1
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Liu C, Zhang H. Data processing for high-throughput mass spectrometry in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:815-825. [PMID: 38785418 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2354871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-throughput mass spectrometry that could deliver > 10 times faster sample readout speed than traditional LC-based platforms has emerged as a powerful analytical technique, enabling the rapid analysis of complex biological samples. This increased speed of MS data acquisition has brought a critical demand for automatic data processing capabilities that should match or surpass the speed of data acquisition. Those data processing capabilities should serve the different requirements of drug discovery workflows. AREAS COVERED This paper introduced the key steps of the automatic data processing workflows for high-throughput MS technologies. Specific examples and requirements are detailed for different drug discovery applications. EXPERT OPINION The demand for automatic data processing in high-throughput mass spectrometry is driven by the need to keep pace with the accelerated speed of data acquisition. The seamless integration of processing capabilities with LIMS, efficient data review mechanisms, and the exploration of future features such as real-time feedback, automatic method optimization, and AI model training is crucial for advancing the drug discovery field. As technology continues to evolve, the synergy between high-throughput mass spectrometry and intelligent data processing will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping the future of high-throughput drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Iambic Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA
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2
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Quinn A, Ivosev G, Chin J, Mongillo R, Veiga C, Covey TR, Kapinos B, Khunte B, Zhang H, Troutman MD, Liu C. High-Throughput Compound Quality Assessment with High-Mass-Resolution Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry: An Automatic Data Processing Toolkit. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8381-8389. [PMID: 38750648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological screening heavily relies on the reliability of compound libraries. To ensure the accuracy of screening results, fast and reliable quality control (QC) of these libraries is essential. While liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectrometry (MS) detection has been employed for molecule QC on small sample sets, the analytical throughput becomes a bottleneck when dealing with large libraries. Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS) is a high-throughput analytical platform that covers a broad range of chemical structural space. In this study, we present the utilization of an AEMS system equipped with a high-resolution MS analyzer for high-throughput compound QC. To facilitate efficient data processing, which is a key challenge for such a high-throughput application, we introduce an automatic data processing toolkit that allows for the high-throughput assessment of the sample standards' quantitative and qualitative characteristics, including purity calculation with the background processing option. Moreover, the toolkit includes a module for quantitatively comparing spectral similarity with the reference library. Integrating the described high-resolution AEMS system with the data processing toolkit effectively eliminates the analytical bottleneck, enabling a rapid and reliable compound quality assessment of large-scale compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alandra Quinn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gordana Ivosev
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Jefferson Chin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- AssayQuant Technologies, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Robert Mongillo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cristiano Veiga
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
- Red Hat, Toronto, Ontario M5C 3G8, Canada
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Brendon Kapinos
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bhagyashree Khunte
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Iambic Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew D Troutman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
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3
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Williams JD, Pu F, Sawicki JW, Elsen NL. Ultra-high-throughput mass spectrometry in drug discovery: fundamentals and recent advances. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:291-301. [PMID: 38111363 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2293153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultra-high-throughput mass spectrometry, uHT-MS, is a technology that utilizes ionization and sample delivery technologies optimized to enable sampling from well plates at > 1 sample per second. These technologies do not need a chromatographic separation step and can be utilized in a wide variety of assays to detect a broad range of analytes including small molecules, lipids, and proteins. AREAS COVERED This manuscript provides a brief historical review of high-throughput mass spectrometry and the recently developed technologies that have enabled uHT-MS. The report also provides examples and references on how uHT-MS has been used in biochemical and chemical assays, nuisance compound profiling, protein analysis and high throughput experimentation for chemical synthesis. EXPERT OPINION The fast analysis time provided by uHT-MS is transforming how biochemical and chemical assays are performed in drug discovery. The potential to associate phenotypic responses produced by 1000's of compound treatments with changes in endogenous metabolite and lipid signals is becoming feasible. With the augmentation of simple, fast, high-throughput sample preparation, the scope of uHT-MS usage will increase. However, it likely will not supplant LC-MS for analyses that require low detection limits from complex matrices or characterization of complex biotherapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Pu
- Abbvie Discovery Research, North Chicago, IL, USA
