1
|
Hwang RD, Lu Y, Tang Q, Periz G, Park G, Li X, Xiang Q, Liu Y, Zhang T, Wang J. DBT is a metabolic switch for maintenance of proteostasis under proteasomal impairment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.12.556394. [PMID: 37745492 PMCID: PMC10515868 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.556394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Proteotoxic stress impairs cellular homeostasis and underlies the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The proteasomal and autophagic degradation of proteins are two major pathways for protein quality control in the cell. Here, we report a genome-wide CRISPR screen uncovering a major regulator of cytotoxicity resulting from the inhibition of the proteasome. Dihydrolipoamide branched chain transacylase E2 (DBT) was found to be a robust suppressor, the loss of which protects against proteasome inhibition-associated cell death through promoting clearance of ubiquitinated proteins. Loss of DBT altered the metabolic and energetic status of the cell and resulted in activation of autophagy in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanism in the presence of proteasomal inhibition. Loss of DBT protected against proteotoxicity induced by ALS-linked mutant TDP-43 in Drosophila and mammalian neurons. DBT is upregulated in the tissues from ALS patients. These results demonstrate that DBT is a master switch in the metabolic control of protein quality control with implications in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Prout-Holm RA, van Walstijn CC, Hitsman A, Rowley MJ, Olsen JE, Page BDG, Frankel A. Investigating Protein Binding with the Isothermal Ligand-induced Resolubilization Assay. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300773. [PMID: 38266114 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Target engagement assays typically detect and quantify the direct physical interaction of a protein of interest and its ligand through stability changes upon ligand binding. Commonly used target engagement methods detect ligand-induced stability by subjecting samples to thermal or proteolytic stress. Here we describe a new variation to these approaches called Isothermal Ligand-induced Resolubilization Assay (ILIRA), which utilizes lyotropic solubility stress to measure ligand binding through changes in target protein solubility. We identified distinct buffer systems and salt concentrations that compromised protein solubility for four diverse proteins: dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 5 (NUDT5), poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1), and protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1). Ligand-induced solubility rescue was demonstrated for these proteins, suggesting that ILIRA can be used as an additional target engagement technique. Differences in ligand-induced protein solubility were assessed by Coomassie blue staining for SDS-PAGE and dot blot, as well as by NanoOrange, Thioflavin T, and Proteostat fluorescence, thus offering flexibility for readout and assay throughput.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riley A Prout-Holm
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Cerissa C van Walstijn
- Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alana Hitsman
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael J Rowley
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jonas E Olsen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brent D G Page
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Adam Frankel
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hippman RS, Snead AM, Petros ZA, Korkmaz-Vaisys MA, Patel S, Sotelo D, Dobria A, Salkovski M, Nguyen TTA, Linares R, Cologna SM, Gowrishankar S, Aldrich LN. Discovery of a Small-Molecule Modulator of the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway That Targets Lamin A/C and LAMP1, Induces Autophagic Flux, and Affects Lysosome Positioning in Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4363-4382. [PMID: 38069806 PMCID: PMC10739612 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major catabolic degradation and recycling process that maintains homeostasis in cells and is especially important in postmitotic neurons. We implemented a high-content phenotypic assay to discover small molecules that promote autophagic flux and completed target identification and validation studies to identify protein targets that modulate the autophagy pathway and promote neuronal health and survival. Efficient syntheses of the prioritized compounds were developed to readily access analogues of the initial hits, enabling initial structure-activity relationship studies to improve potency and preparation of a biotin-tagged pulldown probe that retains activity. This probe facilitated target identification and validation studies through pulldown and competition experiments using both an unbiased proteomics approach and western blotting to reveal Lamin A/C and LAMP1 as the protein targets of compound RH1115. Evaluation of RH1115 in neurons revealed that this compound induces changes to LAMP1 vesicle properties and alters lysosome positioning. Dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosome pathway has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the value of new strategies for therapeutic modulation and the importance of small-molecule probes to facilitate the study of autophagy regulation in cultured neurons and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Hippman
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Amanda M. Snead
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Zoe A. Petros
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Melissa A. Korkmaz-Vaisys
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sruchi Patel
