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Olschewski S, Luckman A, Mason A, Ludvig EA, Konstantinidis E. The Future of Decisions From Experience: Connecting Real-World Decision Problems to Cognitive Processes. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2024; 19:82-102. [PMID: 37390328 PMCID: PMC10790535 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231179138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In many important real-world decision domains, such as finance, the environment, and health, behavior is strongly influenced by experience. Renewed interest in studying this influence led to important advancements in the understanding of these decisions from experience (DfE) in the last 20 years. Building on this literature, we suggest ways the standard experimental design should be extended to better approach important real-world DfE. These extensions include, for example, introducing more complex choice situations, delaying feedback, and including social interactions. When acting upon experiences in these richer and more complicated environments, extensive cognitive processes go into making a decision. Therefore, we argue for integrating cognitive processes more explicitly into experimental research in DfE. These cognitive processes include attention to and perception of numeric and nonnumeric experiences, the influence of episodic and semantic memory, and the mental models involved in learning processes. Understanding these basic cognitive processes can advance the modeling, understanding and prediction of DfE in the laboratory and in the real world. We highlight the potential of experimental research in DfE for theory integration across the behavioral, decision, and cognitive sciences. Furthermore, this research could lead to new methodology that better informs decision-making and policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Olschewski
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick
| | - Ashley Luckman
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick
- University of Exeter Business School, University of Exeter
| | - Alice Mason
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick
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Svobodova M, Jacob N, Hood K, Gillies K, Hale R, Bostock J, Bower P, Edwards A, Farthing P, Rawlinson S, Treweek S, Howick J. Developing principles for sharing information about potential trial intervention benefits and harms with patients: report of a modified Delphi survey. Trials 2022; 23:863. [PMID: 36209242 PMCID: PMC9548137 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The way information about potential harms of trial intervention is shared within participant information leaflets (PILs) varies widely and can cause subjective 'nocebo' harms. This study aimed to develop principles to improve the composition of information about potential trial intervention benefits and harms within PILs so that variability and avoidable harms are reduced. METHODS We conducted a two-round modified online Delphi survey, followed by a consensus meeting. For the first round of the survey, 27 statements were developed based on previous research and relevant guidance from the UK, the USA and the World Health Organization. Participants included members from each of the following stakeholder groups: patient and public representatives, research ethics committee members, industry representatives, medico-legal experts, psychologists and trial managers. Each participant was asked to rate their degree of agreement or disagreement with each statement on a 9-point Likert scale. In the second round, participants were invited to reappraise their ratings after reviewing the results of the first round. Finally, two members from each stakeholder group participated in a meeting to confirm those statements for which there was agreement. RESULTS Two hundred and fifty participants completed round 1, and 201 participants completed round 2. In round 1, consensus was reached for 16 statements. In round 2, consensus was reached for an additional three statements. The consensus meeting confirmed the survey results and consolidated the statements. This process resulted in seven principles: (1) all potential harms of a given intervention should be listed, (2) all potential harms should be separated into serious and less serious, (3) it must be made explicit that not all potential harms are known, (4) all potential benefits should be listed, (5) all potential benefits and harms need to be compared with what would happen if the participant did not take part in the trial, (6) suitable visual representations should be added where appropriate and (7) information regarding potential benefits and harms should not be presented apart by one or more pages. CONCLUSIONS Our modified Delphi process successfully generated seven principles that can and should be used to guide how information is conveyed to patients in information leaflets regarding potential trial benefits and harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Svobodova
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Centre for Trials Research (CTR), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Nina Jacob
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Centre for Trials Research (CTR), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Kerry Hood
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Centre for Trials Research (CTR), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Katie Gillies
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rachel Hale
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jennifer Bostock
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Centre for Trials Research (CTR), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Peter Bower
- grid.5379.80000000121662407Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian Edwards
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Penelope Farthing
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Centre for Trials Research (CTR), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Sarah Rawlinson
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Centre for Trials Research (CTR), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Shaun Treweek
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jeremy Howick
- grid.5600.30000 0001 0807 5670Centre for Trials Research (CTR), College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK ,grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411Stoneygate Centre for Excellence in Empathic Healthcare, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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