resin prosthetic teeth. A total of 34 patients were assigned to subgroups according to their own preference of the superstructure type (ceramics [n: 17] or acrylic resin [n: 17]). Prosthetic complications, marginal bone loss, plaque accumulation, bleeding on probing, bite force and oral-health-related quality of life were assessed over a period of 6 years. Marginal bone loss around implants of the ceramic group remained well within the limits for ‘success’, as defined by the 2007 Pisa consensus over the time (1.43 ± 0.35 mm). However, marginal bone loss was significantly more pronounced around the implants in the acrylic group (2.15 ± 0.30) and the difference between two groups was statistically significant (p: 0.00). Bleeding on probing and plaque accumulation showed also positive correlation with marginal bone loss. Both acrylic and ceramic suprastructures appeared to be equivalent after 6 years; however, ceramic suprastructures revealed superior clinical results in terms of bone loss and plaque accumulation. Current study determines the long-term clinical outcomes of different prosthetic management alternatives in All-on-Four and aids to increase dental professionals’ ability to meet the patients’ expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ayna
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fatih Karayürek
- Department of Periodontology, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie Emmert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yahya Acil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jörg Wiltfang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aydin Gülses
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Gruber S, Kamnoedboon P, Özcan M, Srinivasan M. CAD/CAM Complete Denture Resins: An In Vitro Evaluation of Color Stability. J Prosthodont 2020; 30:430-439. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gruber
- Clinic of General‐, Special care‐, and Geriatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Porawit Kamnoedboon
- Clinic of General‐, Special care‐, and Geriatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Dental Biomaterials Unit, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Murali Srinivasan
- Clinic of General‐, Special care‐, and Geriatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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