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Eiras JC, Pavanelli GC, Takemoto RM, Nawa Y. An Overview of Fish-borne Nematodiases among Returned Travelers for Recent 25 Years- Unexpected Diseases Sometimes Far Away from the Origin. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:215-227. [PMID: 29996625 PMCID: PMC6046559 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Along with globalization of traveling and trading, fish-borne nematodiases seems to be increasing in number. However, apart from occasional and sporadic case reports or mini-reviews of particular diseases in particular countries, an overview of fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers have never been performed. In this review, we gathered fishborne nematodiasis among travelers for recent 25 years by an extensive global literature survey using appropriate keywords, e.g. travelers diseases, human infection, anisakiasis, gnathostomiasis, capillariasis, sushi, sashimi, ceviche, Gnathostoma, Pseudoterranova, Anisakis, Capillaria, etc., as well as various combinations of these key words. The Internet search engines PubMed, Medline, Google and Googler Scholar were used as much as possible, and the references of every paper were checked in order to identify useful and reliable publications. The results showed unexpectedly high incidence of gnathostomiasis and low incidence of anisakidosis. The different incidence values of the infection with several fish-borne zoonotic nematode species are discussed, as well as some epidemiological aspects of the infections. The difficulties of differential diagnosis in non-endemic countries are emphasized. It is concluded that travelers must avoid risky behaviors which can lead to infection and that physicians and health authorities must advice travelers on the risks of eating behaviors during travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Costa Eiras
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-308 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Cezar Pavanelli
- Unicesumar, Programa de pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Bloco 7, Avenida Guerner Dias, 1610-Jardim Aclimação, Maringá-PR, 87050-900, Brasil
- Pesquisador do Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Bloco 11-50 andar (44) 3027-6360 Ramal 1346, Brasil
| | | | - Yukifumi Nawa
- Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitrapap Highway, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Abstract
Fish-borne zoonotic nematodes may infect humans when fish or squid are ingested raw or inadequately cooked. Human infections may have serious consequences, including the unexpected deaths of infected people. This kind of disease is poorly known in general, and the characteristics of such infections in South American countries as a whole have never been assessed. In this paper the present status of fish-borne nematodiases in humans in South American countries is characterized. Potentially zoonotic nematode species are very common in both freshwater and marine fish in South America. Reports of human infections have only been found in some countries, and their incidence (especially with anisakids and Gnathostoma spp.) varies from country to country. Apparently they are more abundant in countries with strong traditions of eating raw fish, and are more frequent on the western coast of South America. So far fish-borne nematodes have been reported in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In recent years, cases of human infection have appeared in probably underestimated numbers. People need to be clearly informed about risky feeding habits, and physicians need to learn more about zoonotic diseases.
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Neumayr A, Ollague J, Bravo F, Gotuzzo E, Jimenez P, Norton SA, Doanh PN, Nawa Y, Horii Y, Nickel B, Marti H. Cross-Reactivity Pattern of Asian and American Human Gnathostomiasis in Western Blot Assays Using Crude Antigens Prepared from Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma binucleatum Third-Stage Larvae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:413-6. [PMID: 27325806 PMCID: PMC4973192 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnathostomiasis is a zoonotic parasitosis endemic in many Asian and some Latin American countries. Most human infections are caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum in Asia and Gnathostoma binucleatum in the Americas, and recently, imported cases have been increasing among travelers returning from endemic regions. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis relies largely on serologic tests, with a G. spinigerum-antigen-based immunoblot currently being the diagnostic method of choice. However, we repeatedly experienced that sera from patients with clinically suspected American gnathostomiasis gave negative results in this assay. Therefore, we used homologous methods to prepare G. spinigerum- and G. binucleatum-antigen-based immunoblot assays, and evaluated the cross-reactivity of the two assays. The results show incomplete cross-reactivity between the two assays: the G. spinigerum-antigen-based immunoblot apparently only detects Asian gnathostomiasis caused by G. spinigerum, whereas the G. binucleatum-antigen-based immunoblot is apparently capable of detecting American as well as Asian gnathostomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Neumayr
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jose Ollague
- Dermatopathology Section, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Bravo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Pedro Jimenez
- Research Department, Foundation for Marine Coastal Management and Research (FEMM), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Scott A Norton
- Department of Dermatology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Pham Ngoc Doanh