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Daniel Sotelo
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Andrew Dobria
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Maryna Salkovski
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Thu T. A. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ricardo Linares
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Cologna
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roldán M, Nolasco GA, Armengol L, Frías M, Morell M, García-Aragonés M, Epifani F, Muchart J, Ramírez-Almaraz ML, Martorell L, Hernando-Davalillo C, Urreizti R, Serrano M. Advanced Optical Microscopy: Unveiling Functional Insights Regarding a Novel PPP2R1A Variant and Its Unreported Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13699. [PMID: 37762002 PMCID: PMC10530954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of genes implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions is rapidly growing. Recently, variants in PPP2R1A have been associated with syndromic intellectual disability and a consistent, but still expanding, phenotype. The PPP2R1A gene encodes a protein subunit of the serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A enzyme, which plays a critical role in cellular function. We report an individual showing pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH), microcephaly, optic and peripheral nerve abnormalities, and an absence of typical features like epilepsy and an abnormal corpus callosum. He bears an unreported variant in an atypical region of PPP2R1A. In silico studies, functional analysis using immunofluorescence, and super-resolution microscopy techniques were performed to investigate the pathogenicity of the variant. This analysis involved a comparative analysis of the patient's fibroblasts with both healthy control cells and cells from an individual with the previously described phenotype. The results showed reduced expression of PPP2R1A and the presence of aberrant protein aggregates in the patient's fibroblasts, supporting the pathogenicity of the variant. These findings suggest a potential association between PPP2R1A variants and PCH, expanding the clinical spectrum of PPP2R1A-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Further studies and descriptions of additional patients are needed to fully understand the genotype-phenotype correlation and the underlying mechanisms of this novel phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Roldán
- Confocal Microscopy and Cellular Imaging Unit, Genetic and Molecular Medicine Department, Pediatric Institute for Rare Diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.F.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
| | - Gregorio Alexander Nolasco
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Armengol
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, qGenomics, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Marcos Frías
- Confocal Microscopy and Cellular Imaging Unit, Genetic and Molecular Medicine Department, Pediatric Institute for Rare Diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (M.R.); (M.F.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
| | - Marta Morell
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, qGenomics, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Manel García-Aragonés
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, qGenomics, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (L.A.); (M.M.); (M.G.-A.)
| | - Florencia Epifani
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Muchart
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luisa Ramírez-Almaraz
- Genetic and Molecular Medicine Department, Pediatric Institute for Rare Diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Loreto Martorell
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
- Genetic and Molecular Medicine Department, Pediatric Institute for Rare Diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Cristina Hernando-Davalillo
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
- Genetic and Molecular Medicine Department, Pediatric Institute for Rare Diseases, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Roser Urreizti
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; (G.A.N.); (F.E.); (J.M.); (L.M.); (C.H.-D.); (R.U.)
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rademacher DJ, Bello AI, May JP. CASC3 Biomolecular Condensates Restrict Turnip Crinkle Virus by Limiting Host Factor Availability. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167956. [PMID: 36642157 PMCID: PMC10338645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The exon-junction complex (EJC) plays a role in post-transcriptional gene regulation and exerts antiviral activity towards several positive-strand RNA viruses. However, the spectrum of RNA viruses that are targeted by the EJC or the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. EJC components from Arabidopsis thaliana were screened for antiviral activity towards Turnip crinkle virus (TCV, Tombusviridae). Overexpression of the accessory EJC component CASC3 inhibited TCV accumulation > 10-fold in Nicotiana benthamiana while knock-down of endogenous CASC3 resulted in a > 4-fold increase in TCV accumulation. CASC3 forms cytoplasmic condensates and deletion of the conserved SELOR domain reduced condensate size 7-fold and significantly decreased antiviral activity towards TCV. Mass spectrometry of CASC3 complexes did not identify endogenous stress granule or P-body markers and CASC3 failed to co-localize with an aggresome-specific dye suggesting that CASC3 condensates are distinct from well-established membraneless compartments. Mass spectrometry and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that CASC3 