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Kertesz V, Carper DL, Cahill JF. High-throughput mass spectrometry analysis using immediate drop-on-demand technology coupled with an open port sampling interface. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9687. [PMID: 38212650 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The sampling throughput of immediate drop-on-demand technology (I.DOT) coupled with an open port sampling interface (OPSI) is limited by software communication. To enable much-needed high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) analysis capabilities, a novel software was developed that allows for flexible sample selection from a 96-well plate and for maximized analysis throughput using I.DOT/OPSI-MS coupling. METHODS Wells of a 96-well I.DOT plate were filled with propranolol solution and were used to test maximum sampling throughput strategies to minimize analysis time. Demonstration of chemical reaction monitoring was done using acid-catalyzed ring closure of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) with nitrite to form 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT). Analytes were detected in positive electrospray ionization mode using selected reaction monitoring. RESULTS A maximum throughput of 1.54 s/sample (7.41 min/96-well plate with three technical replicates) was achieved, and it was limited by the peak width of the MS signal resulting in an occasional slight overlap between the peaks. Relative standard deviation was 10 ± 1% with all tested sampling strategies. Chemical reaction monitoring of DAN to NAT using nitrite was successfully accomplished with 2 s/sample throughout showing almost complete transformation in 10 min with no signal overlap. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates the development of a noncontact, automated I.DOT/OPSI-MS system with improved throughput achieved through an optimized software interface. Its achievable analysis time and precision make it a viable approach for drug discovery and in situ reaction monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dana L Carper
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - John F Cahill
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Rimmer MA, Twarog NR, Li Y, Shelat AA, Rankovic Z, Yang L. A high-throughput quality control method for assessing the serial dilution performance of dose-response plates with acoustic ejection mass spectrometry. SLAS Technol 2024; 29:100115. [PMID: 37925158 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a streamlined method for evaluating the dilution ratio of drug dose-response plates created by automated liquid handlers in the early stages of drug discovery. The quantitative techniques commonly used for this purpose have restrictions due to their limited linear dynamic range and inaccuracies in assessing serial dilution performance. To address this challenge, we describe a method based on acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS). The method involves using standard compounds and an internal standard to evaluate each dilution point in quality control (QC) plates. The samples are transferred to a chromatography-free tandem mass spectrometry system through an acoustic source, enabling the analysis of one sample per three seconds from a microtiter plate. This approach provides precise, accurate, label-free, and rapid data acquisition to support high-throughput screening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ashley Rimmer
- Analytical Technologies Center, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nathaniel R Twarog
- Lead Discovery Informatics, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Analytical Technologies Center, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Anang A Shelat
- Lead Discovery Informatics, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Analytical Technologies Center, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Lei Yang
- Analytical Technologies Center, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.
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Cahill JF, Kertesz V. Rapid Droplet Sampling Interface for Low-Volume, High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16418-16425. [PMID: 37888790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a rapid droplet sampling interface (RDSI) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) system as a high-throughput, low-volume, noncontact, and minimal-carryover approach for characterization of liquids. Liquid characterization was achieved by combining droplet ejection with an open-face microflow capillary with a 2.5 μL/min continuous flow of carrier solvent. Through this implementation, single 0.3 nL droplets containing the analyte effectively mix with 4-8 nL of carrier solvent and create a combined electrospray plume. The carrier solvent continuously cleaned the system, eliminating carryover. A sampling rate of 5 Hz was achieved for droplets containing 1 μM propranolol or 5 μM leu-enkephalin with each droplet fully baseline-resolved (138 ± 32 ms baseline-to-baseline). Using a SCIEX API4000 mass spectrometer, a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of propranolol was 15 nM, corresponding to 1.16 fg of propranolol in the droplet, and was linear across 3 orders of magnitude. Quantitation could be achieved by adding an isotopically labeled internal standard, as done in conventional ESI. Signal transients were faster than the acquisition speed of the mass spectrometer, resulting in artificially high reproducibility of 15-30% RSD droplet-to-droplet. Analyte-solvent mixing ratios could be controlled by adjusting droplet positioning along the open-face capillary with an optimal position about 0.4 mm from the tip end. The range of analyte coverage was exemplified by measures of peptides and drugs in methanol, water, and buffer solutions. In a comparison to the Open Port Sampling Interface (OPSI) implemented on the same system, the RDSI had 78× greater sensitivity, 6× greater throughput and used significantly less carrier solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cahill
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
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7