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yukifumi Nawa
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Beatrice Nickel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Marti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Janwan P, Intapan PM, Yamasaki H, Laummaunwai P, Sawanyawisuth K, Wongkham C, Tayapiwatana C, Kitkhuandee A, Lulitanond V, Nawa Y, Maleewong W. Application of recombinant Gnathostoma spinigerum matrix metalloproteinase-like protein for serodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis by immunoblotting. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89:63-7. [PMID: 23716413 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) is the extracellular zinc-dependent endopeptidase and is secreted for degrading extracellular matrix molecules of host tissues. A cDNA encoding MMP-like protein of Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and was cloned into a prokaryotic expression vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli. Total immunoglobulin G class (total IgG) antibody responses to the recombinant MMP-like protein were analyzed by immunoblot diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Serum samples from proven and clinically suspected cases of gnathostomiasis, other parasitic diseases patients, and from healthy volunteers were tested. The immunoblotting gave high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (94.7%). Positive and negative predictive values were 85.4% and 100%, respectively. Recombinant MMP-like protein can be used as a diagnostic antigen and potentially replace native parasite antigens to develop a gnathostomiasis diagnostic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penchom Janwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Campista-León S, Delgado-Vargas F, Landa A, Willms K, López-Moreno HS, Mendoza-Hernández G, Ríos-Sicairos J, Bojórquez-Contreras AN, Díaz-Camacho SP. Identification of immunodominant peptides from Gnathostoma binucleatum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:888-96. [PMID: 22949520 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Gnathostomiasis is now recognized as a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. In the Americas, it is caused by the third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma binucleatum and in Asia mainly by G. spinigerum. The availability and preparation of specific antigens are among the main obstacles for developing reliable immunodiagnostic tests. In this study, six immunodominant peptides were identified and characterized from G. binucleatum, somatic antigens (AgS: 24, 32, and 40 kDa) and excretory-secretory antigens (AgES: 42, 44, and 56 kDa) by two-dimensional immunoblot analysis. Among those immunodominant peptides, two AgS spots were characterized by mass spectrometric analysis (32 kDa; pI 6.3 and 6.5) and identified as type 1 galectins. In accordance with this finding, a fraction of AgS exhibited affinity to lactose and displayed a 100% specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of human gnathostomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Campista-León
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.
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Kuo YL, Wu YH, Su KE. Cutaneous larva migrans induced by swallowing live pond loaches. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011; 36:878-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Caballero-García MDL, Almeyda-Artigas RJ, Mosqueda-Cabrera MA, Jiménez-Cardoso E. Protein profile analysis from advanced third-stage larvae (AdvL3) and adult worms of Gnathostoma binucleatum (Nematoda: Spirurida). Parasitol Res 2006; 100:555-60. [PMID: 17096141 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins from crude extracts of advanced third-stage larvae and adult Gnathostoma binucleatum nematode worms showed protein profiles in SDS-PAGE analysis similar to Echinococcus granulosus, Trichinella spiralis, Dipylidium caninum, Ancylostoma caninum, Ascaris lumbricoides and Toxocara canis. The immunoblot analysis of the human serum infected or suspected to be infected with G. binucleatum using the total larvae extract recognized the 40, 60, 80 and 115 kDa proteins and using the total adult worm extract recognized only the 80 and 115 kDa proteins. However, the 115 kDa protein showed cross-reactions with A. caninum, A. lumbricoides, T. canis and D. caninum with human serum positive to gnathostomosis, while the 40 kDa protein was only recognized with the G. binucleatum total larvae extract. The results obtained suggest that the use of antigens from the advanced third-stage larvae of the parasite were best recognized for immunodiagnosis of gnathostomosis.
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Abstract
Gnathostomiasis is a nematode infestation endemic in Southeast Asia, which can involve multiple organs including the liver, eyes, gastrointestinal tract and CNS. The most common manifestation is recurrent migratory subcutaneous swellings which can appear anywhere on the body and are accompanied by pruritus and systemic symptoms such as low-grade fever, loss of appetite and nausea. The diagnosis is based on the clinical picture, history of travel, peripheral blood eosinophilia and the determination of agent-specific antibody levels. The standard treatment is albendazole. We present a 37-year-old Laotian woman, who had lived in Germany for 17 years, but developed recurrent swelling of the cheek following a visit to Laos. Because of the typical clinical findings, the history of a visit to Laos, and the presence of specific anti-Gnathostoma antibodies on Western blot, the diagnosis of cutaneous gnathostomiasis was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hennies
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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