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Koshti B, Kshtriya V, Singh R, Walia S, Bhatia D, Joshi KB, Gour N. Unusual Aggregates Formed by the Self-Assembly of Proline, Hydroxyproline, and Lysine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3237-3249. [PMID: 34406754 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a plethora of significant research that illustrates toxic self-assemblies formed by the aggregation of single amino acids, such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, cysteine, and methionine, and their implication on the etiology of inborn errors of metabolisms (IEMs), such as phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, hypertryptophanemia, cystinuria, and hypermethioninemia, respectively. Hence, studying the aggregation behavior of single amino acids is very crucial from the chemical neuroscience perspective to understanding the common etiology between single amino acid metabolite disorders and amyloid diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Herein we report the aggregation properties of nonaromatic single amino acids l-proline (Pro), l-hydroxyproline (Hyp), and l-lysine hydrochloride (Lys). The morphologies of the self-assembled structures formed by Pro, Hyp, and Lys were extensively studied by various microscopic techniques, and controlled morphological transitions were observed under varied concentrations and aging times. The mechanism of structure formation was deciphered by concentration-dependent 1H NMR analysis, which revealed the crucial role of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions in the structure formation of Pro, Hyp, and Lys. MTT assays on neural (SHSY5Y) cell lines revealed that aggregates formed by Pro, Hyp, and Lys reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. These results may have important implications in the understanding of the patho-physiology of disorders such as hyperprolinemia, hyperhydroxyprolinemia, and hyperlysinemia since all these IEMs are associated with severe neurodegenerative symptoms, including intellectual disability, seizures, and psychiatric problems. Our future studies will endeavor to study these biomolecular assemblies in greater detail by immuno-histochemical analysis and advanced biophysical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Koshti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat 382740, India
| | - Vivekshinh Kshtriya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat 382740, India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Shanka Walia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology, Palaj, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Khashti Ballabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Nidhi Gour
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Mehsana, Gujarat 382740, India
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Namavar Y, Duineveld DJ, Both GIA, Fiksinski AM, Vorstman JAS, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Zinkstok JR. Psychiatric phenotypes associated with hyperprolinemia: A systematic review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:289-317. [PMID: 34302426 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemia Type I and II are genetic metabolic disorders caused by disrupted proline degradation. It has been suggested that hyperprolinemia is associated with increased risk of developmental and mental disorders but detailed information on the psychiatric phenotype in hyperprolinemic patients is limited. Following PRISMA guidelines, we carried out a systematic review to clarify psychiatric phenotypes in patients with hyperprolinemia. We screened 1753 studies and included 35 for analysis, including 20 case reports and 15 case-control and cohort studies. From these studies, a common psychiatric phenotype is observed with a high prevalence of developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and psychosis spectrum disorders. In most cases, a genetic cause of hyperprolinemia was known, these included mutations in the PRODH and ALDH4A1 genes and deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. No evidence for a biochemical phenotype-clinical phenotype correlation was found; that is, no association between higher proline levels and specific psychiatric phenotypes was observed. This suggests that genomic and environmental factors are likely to contribute to clinical outcomes. More studies are needed to clarify whether hyperprolinemia is a primary causal factor underlying the increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders seen in patients with hyperprolinemia, or whether hyperprolinemia and psychiatric disorders are both consequences of a shared underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Namavar
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Joanne Duineveld
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ania Maria Fiksinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob Abraham Schrey Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nanda Margriet Verhoeven-Duif
- Section of Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Abstract
This is our follow-up study carried out in an order to collect experimental evidence regarding the impact of heavy water (D2O) on the spontaneous oscillatory peptidization of l-proline (l-Pro). Our earlier studies have been focused on the two sulfur-containing proteinogenic α-amino acids, i.e., l-cysteine (l-Cys) and l-methionine (l-Met), and it seemed interesting to assess the effect induced by D2O on one more proteinogenic α-amino acid, i.e., l-Pro. It needs to be added that unlike l-Met, but similar to l-Cys, the oscillatory peptidization of l-Pro dissolved in the organic-aqueous solvent characterizes with the circadian rhythm. As analytical techniques, we used high-performance liquid chromatography with the evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD), mass spectrometry (MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and turbidimetry. The obtained results can in certain sense be viewed as analogous to those earlier reported for l-Cys and l-Met by demonstrating that heavy water considerably hampers the oscillatory peptidization of l-Pro. However, an unexpected observation was also made than unlike the cases with l-Cys and l-Met, the observed hampering effect of D2O on the oscillatory peptidization of l-Pro is not monotonously dependent on the concentration of D2O in the system, but it is the strongest pronounced for 10% (v/v) D2O in the employed binary methanol–water solvent (with the investigated proportions of D2O in this solvent changing from 0 to 30%). Although we have no rational explanation for this striking effect, we believe that it should not pass unnoticed and therefore it is emphasized in this study. Maybe this firm quantitative result will prove an inspiration for future researchers interested in getting a deeper insight into the role of D2O in life processes, and more specifically in the kinetic and the mechanistic aspects thereof.
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