1
|
Rasovic P, Dulic O, Lalic I, Matijevic R, Janjic N, Tosic M, Aleksandric D, Abazovic D, Miskulin M, Matijevic S, Kovacevic L. The role of osteoarthritis severity, BMI and age on clinical efficacy of bone marrow aspirate concentrate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Regen Med 2023; 18:735-747. [PMID: 37577967 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess whether BMI, severity of knee osteoarthritis, age and gender have any influence on the final clinical results of bone marrow aspirate concentrate injection. Method: A total of 111 study participants with painful knee osteoarthritis and different characteristics concerning before mentioned factors underwent bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) therapy and were followed up for 1 year. Result: Significant pain and functional improvement were observed in all participant groups. Participants' age and BMI did not influence the clinical outcome, but there was an influence of OA severity, especially among older patients. Conclusion: This study shows that BMAC therapy is effective. Younger patients with milder OA changes could be better candidates for long-lasting and more efficient BMAC therapy. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03825133 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Rasovic
- University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Medical Faculty, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Oliver Dulic
- University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Medical Faculty, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivica Lalic
- University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Faculty Of Pharmacy, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Radmila Matijevic
- University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Medical Faculty, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Natasa Janjic
- University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Medical Faculty, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milan Tosic
- University of Novi Sad, Serbia, Medical Faculty, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dejan Aleksandric
- Institute for Orthopaedic Surgical Diseases "Banjica", Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marcolina A, Vu K, Chang Chien G. Peripheral Joint Injections. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2022; 33:267-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Ultrasound-Guided Knee Injections Are More Accurate Than Blind Injections: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2021; 3:e1177-e1187. [PMID: 34430899 PMCID: PMC8365196 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To review the current literature to determine which injection technique and needle portal placement provide the greatest accuracy for intra-articular access to the knee. Methods This study followed Preferred Reporting Items and Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in March 2020 and repeated in May 2020 using electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library. Data on the accuracy of intra-articular knee injection (successful injections/total number of injections) were collected. Only Level I studies were included. Study design, demographic variables, needle sizes, and method of validating accuracy were recorded. The Jadad score was used to assess methodologic quality, and a risk-of-bias assessment was performed. Results A total of 12 Level I human studies (1431 patients, 1315 knees) were included in this review. Seven of the studies did a direct comparison between ultrasound-guided and blind knee injections. Ultrasound-guided injections were more accurate compared with blinded knee injections in every study. The most accurate anatomical approach was an isometric quadricep contraction method with the superolateral approach. Conclusions This study showed that ultrasound-guided knee injections were more accurate across every anatomical needle injection site compared with blind injections. Injections made by a blind/anatomically guided method had inconsistent accuracy rates that seemed highly dependent on the portal of entry. Level of Evidence Level I, systematic review of Level I studies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dulic O, Lalic I, Kecojevic V, Gavrilovic G, Abazovic D, Miskulin M, Maric D, Bumbasirevic M. Do knee injection portals affect clinical results of bone marrow aspirate concentrate injection in the treatment of osteoarthritis? A prospective randomized controlled study. Regen Med 2020; 15:1987-2000. [PMID: 33151802 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the effect that the location of needle placement has on efficacy and tolerability of bone marrow aspirate concentrate injections during treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Bone marrow aspirate concentrate injections were administered to 111 patients via superolateral, anteromedial or anterolateral portals. Pain was assessed by visual analog scale before and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after intervention. Knee function was assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and International Knee Documentation Committee scores before and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after intervention. Results: Significant differences in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and International Knee Documentation Committee scores were observed 12 months post intervention compared with baseline (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). No significant differences in outcome or pain scores were observed among groups. Conclusion: All portals demonstrated similar clinical benefits up to 12 months after intervention. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03825133).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dulic
- University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivica Lalic
- University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vaso Kecojevic
- University of Novi Sad, Medical Faculty, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordan Gavrilovic
- Atlas Hospital, Osmana Djikica 5, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dzihan Abazovic
- Renova Hospital, Osmana Djikica 5, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mladen Miskulin
- Specijalna bolnica za Neurokirurgiju i ortopediju Aksis, Zagreb, Petrovaradinska 1, 10000 ZAGREB, Croatia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dusan Maric
- MD Orto Hospital, Futoski put 115, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Bumbasirevic