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Zacharias AO, Liu C, VanAernum ZL, Covey TR, Bateman KP, Wen X, McLaren DG. Ultrahigh-Throughput Intact Protein Analysis with Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:4-9. [PMID: 36468949 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The need for high-throughput intact protein analysis has been rising as drug discovery increasingly requires the analysis of large sets of covalent modifiers and protein therapeutics. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the primary analytical tool used to date to characterize proteins within the biopharmaceutical industry. However, the speed of LC-MS prevents the analysis of large-scale sample sets (>1000 within a day). Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS) has recently been established as an electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS based platform with both fast analytical throughput and high data quality. Since its introduction, this technology has been applied in numerous fields with a primary focus on small-molecule analysis in high-throughput drug discovery and development. Here we explore the application of AEMS to high-throughput intact protein analysis for proteins ranging in molecular weight from 17 to 150 kDa on a prototype high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (HR QTOF) based AEMS system. Data quality obtained on this platform is comparable to LC-MS, while the analysis speed is significantly improved to one-second-per-sample. This ultrahigh-throughput intact protein analysis platform has the potential to be used broadly in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adway O Zacharias
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, OntarioL4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Zachary L VanAernum
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, OntarioL4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Kevin P Bateman
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - Xiujuan Wen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
| | - David G McLaren
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave. Rahway, New Jersey07065, United States
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Covey T. Where have all the ions gone, long time passing? Tandem quadrupole mass spectrometers with atmospheric pressure ionization sensitivity gains since the mid-1970s. A perspective. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022:e9354. [PMID: 35830299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The gains in sensitivity since 1975 for quadrupole mass spectrometers equipped with atmospheric pressure ionization (API), and in particular triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (QqQs) since 1981, have been driven by the needs of the environmental, biomedical, agricultural, and other scientific research, industrial, regulatory, legal, and sporting communities to continually achieve lower limits of quantitation and identification. QqQs have realized a one-million-fold improvement in sensitivity attempting to address these needs over the past two score years. It is the purpose of this article to describe how that came about, not through an exhaustive review of the literature, but rather by describing what general approaches were used across the industry to improve sensitivity and provide some examples to illustrate its evolution. The majority of the gains came from the ion source and its interface to the vacuum system. "Sampling efficiency" is a measurement of the losses in this area so will be a focus of this review. The discovery of the phenomenon of collisional focusing was key to improving sampling efficiency because it enabled designs that increased the ion-containing gas loads from the ion source, using staged differential pumping backed by increasingly larger pumps, and prevented the scattering losses of ions in the resulting gas expansion inside vacuum. Likewise, systems with smaller pumps and lower ion-containing gas loads could be designed with size and cost reduction in mind while maintaining reasonable sampling efficiencies. As a consequence, advancements in the designs of both larger and smaller turbomolecular vacuum pumps were accelerated by pump manufacturers to accommodate the explosive growth in the use of API-QqQ and API-ion trap mass spectrometers that occurred in the 1990s and continued into the new millennium. Sampling efficiency was further improved by increasing the ion yield from electrospray by increasing the rate of droplet desolvation. An estimate of the practical limit to further sensitivity improvements beyond what has been achieved to date is provided to shed light on what to expect in the future. Lastly, the implications and unforeseen consequences of the sensitivity gains are considered with a particular focus on how they have enabled a dramatic increase in daily sample throughput on triple quadrupole and other types of mass spectrometers.
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9
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Speckmeier E, Pommereau A, Grosser KC, Mors H, Maier TC, Licher T, Bärenz F. A high-throughput screening assay for mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 using acoustic droplet ejection mass spectrometry. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:298-305. [PMID: 35460923 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet ejection mass spectrometry (ADE-MS) has recently emerged as a promising label-free, MS-based readout method for high throughput screening (HTS) campaigns in early pharmaceutical drug discovery, since it enables high-speed analysis directly from 384- or 1536-well plates. In this manuscript we describe our characterization of an ADE-MS based high sample content enzymatic assay for mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132H with a strong focus on assay development. IDH1 R132H has become a very attractive therapeutic target in the field of antitumor drug discovery, and several pharmaceutical companies have attempted to develop novel small molecule inhibitors against mutant IDH1. With the development of an mIDH1 ADE-MS based HTS assay and a detailed comparison of this new readout technique to the commonly used fluorescence intensity mIDH1 assay, we demonstrated good correlation of both methods and were able to identify new potent inhibitors of mIDH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Speckmeier
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany.
| | - Antje Pommereau
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Kay-Christoph Grosser
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mors
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Thomas C Maier
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Felix Bärenz
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany.
