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Hunziker EB, Shintani N, Lippuner K, Vögelin E, Keel MJB. In major joint diseases the human synovium retains its potential to form repair cartilage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10375. [PMID: 37365169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The inner surface layer of human joints, the synovium, is a source of stem cells for the repair of articular cartilage defects. We investigated the potential of the normal human synovium to form novel cartilage and compared its chondrogenic capacity with that of two patient groups suffering from major joint diseases: young adults with femoro-acetabular impingement syndromes of the hip (FAI), and elderly individuals with osteoarthritic degeneration of the knee (OA). Synovial membrane explants of these three patient groups were induced in vitro to undergo chondrogenesis by growth factors: bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) alone, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) alone, or a combination of these two. Quantitative evaluations of the newly formed cartilages were performed respecting their gene activities, as well as the histochemical, immunhistochemical, morphological and histomorphometrical characteristics. Formation of adult articular-like cartilage was induced by the BMP-2/TGF-β1 combination within all three groups, and was confirmed by adequate gene-expression levels of the anabolic chondrogenic markers; the levels of the catabolic markers remained low. Our data reveal that the chondrogenic potential of the normal human synovium remains uncompromised, both in FAI and OA. The potential of synovium-based clinical repair of joint cartilage may thus not be impaired by age-related joint pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst B Hunziker
- Departments of Osteoporosis and Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nahoko Shintani
- Department of Osteoporosis, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Lippuner
- Department of Osteoporosis, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Esther Vögelin
- Departments of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marius J B Keel
- Trauma Center Hirslanden, Clinic Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medical School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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A high-resolution route map reveals distinct stages of chondrocyte dedifferentiation for cartilage regeneration. Bone Res 2022; 10:38. [PMID: 35477573 PMCID: PMC9046296 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage is a universal health problem. Despite recent progress, chondrocyte dedifferentiation has severely compromised the clinical outcomes of cell-based cartilage regeneration. Loss-of-function changes are frequently observed in chondrocyte expansion and other pathological conditions, but the characteristics and intermediate molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate a time-lapse atlas of chondrocyte dedifferentiation to provide molecular details and informative biomarkers associated with clinical chondrocyte evaluation. We performed various assays, such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), live-cell metabolic assays, and assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), to develop a biphasic dedifferentiation model consisting of early and late dedifferentiation stages. Early-stage chondrocytes exhibited a glycolytic phenotype with increased expression of genes involved in metabolism and antioxidation, whereas late-stage chondrocytes exhibited ultrastructural changes involving mitochondrial damage and stress-associated chromatin remodeling. Using the chemical inhibitor BTB06584, we revealed that early and late dedifferentiated chondrocytes possessed distinct recovery potentials from functional phenotype loss. Notably, this two-stage transition was also validated in human chondrocytes. An image-based approach was established for clinical use to efficiently predict chondrocyte plasticity using stage-specific biomarkers. Overall, this study lays a foundation to improve the quality of chondrocytes in clinical use and provides deep insights into chondrocyte dedifferentiation.
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Cartilage from human-induced pluripotent stem cells: comparison with neo-cartilage from chondrocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:309-320. [PMID: 34241697 PMCID: PMC8557148 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage has little intrinsic capacity for repair, so transplantation of exogenous cartilage cells is considered a realistic option for cartilage regeneration. We explored whether human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) could represent such unlimited cell sources for neo-cartilage comparable to human primary articular chondrocytes (hPACs) or human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). For this, chondroprogenitor cells (hiCPCs) and hiPSC-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hiMSCs) were generated from two independent hiPSC lines and characterized by morphology, flow cytometry, and differentiation potential. Chondrogenesis was compared to hBMSCs and hPACs by histology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR, while similarities were estimated based on Pearson correlations using a panel of 20 relevant genes. Our data show successful differentiations of hiPSC into hiMSCs and hiCPCs. Characteristic hBMSC markers were shared between hBMSCs and hiMSCs, with the exception of CD146 and CD45. However, neo-cartilage generated from hiMSCs showed low resemblances when compared to hBMSCs (53%) and hPACs (39%) characterized by lower collagen type 2 and higher collagen type 1 expression. Contrarily, hiCPC neo-cartilage generated neo-cartilage more similar to hPACs (65%), with stronger expression of matrix deposition markers. Our study shows that taking a stepwise approach to generate neo-cartilage from hiPSCs via chondroprogenitor cells results in strong similarities to neo-cartilage of hPACs within 3 weeks following chondrogenesis, making them a potential candidate for regenerative therapies. Contrarily, neo-cartilage deposited by hiMSCs seems more prone to hypertrophic characteristics compared to hPACs. We therefore compared chondrocytes derived from hiMSCs and hiCPCs with hPACs and hBMSCs to outline similarities and differences between their neo-cartilage and establish their potential suitability for regenerative medicine and disease modelling.
