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Belsuzarri MM, Sako Y, Brown TD, Chan M, Cozza R, Jin J, Sato-Kaneko F, Yao S, Pu M, Messer K, Hayashi T, Cottam HB, Corr M, Carson DA, Shukla NM. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies in Benzothiadiazoles as Novel Vaccine Adjuvants. J Med Chem 2024; 67:13703-13722. [PMID: 39115891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer antigens and immunomodulatory molecules, and such EVs released by antigen-presenting cells equipped with immunostimulatory functions have been utilized for vaccine formulations. A prior high-throughput screening campaign led to the identification of compound 634 (1), which enhanced EV release and increased intracellular Ca2+ influx. Here, we performed systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies to investigate the scaffold for its potency as a vaccine adjuvant. Synthesized compounds were analyzed in vitro for CD63 reporter activity (a marker for EV biogenesis) in human THP-1 cells, induction of Ca2+ influx, IL-12 production, and cell viability in murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells. The SAR studies indicated that the ester functional group was requisite, and the sulfur atom of the benzothiadiazole ring replaced with a higher selenium atom (9f) or a bioisosteric ethenyl group (9h) retained potency. Proof-of-concept vaccination studies validated the potency of the selected compounds as novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masiel M Belsuzarri
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yukiya Sako
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tyler D Brown
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Chan
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Renna Cozza
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jasmine Jin
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Minya Pu
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nikunj M Shukla
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Singleton KL, Joffe A, Leitner WW. Review: Current trends, challenges, and success stories in adjuvant research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105655. [PMID: 36742311 PMCID: PMC9892189 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvant research is being fueled and driven by progress in the field of innate immunity that has significantly advanced in the past two decades with the discovery of countless innate immune receptors and innate immune pathways. Receptors for pathogen-associated molecules (PAMPs) or host-derived, danger-associated molecules (DAMPs), as well as molecules in the signaling pathways used by such receptors, are a rich source of potential targets for agonists that enable the tuning of innate immune responses in an unprecedented manner. Targeted modulation of immune responses is achieved not only through the choice of immunostimulator - or select combinations of adjuvants - but also through formulation and systematic modifications of the chemical structure of immunostimulatory molecules. The use of medium and high-throughput screening methods for finding immunostimulators has further accelerated the identification of promising novel adjuvants. However, despite the progress that has been made in finding new adjuvants through systematic screening campaigns, the process is far from perfect. A major bottleneck that significantly slows the process of turning confirmed or putative innate immune receptor agonists into vaccine adjuvants continues to be the lack of defined in vitro correlates of in vivo adjuvanticity. This brief review discusses recent developments, exciting trends, and notable successes in the adjuvant research field, albeit acknowledging challenges and areas for improvement.
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3
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Expansion of interferon inducible gene pool via USP18 inhibition promotes cancer cell pyroptosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:251. [PMID: 36646704 PMCID: PMC9842760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough cancer therapy, it is only effective in some patients, indicating the need of alternative therapeutic strategies. Induction of cancer immunogenic cell death (ICD) is one promising way to elicit potent adaptive immune responses against tumor-associated antigens. Type I interferon (IFN) is well known to play important roles in different aspects of immune responses, including modulating ICD in anti-tumor action. However, how to expand IFN effect in promoting ICD responses has not been addressed. Here we show that depletion of ubiquitin specific protease 18 (USP18), a negative regulator of IFN signaling, selectively induces cancer cell ICD. Lower USP18 expression correlates with better survival across human selected cancer types and delays cancer progression in mouse models. Mechanistically, nuclear USP18 controls the enhancer landscape of cancer cells and diminishes STAT2-mediated transcription complex binding to IFN-responsive elements. Consequently, USP18 suppression not only enhances expression of canonical IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), but also activates the expression of a set of atypical ISGs and NF-κB target genes, including genes such as Polo like kinase 2 (PLK2), that induce cancer pyroptosis. These findings may support the use of targeting USP18 as a potential cancer immunotherapy.
