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Srivastava R, Singh R, Jauhari S, Lodhi N, Srivastava R. Histone Demethylase Modulation: Epigenetic Strategy to Combat Cancer Progression. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:epigenomes7020010. [PMID: 37218871 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are heritable, reversible changes in histones or the DNA that control gene functions, being exogenous to the genomic sequence itself. Human diseases, particularly cancer, are frequently connected to epigenetic dysregulations. One of them is histone methylation, which is a dynamically reversible and synchronously regulated process that orchestrates the three-dimensional epigenome, nuclear processes of transcription, DNA repair, cell cycle, and epigenetic functions, by adding or removing methylation groups to histones. Over the past few years, reversible histone methylation has become recognized as a crucial regulatory mechanism for the epigenome. With the development of numerous medications that target epigenetic regulators, epigenome-targeted therapy has been used in the treatment of malignancies and has shown meaningful therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical trials. The present review focuses on the recent advances in our knowledge on the role of histone demethylases in tumor development and modulation, in emphasizing molecular mechanisms that control cancer cell progression. Finally, we emphasize current developments in the advent of new molecular inhibitors that target histone demethylases to regulate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rubi Singh
- Department of Hematology, Bioreference Laboratories, Elmwood Park, NJ 07407, USA
| | - Shaurya Jauhari
- Division of Education, Training, and Assessment, Global Education Center, Infosys Limited, Mysuru 570027, Karnataka, India
| | - Niraj Lodhi
- Clinical Research (Research and Development Division) Mirna Analytics LLC, Harlem Bio-Space, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, GenTox Research and Development, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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2
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Zhang L, Chen Y, Li Z, Lin C, Zhang T, Wang G. Development of JmjC-domain-containing histone demethylase (KDM2-7) inhibitors for cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103519. [PMID: 36754142 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone methylation is the most common histone modification and a highly dynamic regulator of gene transcription. Methylation of lysine residues can alter the structure of chromatin, helping to regulate DNA-based nuclear activities. Lysine demethylases control and maintain epigenetic factors that affect chromatin structure and cell characteristics. A variety of diseases, including malignant tumors, are connected to their dysregulation. Advances in biochemistry and pathogenesis have prompted the discovery of small molecule inhibitors and tool compounds that disrupt lysine demethylation. In this review, we focus on JmjC-domain-containing histone lysine demethylases (KDM2-7), discussing their structures and biological roles, representative inhibitors, and therapeutic potential in cancer therapy, and aiming to provide unique insights into the development of JmjC-KDM inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Guan Wang
- The Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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3
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Jiang Y, Liu L, Yang ZQ. KDM4 Demethylases: Structure, Function, and Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1433:87-111. [PMID: 37751137 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38176-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
KDM4 histone demethylases mainly catalyze the removal of methyl marks from H3K9 and H3K36 to epigenetically regulate chromatin structure and gene expression. KDM4 expression is strictly regulated to ensure proper function in a myriad of biological processes, including transcription, cellular proliferation and differentiation, DNA damage repair, immune response, and stem cell self-renewal. Aberrant expression of KDM4 demethylase has been documented in many types of blood and solid tumors, and thus, KDM4s represent promising therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge of the structures and regulatory mechanisms of KDM4 proteins and our understanding of their alterations in human pathological processes with a focus on development and cancer. We also review the reported KDM4 inhibitors and discuss their potential as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R Street, HWCRC 815, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Lanxin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R Street, HWCRC 815, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Zeng-Quan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 4100 John R Street, HWCRC 815, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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4
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Wu Q, Young B, Wang Y, Davidoff AM, Rankovic Z, Yang J. Recent Advances with KDM4 Inhibitors and Potential Applications. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9564-9579. [PMID: 35838529 PMCID: PMC9531573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The histone lysine demethylase 4 (KDM4) family plays an important role in regulating gene transcription, DNA repair, and metabolism. The dysregulation of KDM4 functions is associated with many human disorders, including cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Selective and potent KDM4 inhibitors may help not only to understand the role of KDM4 in these disorders but also to provide potential therapeutic opportunities. Here, we provide an overview of the field and discuss current status, challenges, and opportunities lying ahead in the development of KDM4-based anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Brandon Young
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Geriatrics and Occupational Disease, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao 266044, China
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 500, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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5