- University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Dr. Subotica 20, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department for Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 1-9, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moon YE, Kim SH, Seok H, Lee SY. Comparison of the Effects of Vapocoolant Spray and Topical Anesthetic Cream on Pain During Intraarticular Injection of the Shoulder: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101:1689-1695. [PMID: 32445850 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to compare the effects of a vapocoolant spray and a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream on reducing pain during intra-articular (IA) injection of the shoulder. DESIGN Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS Patients (N=63) who underwent IA injection of the shoulder joint were randomized into the spray group, EMLA group, or placebo group. INTERVENTION Placebo cream+vapocoolant spray (spray group), EMLA cream+placebo spray (EMLA group), or placebo cream+placebo spray (placebo group) before IA injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) for injection pain and 5-point Likert scales for participant satisfaction and preference for repeated use were administered immediately after IA injection. RESULTS The VAS scores for pain during IA injection were 30.0 (95% CI, 19.7-41.2) in the spray group, 50.0 (95% CI, 37.7-63.0) in the EMLA group, and 53.8 (95% CI, 41.6-65.0) in the placebo group (F=6.403, P<.01). The spray group showed significantly better Likert scale scores than the placebo group for participant satisfaction (P=.003) and preference for repeated use (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Vapocoolant spray was effective in reducing pain during IA injection of the shoulder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Moon), Catholic University Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
| | - Hyun Seok
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seung Yeol Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu J, Qu Y, Li H, Zhu A, Jiang T, Chong Z, Wang B, Shen P, Xie Z. Effect of Intra-articular Ketorolac Versus Corticosteroid Injection for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120911126. [PMID: 32313809 PMCID: PMC7153200 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120911126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-articular corticosteroid injections have been widely used and are considered a mainstay in the nonoperative treatment of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, their increased use can have negative implications, including chondral toxicity and a high risk of infections. As a result, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been considered as an alternative. PURPOSE To determine the pain relief and safety of ketorolac versus a corticosteroid to supplement an intra-articular sodium hyaluronate injection for the treatment of symptomatic knee OA. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A total of 84 patients with unilateral symptomatic knee OA receiving 5 weekly injections were enrolled in this retrospective study. Group A (n = 42) received 3 weekly intra-articular corticosteroid injections (0.5% lidocaine, 25 mg of triamcinolone acetonide, and 25 mg of sodium hyaluronate, followed by 2 weekly injections of 0.5% lidocaine and 25 mg of sodium hyaluronate), while group B (n = 42) received 5 weekly ketorolac injections (0.5% lidocaine, 10 mg of ketorolac, and 25 mg of sodium hyaluronate). The following parameters were used to evaluate pain relief and safety: visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and side effects before the injection and at 1, 2, and 5 weeks after treatment commencement as well as 3 months after the last injection. RESULTS Patients from both groups had a significant improvement in VAS and WOMAC scores from the first injection to final follow-up at 3 months. In the first week, the VAS score was lower in group A (P = .041), but no significant between-group differences were found for either the VAS or the WOMAC score at the other time points. Of the 42 patients in group A, 34 (81.0%) and 25 (59.5%) achieved successful outcomes at 5 weeks after treatment commencement and 3 months after the last injection, respectively. In group B, 32 (76.2%) and 24 (57.1%) patients achieved successful outcomes at 5 weeks after treatment commencement and 3 months after the last injection, respectively. At final follow-up, no significant difference was found in the successful treatment rate between the groups (P = .825). CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated that intra-articular ketorolac and corticosteroid injections produce the same pain relief and functional improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Yuxing Qu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Arthroplasty, First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Aixiang Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Suqian Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Zheng Chong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Zikang Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Can Diagnostic and Therapeutic Arthrocentesis Be Successfully Performed in the Flexed Knee? J Clin Rheumatol 2019; 24:295-301. [PMID: 29424762 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether the extended or flexed knee positioning was superior for arthrocentesis and whether the flexed knee positioning could be improved by mechanical compression. METHODS Fifty-five clinically effusive knees underwent arthrocentesis in a quality improvement intervention: 20 consecutive knees in the extended knee position using the superolateral approach, followed by 35 consecutive knees in the flexed knee position with and without an external compression brace placed on the suprapatellar bursa. Arthrocentesis success and fluid yield in milliliters were measured. RESULTS Fluid yield for the extended knee was greater (191% greater) than the flexed knee (extended knee, 16.9 ± 15.7 mL; flexed knee, 5.8 ± 6.3 mL; P < 0.007). Successful diagnostic arthrocentesis (≥2 mL) was 95% (19/20) in the extended knee and 77% (27/35) in the flexed knee (P = 0.08). After mechanical compression was applied to the suprapatellar bursa and patellofemoral joint of the flexed knee, fluid yields were essentially identical (extended knee, 16.9 ± 15.7 mL; flexed knee, 16.7 ± 11.3 mL; P = 0.73), as were successful diagnostic arthrocentesis (≥2 mL) (extended knee 95% vs. flexed knee 100%, P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS The extended knee superolateral approach is superior to the flexed knee for conventional arthrocentesis; however, the extended knee positioning and flexed knee positioning have identical arthrocentesis success when mechanical compression is applied to the superior knee. This new flexed knee technique for arthrocentesis is a useful alternative for patients who are in wheelchairs, have flexion contractures, cannot be supine, or cannot otherwise extend their knee.