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Shukla NM, Sato-Kaneko F, Yao S, Pu M, Chan M, Lao FS, Sako Y, Saito T, Messer K, Hayashi T, Cottam HB, Corr M, Carson DA. A Triple High Throughput Screening for Extracellular Vesicle Inducing Agents With Immunostimulatory Activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869649. [PMID: 35479316 PMCID: PMC9035538 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication and regulation of cells, especially in the immune system where EVs can participate in antigen presentation and may have adjuvant effects. We aimed to identify small molecule compounds that can increase EV release and thereby enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines. We utilized a THP-1 reporter cell line engineered to release EV-associated tetraspanin (CD63)-Turbo-luciferase to quantitatively measure EVs released in culture supernatants as a readout of a high throughput screen (HTS) of 27,895 compounds. In parallel, the cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated by PrestoBlue dye assay. For screening immunostimulatory potency, we performed two additional independent HTS on the same compound library using NF-κB and interferon-stimulated response element THP-1 reporter cell lines. Hit compounds were then identified in each of the 3 HTS’s, using a “Top X″ and a Gaussian Mixture Model approach to rule out false positive compounds and to increase the sensitivity of the hit selection. Thus, 644 compounds were selected as hits which were further evaluated for induction of IL-12 in murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (mBMDCs) and for effects of cell viability. The resulting 130 hits were then assessed from a medicinal chemistry perspective to remove compounds with functional group liabilities. Finally, 80 compounds were evaluated as vaccine adjuvants in vivo using ovalbumin as a model antigen. We analyzed 18 compounds with adjuvant activity for their ability to induce the expression of co-stimulatory molecules on mBMDCs. The full complement of data was then used to cluster the compounds into 4 distinct biological activity profiles. These compounds were also evaluated for quantitation of EV release and spider plot overlays were generated to compare the activity profiles of compounds within each cluster. This tiered screening process identified two compounds that belong to the 4-thieno-2-thiopyrimidine scaffold with identical screening profiles supporting data reproducibility and validating the overall screening process. Correlation patterns in the adjuvanticity data suggested a role for CD63 and NF-κB pathways in potentiating antigen-specific antibody production. Thus, our three independent cell-based HTS campaigns led to identification of immunostimulatory compounds that release EVs and have adjuvant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Minya Pu
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S. Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yukiya Sako
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karen Messer
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Longevity, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dennis A. Carson,
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5
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Sato-Kaneko F, Yao S, Lao FS, Nan J, Shpigelman J, Cheng A, Saito T, Messer K, Pu M, Shukla NM, Cottam HB, Chan M, Molina AJ, Corr M, Hayashi T, Carson DA. Mitochondria-dependent synthetic small-molecule vaccine adjuvants for influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025718118. [PMID: 34078669 PMCID: PMC8201894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025718118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants enhance and prolong pathogen-specific protective immune responses. Recent reports indicate that host factors-such as aging, pregnancy, and genetic polymorphisms-influence efficacies of vaccines adjuvanted with Toll-like receptor (TLR) or known pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) agonists. Although PRR independent adjuvants (e.g., oil-in-water emulsion and saponin) are emerging, these adjuvants induce some local and systemic reactogenicity. Hence, new TLR and PRR-independent adjuvants that provide greater potency alone or in combination without compromising safety are highly desired. Previous cell-based high-throughput screenings yielded a small molecule 81 [N-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-ethoxybenzenesulfonamide], which enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB and type I interferon signaling in reporter assays. Here compound 81 activated innate immunity in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The innate immune activation by 81 was independent of TLRs and other PRRs and was significantly reduced in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS)-deficient BMDCs. Compound 81 activities were mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction as mitophagy inducers and a mitochondria specific antioxidant significantly inhibited cytokine induction by 81. Both compound 81 and a derivative obtained via structure-activity relationship studies, 2F52 [N-benzyl-N-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-ethoxybenzenesulfonamide] modestly increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and induced the aggregation of MAVS. Neither 81 nor 2F52 injected as adjuvants caused local or systemic toxicity in mice at effective concentrations for vaccination. Furthermore, vaccination with inactivated influenza virus adjuvanted with 2F52 demonstrated protective effects in a murine lethal virus challenge study. As an unconventional and safe adjuvant that does not require known PRRs, compound 2F52 could be a useful addition to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Fitzgerald S Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Jason Nan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Jonathan Shpigelman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Annette Cheng
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Karen Messer
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901
| | - Minya Pu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901
| | - Nikunj M Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809
| | - Anthony J Molina
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809;
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0809;
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6