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Carter DM, Specker E, Małecki PH, Przygodda J, Dudaniec K, Weiss MS, Heinemann U, Nazaré M, Gohlke U. Enhanced Properties of a Benzimidazole Benzylpyrazole Lysine Demethylase Inhibitor: Mechanism-of-Action, Binding Site Analysis, and Activity in Cellular Models of Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14266-14282. [PMID: 34555281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Jumonji domain-containing lysine demethylase (KDM) enzymes are encoded by genes of the KDM superfamily. Activities of the KDM4 subfamily promote aggressive phenotypes associated with prostate cancer (PCa). Previously, we discovered a benzimidazole pyrazole molecule that inhibited KDM4 isoforms with properties tractable for development. Here, we demonstrate that a benzyl-substituted variant of this inhibitor exhibits improved potency in biochemical assays, is cell-permeable, and kills PCa cells at low micromolar concentrations. By X-ray crystallography and kinetics-based assays, we demonstrate that the mechanism of inhibition is complex, proceeding via competition with the enzyme for binding of active-site Fe2+ and by populating a distal site on the enzyme surface. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the inhibitor's cytostatic properties arise from direct intracellular inhibition of KDM4 enzymes. PCa cells treated with the inhibitor exhibit reduced expression of genes regulated by the androgen receptor, an outcome accompanied by epigenetic maintenance of a heterochromatic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Carter
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin 13125 Germany
| | - Edgar Specker
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Piotr H Małecki
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin 13125 Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) Macromolecular Crystallography, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Jessica Przygodda
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Krystyna Dudaniec
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin 13125 Germany
| | - Manfred S Weiss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) Macromolecular Crystallography, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin 13125 Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gohlke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Gemeinschaft (MDC), Berlin 13125 Germany
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6
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Punnia-Moorthy G, Hersey P, Emran AA, Tiffen J. Lysine Demethylases: Promising Drug Targets in Melanoma and Other Cancers. Front Genet 2021; 12:680633. [PMID: 34220955 PMCID: PMC8242339 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of pathological processes including carcinogenesis. A major group of enzymes that influence epigenetic modifications are lysine demethylases (KDMs) also known as "erasers" which remove methyl groups on lysine (K) amino acids of histones. Numerous studies have implicated aberrant lysine demethylase activity in a variety of cancers, including melanoma. This review will focus on the structure, classification and functions of KDMs in normal biology and the current knowledge of how KDMs are deregulated in cancer pathogenesis, emphasizing our interest in melanoma. We highlight the current knowledge gaps of KDMs in melanoma pathobiology and describe opportunities to increases our understanding of their importance in this disease. We summarize the progress of several pre-clinical compounds that inhibit KDMs and represent promising candidates for further investigation in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaya Punnia-Moorthy
- Melanoma Oncology and Immunology Group, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Epigenetics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Hersey
- Melanoma Oncology and Immunology Group, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Emran
- Melanoma Oncology and Immunology Group, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessamy Tiffen
- Melanoma Oncology and Immunology Group, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Epigenetics Laboratory, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Kim YH, Kim M, Kim JE, Yoo M, Lee HK, Lee CO, Yoo M, Jung KY, Kim Y, Choi SU, Park CH. Novel brd4 inhibitors with a unique scaffold exhibit antitumor effects. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:473. [PMID: 33907583 PMCID: PMC8063330 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since bromodomain containing 4 (brd4) has been considered as a prominent cancer target, numerous attempts have been made to develop potent brd4 bromodomain inhibitors. The present study provided a novel chemical scaffold which inhibited brd4 activity. Mid-throughput screening against brd4 bromodomain was performed using alpha-screen and homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assays. Furthermore, cell cytotoxicity and xenograft assays were performed to examine if the compound was effective both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, it was revealed that compounds having naphthalene-1,4-dione scaffold inhibited the binding of bromodomain to acetylated histone. The compounds with naphthalene-1,4-dione had cytotoxic effects against the Ty82 cell line, a NUT midline carcinoma cell line, whose proliferation is dependent on brd4 activity. A10, one of the compounds with naphthalene-1,4-dione scaffold, also exhibited tumor growth inhibition effects in the xenograft assay. In addition, the compounds exhibited cytotoxic effects against gastric cancer cell lines which were resistant to I-BET-762, a BET bromodomain inhibitor. In conclusion, the novel scaffold to suppress brd4 activity was effective against cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Kim
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsung Kim
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoun Yoo
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyoung Lee
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Ock Lee
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjin Yoo
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Young Jung
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongrin Kim
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hoon Park
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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8
