Low-density lipoprotein modification by normal, myeloperoxidase-deficient and NADPH oxidase-deficient granulocytes and the impact of redox active transition metal ions

Enhanced oxidative stress in neutrophils from hyperlipidemic guinea pig

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase are antilipidemic agents (statins) widely used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have suggested that the overall benefits of statin therapy cannot be accounted for solely by its antilipidemic effect. To obtain further insight into the mechanism of action of statins, we studied the effect of pitavastatin on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) obtained from control and hyperlipidemic guinea pigs. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the amount of ROS generated by PMN from the hyperlipidemic animals that had been administered a laurate-containing diet (LD) for 4 weeks was larger than that from the normal diet (ND) group (837% increase, ND; 82.17 arbitrary units, LD; 688.10 arbitrary units, P < 0.01, n = 6). Administration of pitavastatin to the LD group significantly decreased plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with a reduction in ROS generation by PMN (19% decrease, LD control; 688.10 arbitrary units, LD + pitavastatin; 556.87 arbitrary units, P < 0.01, n = 6). Western blotting analysis revealed that the expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKC alpha) and betaI was higher in PMN from the LD group than in PMN from the ND group (PKC alpha; 74% increase, PKC betaI; 339% increase, P < 0.05, n = 4, respectively). Furthermore, expression of NADPH oxidase gp91phox in PMN from the LD group was higher than that in PMN from the ND group (18% increase, P < 0.05, n = 4). By administration of pitavastatin to the LD group, the expression of PKC alpha, betaI and gp91phox was suppressed compared with the control LD group (PKC alpha; 41% decrease, PKC beta; 28% decrease, gp91phox; 56% decrease, P < 0.05, n = 4, respectively). These results indicate that PMN from hyperlipidemic animals is associated with an accelerated respiratory burst of ROS by increasing the expression of PKC alpha, betaI and gp91phox, and pitavastatin inhibits this by suppressing the expression of those proteins.