sequesters Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70-1) and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), two host factors with roles in tombusvirus replication. Overexpression of Hsp70-1 or GAPDH reduced the antiviral activity of CASC3 2.1-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively, and suggests that CASC3 inhibits TCV by limiting host factor availability. Unrelated Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) also depends on Hsp70-1 and CASC3 overexpression restricted TMV accumulation 4-fold and demonstrates that CASC3 antiviral activity is not TCV-specific. Like CASC3, Auxin response factor 19 (ARF19) forms poorly dynamic condensates but ARF19 overexpression failed to inhibit TCV accumulation and suggests that CASC3 has antiviral activities that are not ubiquitous among cytoplasmic condensates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Rademacher
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Abudu I Bello
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jared P May
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Quantitative super-resolution imaging of pathological aggregates reveals distinct toxicity profiles in different synucleinopathies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205591119. [PMID: 36206368 PMCID: PMC9573094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205591119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a hallmark of major neurodegenerative disorders. Increasing data suggest that smaller aggregates cause higher toxic response than filamentous aggregates (fibrils). However, the size of small aggregates has challenged their detection within biologically relevant environments. Here, we report approaches to quantitatively super-resolve aggregates in live cells and ex vivo brain tissues. We show that Amytracker 630 (AT630), a commercial aggregate-activated fluorophore, has outstanding photophysical properties that enable super-resolution imaging of α-synuclein, tau, and amyloid-β aggregates, achieving ∼4 nm precision. Applying AT630 to AppNL-G-F mouse brain tissues or aggregates extracted from a Parkinson's disease donor, we demonstrate excellent agreement with antibodies specific for amyloid-β or α-synuclein, respectively, confirming the specificity of AT630. Subsequently, we use AT630 to reveal a linear relationship between α-synuclein aggregate size and cellular toxicity and discovered that aggregates smaller than 450 ± 60 nm (aggregate450nm) readily penetrated the plasma membrane. We determine aggregate450nm concentrations in six Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies donor samples and show that aggregates in different synucleinopathies demonstrate distinct potency in toxicity. We further show that cell-penetrating aggregates are surrounded by proteasomes, which assemble into foci to gradually process aggregates. Our results suggest that the plasma membrane effectively filters out fibrils but is vulnerable to penetration by aggregates of 450 ± 60 nm. Together, our findings present an exciting strategy to determine specificity of aggregate toxicity within heterogeneous samples. Our approach to quantitatively measure these toxic aggregates in biological environments opens possibilities to molecular examinations of disease mechanisms under physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahman MA, Rahman MDH, Mamun-Or-Rashid ANM, Hwang H, Chung S, Kim B, Rhim H. Autophagy Modulation in Aggresome Formation: Emerging Implications and Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1027. [PMID: 35625764 PMCID: PMC9138936 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevailing neurodegenerative diseases in the world, which is characterized by memory dysfunction and the formation of tau and amyloid β (Aβ) aggregates in multiple brain regions, including the hippocampus and cortex. The formation of senile plaques involving tau hyperphosphorylation, fibrillar Aβ, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is used as a pathological marker of AD and eventually produces aggregation or misfolded protein. Importantly, it has been found that the failure to degrade these aggregate-prone proteins leads to pathological consequences, such as synaptic impairment, cytotoxicity, neuronal atrophy, and memory deficits associated with AD. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that the autophagy pathway plays a role as a central cellular protection system to prevent the toxicity induced by aggregation or misfolded proteins. Moreover, it has also been revealed that AD-related protein aggresomes could be selectively degraded by autophagosome and lysosomal fusion through the autophagy pathway, which is known as aggrephagy. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy serve as a useful approach to modulate the formation of aggresomes associated with AD. This review focuses on the recent improvements in the application of natural compounds and small molecules as a potential therapeutic approach for AD prevention and treatment via aggrephagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-5, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M D Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - A N M Mamun-Or-Rashid
- Anti-Aging Medical Research Center and Glycation Stress Research Center, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Chung
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-5, Hoegidong, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fennell M, Johnston PA. High-Content Imaging and Informatics: A Joint Special Issue with Society for Biomolecular Imaging and Informatics and SLAS. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 25:668-671. [PMID: 32687017 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220937652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|