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da Trindade MAO, Fonseca ÁLS, Dias IHL, de Sousa SRM, Enk MJ, Lima KVB, de Paula Souza E Guimarães RJ. Geospatial analysis and prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth infections in an endemic area in Eastern Brazilian Amazon. Trop Med Int Health 2024; 29:507-517. [PMID: 38659108 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the occurrence of Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths in an endemic area in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon, analysing prevalence and spatial distribution. METHODS The study was conducted in four localities of Primavera Municipality, in Pará state. Data was obtained from the Decit 40/2012 project and the participants were divided into five age range categories for evaluation: children, adolescents, young adults, adults and elderly individuals. For the diagnostic tests, Kato-Katz slides were prepared to detect S. mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths eggs. The spatial distribution map and the Kernel Density Estimation were performed to assess the presence and location of infections. RESULTS Stool samples revealed the presence of hookworms, S. mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura eggs. Mono-, bi- and poly-parasitic infections were observed, with a significant prevalence of hookworm monoparasitism. CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of children infected with soil-transmitted helminths confirms their significance as an ongoing public health problem in the poorest municipalities of Brazil. The Geographic Information System plays a crucial role in environmental surveillance and in the control of epidemics and endemic diseases, enabling accurate assessment and informed decision-making for their control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Álvaro Luan Santana Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Helena Lima Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Martin Johannes Enk
- Laboratório de Parasitoses Intestinais e Esquistossomose (LPIE), Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Biologia Parasitária na Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Seção de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Brazil
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Fantinatti M, Da-Cruz AM. Enterobius vermicularis in Brazil: An integrative review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e00732023. [PMID: 37792827 PMCID: PMC10550099 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0073-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterobius vermicularis, an intestinal helminth, is transmitted through the ingestion of eggs found in food, water, dust, or other fomites, including infected individuals. This review aimed to examine the frequency and distribution of E. vermicularis infections in Brazil between 1991 and 2022. The conducted bibliographic survey revealed that the frequency of E. vermicularis infections in Brazil ranged from 0.1 to 26.1%, depending on factors such as population ethnicity, individual age group, geographic area, time frame, and diagnostic method. However, these findings were based on a limited number of publications, suggesting that the actual prevalence rates of E. vermicularis infection may still be unknown and potentially underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fantinatti
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Curso de Medicina, Boa Vista, RR, Brasil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Disciplina de Parasitologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Dos Santos Zanetti A, Malheiros AF, de Matos TA, Dos Santos C, Battaglini PF, Moreira LM, Lemos LMS, Castrillon SKI, da Costa Boamorte Cortela D, Ignotti E, Espinosa OA. Diversity, geographical distribution, and prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:17. [PMID: 33812449 PMCID: PMC8019558 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Entamoeba includes a variety of widely distributed species adapted to live in the digestive tracts of humans and a large variety of animals of different classes. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba spp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. Studies that analyzed hosts from several classes, including humans and domestic, wild, or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Entamoeba spp. was calculated using the random-effects model. A total of 166 studies on humans and 16 on animals were included. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in the Brazilian population was 22% (95% CI: 21–24). The state with the highest prevalence was Paraiba with 72%, followed by Federal District with 53%, and Rondonia with 50%. In immunocompromized patients, the prevalence was 18%, and cancer (36%) was the most prevalent cause of immunosuppression. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in animal hosts was 12% (95% CI: 7–17). Captive wild animals and domestic farm animals showed the highest prevalence, with 16% and 15%, respectively. The species found more often were E. coli (86.5%), E. dispar (7.9%), and E. histolytica (3.1%). In conclusion, a high prevalence (22%) of Entamoeba spp. was found in the Brazilian population, with a prevalence of up to 50% mainly in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. The pathogenic species E. histolytica is distributed in most Brazilian regions, with significant prevalence percentages. Among animals, unidentified Entamoeba species were most prevalent in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andernice Dos Santos Zanetti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco Malheiros
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Amorim de Matos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Paula Franciene Battaglini
- Residency in Infectious Diseases, Júlio Miller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Luis Philippe Pereira Leite St., Alvorada, Cuiabá, 78048-902 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Luciana Melhorança Moreira
- Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, 78217-042 Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maria Scalon Lemos
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Solange Kimie Ikeda Castrillon
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Denise da Costa Boamorte Cortela
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, 78217-042 Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Omar Ariel Espinosa
- Faculty Estacio of Pantanal (Estacio FAPAN), São Luís, 2522 St - Cidade Nova, Caceres, 78201-000 Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Infections with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/ Entamoeba dispar as Hidden and Prevalent Conditions in Periurban Communities in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:3134849. [PMID: 32733575 PMCID: PMC7376428 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3134849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to assess the prevalence, distribution, and etiological profile of intestinal parasitism in children living in periurban areas in Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A community-based cross-sectional survey (n = 479) was carried out. Prevalence of infection with G. duodenalis and E. histolytica/E. dispar was 8.6% (n = 41) and 13.4% (n = 64), respectively. Infection with G. duodenalis was significantly more frequent among children living in poor families (24/187 (12.8%) vs. 16/272 (5.9%); prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19–3.99; p=0.011). This difference was also significant for infection with any pathogenic parasite (43/187 (23%) vs. 40/272 (14/7%); PR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.06–2.30; p=0.026). In addition, people residing in houses with more than four inhabitants showed significantly higher positivity for infections with G. duodenalis and with E. histolytica/E. dispar (22/138 (15.9%) vs. 16/311 (5.1%); PR = 3.09; 95% CI = 1.68–5.71; p < 0.001 for G. duodenalis and 32/138 (23.2%) vs. 30/311 (9.6%); PR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.52–3.79; p < 0.001 for E. histolytica/E. dispar). Laboratory diagnosis of protozoan enteric infections and effective drugs for their treatment are unmet goals in the primary health care system. Therefore, giardiasis and amebiasis are neglected conditions.