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Freidin M, Kraatari M, Skarp S, Määttä J, Kettunen J, Niinimäki J, Karppinen J, Williams F, Männikkö M. Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies genetic locus on chromosome 9 associated with Modic changes. J Med Genet 2019; 56:420-426. [PMID: 30808802 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is a common disabling condition. Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) may be a contributing factor for LBP. Modic change (MC), a distinct phenotype of LDD, is presented as a pathological bone marrow signal change adjacent to vertebral endplate on MRI. It is strongly associated with LBP and has heritability around 30%. Our objective was to identify genetic loci associated with MC using a genome-wide meta-analysis. METHODS Presence of MC was evaluated in lumbar MRI in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n=1182) and TwinsUK (n=647). Genome-wide association analyses were carried out using linear regression model. Inverse-variance weighting approach was used in the meta-analysis. RESULTS A locus associated with MC (p<5e-8) was found on chromosome 9 with the lead SNP rs1934268 in an intron of the PTPRD gene. It is located in the binding region of BCL11A, SPI1 and PBX3 transcription factors. The SNP was nominally associated with LBP in TwinsUK (p=0.001) but not associated in the UK Biobank (p=0.914). Suggestive signals (p<1e-5) were identified near XKR4, SCIN, MGMT, DLG2, ZNF184 and OPRK1. CONCLUSION PTPRD is a novel candidate gene for MC that may act via the development of cartilage or nervous system; further work is needed to define the mechanisms underlying the pathways leading to development of MC. This is the first genome-wide meta-analysis of MC, and the results pave the way for further studies on the genetic factors underlying the various features of spine degeneration and LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Freidin
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Minna Kraatari
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Skarp
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Määttä
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | - Frances Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Minna Männikkö
- Northern Finland Birth Cohorts, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Islam A, Fossum V, Hansen AK, Urbarova I, Knutsen G, Martinez-Zubiaurre I. In vitro chondrogenic potency of surplus chondrocytes from autologous transplantation procedures does not predict short-term clinical outcomes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:19. [PMID: 30630436 PMCID: PMC6329094 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-018-2380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) has been used over the last two decades to treat focal cartilage lesions aiming to delay or prevent the onset of osteoarthritis; however, some patients do not respond adequately to the procedure. A number of biomarkers that can forecast the clinical potency of the cells have been proposed, but evidence for the relationship between in vitro chondrogenic potential and clinical outcomes is missing. In this study, we explored if the ability of cells to make cartilage in vitro correlates with ACI clinical outcomes. Additionally, we evaluated previously proposed chondrogenic biomarkers and searched for new biomarkers in the chondrocyte proteome capable of predicting clinical success or failure after ACI. METHODS The chondrogenic capacity of chondrocytes derived from 14 different donors was defined based on proteoglycans staining and visual histological grading of tissues generated using the pellet culture system. A Lysholm score of 65 two years post-ACI was used as a cut-off to categorise "success" and "failure" clinical groups. A set of predefined biomarkers were investigated in the chondrogenic and clinical outcomes groups using flow cytometry and qPCR. High-throughput proteomics of cell lysates was used to search for putative biomarkers to predict chondrogenesis and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Visual histological grading of pellets categorised donors into "high" and "low" chondrogenic groups. Direct comparison between donor-matched in vitro chondrogenic potential and clinical outcomes revealed no significant associations. Comparative analyses of selected biomarkers revealed that expression of CD106 and TGF-β-receptor-3 was enhanced in the low chondrogenic group, while expression of integrin-α1 and integrin-β1 was significantly upregulated in the high chondrogenic group. Additionally, increased surface expression of CD166 was observed in the clinical success group, while the gene expression of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein was downregulated. High throughput proteomics revealed no differentially expressed proteins from success and failure clinical groups, whereas seven proteins including prolyl-4-hydroxylase 1 were differentially expressed when comparing chondrogenic groups. CONCLUSION In our limited material, we found no correlation between in vitro cartilage-forming capacity and clinical outcomes, and argue on the limitations of using the chondrogenic potential of cells or markers for chondrogenesis as predictors of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraful Islam
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Vegard Fossum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ann Kristin Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ilona Urbarova
- Department of Medical Biology, Tromsø University Proteomics Platform, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunnar Knutsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Vilela CA, Correia C, da Silva Morais A, Santos TC, Gertrudes AC, Moreira ES, Frias AM, Learmonth DA, Oliveira P, Oliveira JM, Sousa RA, Espregueira-Mendes JD, Reis RL. In vitro
and in vivo
performance of methacrylated gellan gum hydrogel formulations for cartilage repair*. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1987-1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Vilela
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Orthopaedic Department; Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimarães EPE; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Cristina Correia
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Alain da Silva Morais
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Tírcia C. Santos
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ana C. Gertrudes
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Elsa S. Moreira
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ana M. Frias
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - David A. Learmonth
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- ISUP-EPI Unit, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rui A. Sousa
- Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA; Guimarães Portugal
| | - João D. Espregueira-Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho; Braga Portugal