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Shpigelman J, Lao FS, Yao S, Li C, Saito T, Sato-Kaneko F, Nolan JP, Shukla NM, Pu M, Messer K, Cottam HB, Carson DA, Corr M, Hayashi T. Generation and Application of a Reporter Cell Line for the Quantitative Screen of Extracellular Vesicle Release. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:668609. [PMID: 33935791 PMCID: PMC8085554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are identified as mediators of intercellular communication and cellular regulation. In the immune system, EVs play a role in antigen presentation as a part of cellular communication. To enable drug discovery and characterization of compounds that affect EV biogenesis, function, and release in immune cells, we developed and characterized a reporter cell line that allows the quantitation of EVs shed into culture media in phenotypic high-throughput screen (HTS) format. Tetraspanins CD63 and CD9 were previously reported to be enriched in EVs; hence, a construct with dual reporters consisting of CD63-Turbo-luciferase (Tluc) and CD9-Emerald green fluorescent protein (EmGFP) was engineered. This construct was transduced into the human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1. Cells expressing the highest EmGFP were sorted by flow cytometry as single cell, and clonal pools were expanded under antibiotic selection pressure. After four passages, the green fluorescence dimmed, and EV biogenesis was then tracked by luciferase activity in culture supernatants. The Tluc activities of EVs shed from CD63Tluc-CD9EmGFP reporter cells in the culture supernatant positively correlated with the concentrations of released EVs measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis. To examine the potential for use in HTS, we first miniaturized the assay into a robotic 384-well plate format. A 2210 commercial compound library (Maybridge) was then screened twice on separate days, for the induction of extracellular luciferase activity. The screening data showed high reproducibility on days 1 and 2 (78.6%), a wide signal window, and an excellent Z′ factor (average of 2-day screen, 0.54). One hundred eighty-seven compounds showed a response ratio that was 3SD above the negative controls in both day 1 and 2 screens and were considered as hit candidates (approximately 10%). Twenty-two out of 40 re-tested compounds were validated. These results indicate that the performance of CD63Tluc-CD9EmGFP reporter cells is reliable, reproducible, robust, and feasible for HTS of compounds that regulate EV release by the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shpigelman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John P Nolan
- Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Nikunj M Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Minya Pu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen Messer
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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7
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Chan M, Lao FS, Chu PJ, Shpigelman J, Yao S, Nan J, Sato-Kaneko F, Li V, Hayashi T, Corr M, Carson DA, Cottam HB, Shukla NM. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies To Identify Affinity Probes in Bis-aryl Sulfonamides That Prolong Immune Stimuli. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9521-9540. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S. Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Paul J. Chu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Jonathan Shpigelman
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Jason Nan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Vicky Li
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
| | - Nikunj M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0695, United States
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8
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Sato-Kaneko F, Wang X, Yao S, Hosoya T, Lao FS, Messer K, Pu M, Shukla NM, Cottam HB, Chan M, Carson DA, Corr M, Hayashi T. Discovery of a Novel Microtubule Targeting Agent as an Adjuvant for Cancer Immunotherapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8091283. [PMID: 30406141 PMCID: PMC6199861 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8091283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For an activating immunotherapy such as adjuvants, a compound that can prolong immune stimulation may enhance efficacy. We leveraged data from two prior high throughput screens with NF-κB and interferon reporter cell lines to identify 4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles as a class of compounds that prolonged activation in both screens. We repurchased 23 of the most promising candidates. Out of these compounds we found #1 to be the most effective agent in stimulating the release of cytokines and chemokines from immune cells, including murine primary bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Mechanistically, #1 inhibited tubulin polymerization, and its effect on immune cell activation was abolished in cells mutated in the beta-tubulin gene (TUBB) encoding the site where colchicine binds. Treatment with #1 resulted in mitochondrial depolarization followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Because tubulin polymerization modulating agents have been used for chemotherapy to treat malignancy and #1 activated cytokine responses, we hypothesized that #1 could be effective for cancer immunotherapy. Intratumoral injection of #1 delayed tumor growth in a murine syngeneic model of head and neck cancer. When combined with PD-1 blockade, tumor growth slowed in the injected tumor nodule and there was an abscopal effect in an uninjected nodule on the contralateral flank, suggesting central antitumor immune activation. Thus, we identified a new class of tubulin depolymerizing agent that acts as both an innate and an adaptive immune activating agent and that limits solid tumor growth when used concurrently with a checkpoint inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Sato-Kaneko
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Tadashi Hosoya
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Fitzgerald S. Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Karen Messer
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Minya Pu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Nikunj M. Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Howard B. Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Michael Chan
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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