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Blaizot R, Simon S, Brottier J, Blanchet D, Brousse P, Boukhari R, Demar M. Utility of PCR in Patients with Strongyloides stercoralis and HTLV-1 Coinfection in French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:848-850. [PMID: 31436152 PMCID: PMC6779212 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis and human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) coinfections have been extensively reported in the literature, but the diagnosis and treatment of strongyloidiasis remains a challenge, particularly in HTLV-1 carriers. Our objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of a new PCR method for the detection of S. stercoralis in HTLV-1-positive patients. Stools were collected over a 1-year period across the endemic region of French Guiana, including remote forest areas. Two systems of real-time PCR were then used comparatively, with small subunit and specific repeat as respective targets, and compared with the results of microscopic examinations. One-hundred and twelve stool samples were included. Twenty-seven patients (24.1%) presented a positive HTLV-1 serology. The overall prevalence of strongyloidiasis among the 112 patients was 30% with small-subunit PCR and 11.6% with microscopic examinations. In the seropositive population, all tested stools were negative, whereas 51.2% were positive using small-subunit PCR. Thus, PCR allowed a much-improved sensitivity, particularly in HTLV-1 carriers. Among the two systems investigated, small subunit yielded better results than specific repeat PCR, with prevalence rates in HTLV-1 carriers of 51.2% and 22.2%, respectively. Therefore, PCR should be considered as a useful tool for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis, particularly in HTLV-1 carriers who often present a light parasitic load due to erratic administration of anthelmintic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Blaizot
- EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologies Tropicales, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana.,Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Stephane Simon
- Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Cayenne, French Guiana.,EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologies Tropicales, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean Brottier
- Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Cayenne, French Guiana.,EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologies Tropicales, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Paul Brousse
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Rachida Boukhari
- Laboratoire, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent-Du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Cayenne, French Guiana.,EA 3593, Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologies Tropicales, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Barbosa CV, Barreto MM, Andrade RDJ, Sodré F, d’Avila-Levy CM, Peralta JM, Igreja RP, de Macedo HW, Santos HLC. Intestinal parasite infections in a rural community of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): Prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis subtypes. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29522552 PMCID: PMC5844535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal parasitic infections are considered a serious public health problem and widely distributed worldwide, mainly in urban and rural environments of tropical and subtropical countries. Globally, soil-transmitted helminths and protozoa are the most common intestinal parasites. Blastocystis sp. is a highly prevalent suspected pathogenic protozoan, and considered an unusual protist due to its significant genetic diversity and host plasticity. Methodology/main findings A total of 294 stool samples were collected from inhabitants of three rural valleys in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The stool samples were evaluated by parasitological methods, fecal culture, nested PCR and PCR/Sequencing. Overall prevalence by parasitological analyses was 64.3% (189 out of 294 cases). Blastocystis sp. (55.8%) was the most prevalent, followed by Endolimax nana (18.7%), Entamoeba histolytica complex (7.1%), hookworm infection (7.1%), Entomoeba coli (5.8%), Giardia intestinalis (4.1%), Iodamoeba butchilii (1.0%), Trichuris trichiura (1.0%), Pentatrichomonas hominis (0.7%), Enterobius vermicularis (0.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.7%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (0.7%). Prevalence of IPIs was significantly different by gender. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis sp. and BLAST search revealed five different subtypes: ST3 (34.0%), ST1 (27.0%), ST2 (27.0%), ST4 (3.5%), ST8 (7.0%) and a non-identified subtype. Conclusions/significance Our findings demonstrate that intestinal parasite infection rates in rural areas of the Sumidouro municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are still high and remain a challenge to public health. Moreover, our data reveals significant genetic heterogeneity of Blastocystis sp. subtypes and a possible novel subtype, whose confirmation will require additional data. Our study contributes to the understanding of potential routes of transmission, epidemiology, and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in rural areas both at a regional and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Valença Barbosa