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence and D. Henrique Research Centre; Porto Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs-PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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Martin F, Lehmann M, Sack U, Anderer U. Featured Article: In vitro development of personalized cartilage microtissues uncovers an individualized differentiation capacity of human chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1746-1756. [PMID: 28853609 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217728498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized features in the treatment of knee injuries and articular replacement therapies play an important role in modern life with increasing demand. Therefore, cell-based therapeutic approaches for the regeneration of traumatic defects of cartilage tissue were developed. However, great variations in the quality of repair tissue or therapeutic outcome were observed. The aim of the study was to capture and visualize individual differentiation capacities of chondrocytes derived from different donors with regard to a possible personal regeneration capacity using a cell-based therapy. The redifferentiation potential of monolayer cultured cells was analyzed in a scaffold-free three-dimensional tissue model. Furthermore, stimulating options using cartilage maturation factors such as L-ascorbic acid and transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) on this process were of special interest. Cells and tissues were analyzed via histological and immunohistochemical methods. Gene expression was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In monolayer culture, cells from all donors showed an almost identical differentiation profile. In contrast, the differentiation state of cartilage-like three-dimensional microtissues revealed clear differences with respect to individual donors. Analyses at the protein and mRNA levels showed high variations regarding cartilage-typical matrix components (e.g. proteoglycans, collagen type II) and intracellular proteins (e.g. S100). Interestingly, only donor chondrocytes with a basic tendency to re-differentiate in a three-dimensional environment were able to increase this tissue-specific maturation when exposed to L-ascorbic acid and/or TGF-β2. Our approach revealed clear-cut possibilities for classification of individual donors into responders or non-responders. On the basis of these results an in vitro platform could be designed to discriminate responders from non-responders. This in vitro three-dimensional test system may be a suitable basis to establish a "personalized diagnostic tool" with the opportunity to assess the capacity of expanded chondrocytes to respond to an autologous cell-based therapy. Impact statement A challenge in cell-based cartilage regeneration therapies is the identification of a "personalized diagnostic tool" to predict the chondrogenic potency of cells from patients who are going to be treated with autologous cells. Comparing the phenotype of isolated chondrocytes from different donors in vitro revealed an individual cartilage-specific differentiation capacity. These personalized features are not detectable in vitro until the monolayer cells have the possibility to rearrange in 3D tissues. Cells from articular cartilage in monolayer culture may not be a suitable basis to discriminate responders from non-responders with respect to a personalized cell-based therapy to treat cartilage defects. A more physiological 3D (micro-)environment enable the cells to present their individual differentiation capacity. The here described microtissue model might be the basis for an in vitro platform to predict the therapeutic outcome of autologous cell-based cartilage repair and/or a suitable tool to identify early biomarkers to classify the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Martin
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg D-01968, Germany.,2 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Mario Lehmann
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg D-01968, Germany.,2 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- 2 Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.,3 Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), University of Leipzig, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Ursula Anderer
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg D-01968, Germany
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Diaz-Romero J, Kürsener S, Kohl S, Nesic D. S100B + A1 CELISA: A Novel Potency Assay and Screening Tool for Redifferentiation Stimuli of Human Articular Chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1559-1570. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Diaz-Romero
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Kürsener
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Sandro Kohl
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; Inselspital; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - Dobrila Nesic
- Osteoarticular Research Group; Department of Clinical Research; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology; Inselspital; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
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Chondrogenic Potency Analyses of Donor-Matched Chondrocytes and Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Bone Marrow, Infrapatellar Fat Pad, and Subcutaneous Fat. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6969726. [PMID: 27781068 PMCID: PMC5066011 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6969726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a cell-based therapy that has been used clinically for over 20 years to treat cartilage injuries more efficiently in order to negate or delay the need for joint replacement surgery. In this time, very little has changed in the ACI procedure, but now many centres are considering or using alternative cell sources for cartilage repair, in particular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In this study, we have tested the chondrogenic potential of donor-matched MSCs derived from bone marrow (BM), infrapatellar fat pad (FP), and subcutaneous fat (SCF), compared to chondrocytes. We have confirmed that there is a chondrogenic potency hierarchy ranging across these cell types, with the most potent being chondrocytes, followed by FP-MSCs, BM-MSCs, and lastly SCF-MSCs. We have also examined gene expression and surface marker profiles in a predictive model to identify cells with enhanced chondrogenic potential. In doing so, we have shown that Sox-9, Alk-1, and Coll X expressions, as well as immunopositivity for CD49c and CD39, have predictive value for all of the cell types tested in indicating chondrogenic potency. The findings from this study have significant clinical implications for the refinement and development of novel cell-based cartilage repair strategies.
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