Collapse
|
8
|
McCrum C. Therapeutic Review of Methylprednisolone Acetate Intra-Articular Injection in the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee - Part 2: Clinical and Procedural Considerations. Musculoskeletal Care 2016; 14:252-266. [PMID: 27297723 DOI: 10.1002/msc.1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of an intra-articular methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) injection has been shown to have benefits for symptoms of knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, considerations beyond drug efficacy can influence the appropriateness, clinical effectiveness and potential harm of an injection. A review of research evidence and published literature on clinical and procedural factors influencing the effectiveness and safety of a knee injection has been undertaken. Factors include dose, frequency, contraindications, precautions, drug interactions, side-effects, and procedural and patient-related considerations. An evaluation of evidence indicated that a 40 mg dose provides clinical benefit. No strong predictors of response were evident, with the exception of pain severity. Additional benefit for outcomes from higher doses, local anaesthetic, ultrasound guidance or particular anatomical approaches is yet to be demonstrated. Evidence for dose- and duration-related detrimental effects suggests judicious use and frequency. The evaluation showed that there are a number of contraindications and precautions arising from the drug pharmacology, concurrent medications, comorbidities and adverse events which need consideration and monitoring. There was limited safety evidence concerning anticoagulation. The review found that specialist guidance and limited evidence suggests that injection safety concerning warfarin may be enhanced by ensuring that the international normalized ratio level is within therapeutic range. However, the risk-benefit evaluation concerning non vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants remains challenging. Although there is published guidance, a lack of clinical studies, safety evidence and reversibility advocates caution. Overall, the review indicates that injection decisions and procedures need an individualized approach and supporting evidence is limited in many areas. Evaluation and discussion of benefits and risks, peri-procedural and post-injection management, and tailoring to the context and individuals' preferences are important in optimizing the benefits and safety of a knee injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol McCrum
- East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Eastbourne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Riester SM, Denbeigh JM, Lin Y, Jones DL, de Mooij T, Lewallen EA, Nie H, Paradise CR, Radel DJ, Dudakovic A, Camilleri ET, Larson DR, Qu W, Krych AJ, Frick MA, Im H, Dietz AB, Smith J, van Wijnen AJ. Safety Studies for Use of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in a Rabbit Model for Osteoarthritis to Support a Phase I Clinical Trial. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:910-922. [PMID: 28297568 PMCID: PMC5442773 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) offer potential as a therapeutic option for clinical applications in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine because of their immunomodulatory functions and capacity for trilineage differentiation. In preparation for a phase I clinical trial using AMSCs to treat patients with osteoarthritis, we carried out preclinical studies to assess the safety of human AMSCs within the intra‐articular joint space. Culture‐expanded human AMSCs grown in human platelet‐lysate were delivered via intra‐articular injections into normal healthy rabbit knees and knees at risk for the development of osteoarthritis after bilateral medial anterior hemimeniscectomy. Treatment outcomes and safety were evaluated by assessing the general health, function, and behavior of the animals. Joint tissues were analyzed by x‐ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathology. Intra‐articular AMSC therapy was well tolerated in this study. We did not observe adverse systemic reactions, nor did we find evidence of damage to intra‐articular joint tissues. Thus, the data generated in this study show a favorable safety profile for AMSCs within the joint space in support of a phase I clinical trial evaluating the clinical utility of AMSCs to treat osteoarthritis. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:910–922
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Janet M. Denbeigh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dakota L. Jones
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tristan de Mooij
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric A. Lewallen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hai Nie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher R. Paradise
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Darcie J. Radel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily T. Camilleri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dirk R. Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wenchun Qu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron J. Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew A. Frick
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hee‐Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Allan B. Dietz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jay Smith
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|