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de Araújo JS, França da Silva C, Batista DDGJ, Nefertiti A, Fiuza LFDA, Fonseca-Berzal CR, Bernardino da Silva P, Batista MM, Sijm M, Kalejaiye TD, de Koning HP, Maes L, Sterk GJ, Leurs R, Soeiro MDNC. Efficacy of Novel Pyrazolone Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Experimental Mouse Models of Trypanosoma cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e00414-20. [PMID: 32601163 PMCID: PMC7449165 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00414-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolones are heterocyclic compounds with interesting biological properties. Some derivatives inhibit phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and thereby increase the cellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP), which plays a vital role in the control of metabolism in eukaryotic cells, including the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD), a major neglected tropical disease. In vitro phenotypic screening identified a 4-bromophenyl-dihydropyrazole dimer as an anti-T. cruzi hit and 17 novel pyrazolone analogues with variations on the phenyl ring were investigated in a panel of phenotypic laboratory models. Potent activity against the intracellular forms (Tulahuen and Y strains) was obtained with 50% effective concentration (EC50) values within the 0.17 to 3.3 μM range. Although most were not active against bloodstream trypomastigotes, an altered morphology and loss of infectivity were observed. Pretreatment of the mammalian host cells with pyrazolones did not interfere with infection and proliferation, showing that the drug activity was not the result of changes to host cell metabolism. The pyrazolone NPD-227 increased the intracellular cAMP levels and was able to sterilize T. cruzi-infected cell cultures. Thus, due to its high potency and selectivity in vitro, and its additive interaction with benznidazole (Bz), NPD-227 was next assessed in the acute mouse model. Oral dosing for 5 days of NPD-227 at 10 mg/kg + Bz at 10 mg/kg not only reduced parasitemia (>87%) but also protected against mortality (>83% survival), hence demonstrating superiority to the monotherapy schemes. These data support these pyrazolone molecules as potential novel therapeutic alternatives for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Siciliano de Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane França da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise da Gama Jaén Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Nefertiti
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina Rosa Fonseca-Berzal
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrícia Bernardino da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Meuser Batista
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maarten Sijm
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Titilola D Kalejaiye
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Jan Sterk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Benzo[ b]tellurophenes as a Potential Histone H3 Lysine 9 Demethylase (KDM4) Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235908. [PMID: 31775247 PMCID: PMC6928947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression and tumor growth can be regulated by methylation levels of lysine residues on histones, which are controlled by histone lysine demethylases (KDMs). Series of benzo[b]tellurophene and benzo[b]selenophene compounds were designed and synthesized and they were evaluated for histone H3 lysine 9 demethylase (KDM4) inhibitory activity. Among the carbamates, alcohol and aromatic derivatives, tert-butyl benzo[b]tellurophen-2-ylmethylcarbamate (compound 1c) revealed KDM4 specific inhibitory activity in cervical cancer HeLa cells, whereas the corresponding selenium or oxygen substitute compounds did not display any inhibitory activity toward KDM4. Compound 1c also induced cell death in cervical and colon cancer but not in normal cells. Thus, compound 1c, a novel inhibitor of KDM4, constitutes a potential therapeutic and research tool against cancer.
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10
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Jiang Z, You Q, Zhang X. Medicinal chemistry of metal chelating fragments in metalloenzyme active sites: A perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:172-197. [PMID: 30684796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metal-containing enzymes (metalloenzymes) have been considered as drug targets related to diseases such as cancers, diabetes, anemia, AIDS, malaria, bacterial infection, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibitors of the metalloenzymes have been developed independently, most of which are mimics of substrates of the corresponding enzymes. However, little attention has been paid to the interactions between inhibitors and active site metal ions. This review is focused on different metal binding fragments and their chelating properties in the metal-containing active binding pockets of metalloenzymes. We have enumerated over one hundred of inhibitors targeting various metalloenzymes and identified over ten kinds of fragments with different binding patterns. Furthermore, we have investigated the inhibitors that are undergoing clinical evaluation in order to help looking for more potential scaffolds bearing metal binding fragments. This review will provide deep insights for the rational design of novel inhibitors targeting the metal-containing binding sites of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Jiang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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11
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Lin H, Li Q, Li Q, Zhu J, Gu K, Jiang X, Hu Q, Feng F, Qu W, Chen Y, Sun H. Small molecule KDM4s inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:777-793. [PMID: 29651880 PMCID: PMC6010108 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1455676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylation is a vital process in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. A number of histone demethylases are present to control the methylated states of histone. Among these enzymes, KDM4s are one subfamily of JmjC KDMs and play important roles in both normal and cancer cells. The discovery of KDM4s inhibitors is a potential therapeutic strategy against different diseases including cancer. Here, we summarize the development of KDM4s inhibitors and some related pharmaceutical information to provide an update of recent progress in KDM4s inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Lin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qihang Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qi Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jie Zhu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kai Gu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Feng Feng
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Wei Qu
- b Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yao Chen
- c School of Pharmacy , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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