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10
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Zhang J, Shou W, Weller H, Liu C, Veiga C, Covey T. A Full Scan Data Review Tool to Match the Speed of Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.ib7278q3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS) has recently emerged as the premier ultrahigh-throughput mass spectrometric methodology for drug discovery and related fields. The ultrahigh analytical speed (~1 s/sample) of AEMS has significantly enhanced the efficiency of many high throughput applications. As a result, a data processing and reviewing tool with a matching speed is in high demand for the large amount of data generated, especially for applications such as quality control (QC) of compound collections and high throughput chemistry, where full-scan MS data required convoluted subsequent peak extraction and evaluation. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of a tool developed specifically for this purpose. The process using the tool involved automated splitting of the full scan data to correlate well positions with each signal peak, extraction of expected mass traces, and subsequent peak integration. Data evaluation based on verification rules, such as detected mass accuracy, isotopic pattern, and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), enabled a comprehensive assessment of sample quality that was complemented by visualization in the form of a plate heat map generated from the selected rules. The tool demonstrated fast and straightforward data review and reporting and, more importantly, at a matching speed of sample analysis by acoustic ejection mass spectrometry. The choice of data processing and storage over the cloud further facilitated results sharing among data users.
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11
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Liu C. Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry: Fundamentals and Applications in High-Throughput Drug Discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:775-787. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2084069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada
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12
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Towards one sample per second for mass spectrometric screening of engineered microbial strains. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 76:102725. [PMID: 35489307 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories convert renewable feedstocks into desirable chemicals and materials. Due to the lack of predictive modeling, high-throughput screening remains essential for microbial strain engineering. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a label-free modality with superior sensitivity and chemical specificity. Critical advances in improving the throughput of MS assays on complex microbial samples include massively parallel cultivation, robotic sample preparation, and chromatography-free instrumentation. Here, we review the recent development and application of rapid MS assays in screening microbial libraries, achieving or approaching a rate of one sample per second. We conclude with unique challenges associated with MS screening of strain libraries and discuss future solutions.
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13
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The 2022 SLAS technology ten: Translating life sciences innovation. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Sosnowski P, Marin V, Tian X, Hopfgartner G. Analysis of illicit pills and drugs of abuse in urine samples using a 3D-printed open port probe hyphenated with differential mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2022; 147:4318-4325. [PMID: 36040388 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00925k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes the application of an in-house developed 3D-printed open port probe (3DP-OPP) with differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sosnowski
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Victor Marin
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaobo Tian
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 24, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Shou WZ. Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry: Development, applications, and future perspective. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5278. [PMID: 34741338 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Morato NM, Le MT, Holden DT, Graham Cooks R. Automated High-Throughput System Combining Small-Scale Synthesis with Bioassays and Reaction Screening. SLAS Technol 2021; 26:555-571. [PMID: 34697962 DOI: 10.1177/24726303211047839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Purdue Make It system is a unique automated platform capable of small-scale in situ synthesis, screening small-molecule reactions, and performing direct label-free bioassays. The platform is based on desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), an ambient ionization method that allows for minimal sample workup and is capable of accelerating reactions in secondary droplets, thus conferring unique advantages compared with other high-throughput screening technologies. By combining DESI with liquid handling robotics, the system achieves throughputs of more than 1 sample/s, handling up to 6144 samples in a single run. As little as 100 fmol/spot of analyte is required to perform both initial analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) and further MSn structural characterization. The data obtained are processed using custom software so that results are easily visualized as interactive heatmaps of reaction plates based on the peak intensities of m/z values of interest. In this paper, we review the system's capabilities as described in previous publications and demonstrate its utilization in two new high-throughput campaigns: (1) the screening of 188 unique combinatorial reactions (24 reaction types, 188 unique reaction mixtures) to determine reactivity trends and (2) label-free studies of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase enzyme directly from the bioassay buffer. The system's versatility holds promise for several future directions, including the collection of secondary droplets containing the products from successful reaction screening measurements, the development of machine learning algorithms using data collected from compound library screening, and the adaption of a variety of relevant bioassays to high-throughput MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - MyPhuong T Le
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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17
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Zhang H, Liu C, Hua W, Ghislain LP, Liu J, Aschenbrenner L, Noell S, Dirico KJ, Lanyon LF, Steppan CM, West M, Arnold DW, Covey TR, Datwani SS, Troutman MD. Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10850-10861. [PMID: 34320311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a mass spectrometry (MS) analytical platform resulting from the novel integration of acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) technology, an open-port interface (OPI), and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS that creates a transformative system enabling high-speed sampling and label-free analysis. The ADE technology delivers nanoliter droplets in a touchless manner with high speed, precision, and accuracy. Subsequent sample dilution within the OPI, in concert with the capabilities of modern ESI-MS, eliminates the laborious sample preparation and method development required in current approaches. This platform is applied to a variety of experiments, including high-throughput (HT) pharmacology screening, label-free in situ enzyme kinetics, in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, pharmacokinetic and biomarker analysis, and HT parallel medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Wenyi Hua
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lucien P Ghislain
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Inc., San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lisa Aschenbrenner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kenneth J Dirico
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lorraine F Lanyon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mike West
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Don W Arnold
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Sammy S Datwani
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Inc., San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Matthew D Troutman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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18
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Simon RP, Häbe TT, Ries R, Winter M, Wang Y, Fernández-Montalván A, Bischoff D, Runge F, Reindl W, Luippold AH, Büttner FH. Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry: A Fully Automatable Technology for High-Throughput Screening in Drug Discovery. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:961-973. [PMID: 34308708 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211028135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE)-open port interface (OPI)-mass spectrometry (MS) has recently been introduced as a versatile analytical method that combines fast and contactless acoustic sampling with sensitive and accurate electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS-based analyte detection. The potential of the technology to provide label-free measurements in subsecond analytical cycle times makes it an attractive option for high-throughput screening (HTS). Here, we report the first implementation of ADE-OPI-MS in a fully automated HTS environment, based on the example of a biochemical assay aiming at the identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GMP-AMP) synthase (cGAS). First, we describe the optimization of the method to enable sensitive and accurate determination of enzyme activity and inhibition in miniaturized 1536-well microtiter plate format. Then we show both results from a validation single-concentration screen using a test set of 5500 compounds, and the subsequent concentration-response testing of selected hits in direct comparison with a previously established matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) readout. Finally, we present the development of an in-line OPI cleaning procedure aiming to match the instrument robustness required for large-scale HTS campaigns. Overall, this work points to critical method development parameters and provides guidance for the establishment of integrated ADE-OPI-MS as HTS-compatible technology for early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman P Simon
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Tim T Häbe
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Robert Ries
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Yuting Wang
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Bischoff
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Frank Runge
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reindl
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Andreas H Luippold
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Frank H Büttner
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
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19
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Häbe TT, Späth C, Schrade S, Jörg W, Süssmuth RD, Bischoff D, Luippold AH. An ultrafast and flexible liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system paves the way for machine learning driven in vivo sample processing in early drug discovery. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9096. [PMID: 33837598 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The low speed and low flexibility of most liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) approaches in early drug discovery delay sample analysis from routine in vivo studies within the same day. A high-throughput platform for the rapid quantification of drug compounds in various in vivo assays was developed and established in routine bioanalysis. METHODS Automated selection of an efficient and adequate LC method was realized by autonomous sample qualification for ultrafast batch gradients (9 s/sample) or for fast linear gradients (45 s/sample) if samples required chromatography. The hardware and software components of our Rapid and Integrated Analysis System (RIAS) were streamlined for increased analytical throughput via state-of-the-art automation while maintaining high analytical quality. RESULTS Online decision-making was based on a quick assay suitability test (AST), based on a small and dedicated sample set evaluated by two different strategies. 84% of the acquired data points were within ±30% accuracy and 93% of the deviations between the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) values were ≤2-fold compared with standard LC/MS/MS systems. Speed, flexibility and overall automation significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS The developed platform provided an analysis time of only 10 min (batch-mode) and 47 min (gradient-mode) per standard pharmacokinetic (PK) study (62 injections). Automation, data evaluation and results handling were optimized to pave the way for machine learning based on decision-making regarding the evaluation strategy of the AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim T Häbe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach an der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Christian Späth
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, ISEE Infrastructure, Safety, Environment and Engineering, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach an der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Steffen Schrade
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach an der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jörg
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, ISEE Infrastructure, Safety, Environment and Engineering, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach an der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, Berlin, 10623, Germany
| | - Daniel Bischoff
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach an der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Andreas H Luippold
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Drug Discovery Sciences, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, Biberach an der Riss, 88397, Germany
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