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Magali Muniz Barreto
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosemary de Jesus Andrade
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Instituto Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Sodré
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Masini d’Avila-Levy
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Pereira Igreja
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Werneck de Macedo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Lucia Carneiro Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis circulating in three Brazilian biomes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:107-112. [PMID: 29410226 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis has a wide genetic variety, and its characterization helps in the understanding of its transmission dynamics and in the development control strategies. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of G. duodenalis obtained in different Brazilian biomes and estimate their phylogenetic relationships. Three surveys including 944 participants were carried out in the municipalities of Russas (RSS, Caatinga semiarid biome), Santa Isabel do Rio Negro (SIRN, Amazon rainforest biome) and Nossa Senhora de Nazaré (NSN, Cerrado-Caatinga transition biome). G. duodenalis-positive fecal samples were submitted to amplification of gene fragments encoding β-giardin (βG, N = 71), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, N = 42), and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI, N = 27). Overall detection rates of assemblage A in G. duodenalis-positive samples through βG, GDH and TPI were 22/71 (31%), 13/42 (31%), and 13/27 (48.1%), respectively. Concerning assemblage B, rates with distinct genetic markers were 49/71 (69%), 29/42 (69%), and 14/27 (51.9%), respectively. In the Amazon, assemblage B was more prevalent (77.8%, 71.8% and 65% through βG, GDH and TPI, respectively), while in the Cerrado biome assemblage A predominated (50%, 66.6%, and 85.7%, through βG, GDH and TPI, respectively). In Caatinga biome assemblage A also predominated (71.4%, through βG). Thirty new sub-assemblages are described for assemblage B (24 βG and six TPI), as well as three new sub-assemblages are described for assemblage A (one GDH and 2 TPI). Higher genetic diversity of assemblage B in the Amazon may be related to demographic concentration leading to a more complex transmission network within a poorer sanitation background. The high genetic divergence between assemblages A and B (5.5-6.3%) support the proposal of taxon separation in distinct species.
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Kobylinski KC, Escobedo-Vargas KS, López-Sifuentes VM, Durand S, Smith ES, Baldeviano GC, Gerbasi RV, Ballard SB, Stoops CA, Vásquez GM. Ivermectin susceptibility, sporontocidal effect, and inhibition of time to re-feed in the Amazonian malaria vector Anopheles darlingi. Malar J 2017; 16:474. [PMID: 29162101 PMCID: PMC5696779 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outdoor malaria transmission hinders malaria elimination efforts in the Amazon region and novel vector control tools are needed. Ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) to humans kills wild Anopheles, targets outdoor-feeding vectors, and can suppress malaria parasite transmission. Laboratory investigations were performed to determine ivermectin susceptibility, sporontocidal effect and inhibition of time to re-feed for the primary Amazonian malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi. METHODS To assess ivermectin susceptibility, various concentrations of ivermectin were mixed in human blood and fed to An. darlingi. Mosquito survival was monitored daily for 7 days and a non-linear mixed effects model with Probit analysis was used to calculate lethal concentrations of ivermectin that killed 50% (LC50), 25% (LC25) and 5% (LC5) of mosquitoes. To examine ivermectin sporonticidal effect, Plasmodium vivax blood samples were collected from malaria patients and offered to mosquitoes without or with ivermectin at the LC50, LC25 or LC5. To assess ivermectin inhibition of mosquito time to re-feed, concentrations of ivermectin predicted to occur after a single oral dose of 200 μg/kg ivermectin were fed to An. darlingi. Every day for 12 days thereafter, individual mosquitoes were given the opportunity to re-feed on a volunteer. Any mosquitoes that re-blood fed or died were removed from the study. RESULTS Ivermectin significantly reduced An. darlingi survivorship: 7-day-LC50 = 43.2 ng/ml [37.5, 48.6], -LC25 = 27.8 ng/ml [20.4, 32.9] and -LC5 = 14.8 ng/ml [7.9, 20.2]. Ivermectin compound was sporontocidal to P. vivax in An. darlingi at the LC50 and LC25 concentrations reducing prevalence by 22.6 and 17.1%, respectively, but not at the LC5. Oocyst intensity was not altered at any concentration. Ivermectin significantly delayed time to re-feed at the 4-h (48.7 ng/ml) and 12-h (26.9 ng/ml) concentrations but not 36-h (10.6 ng/ml) or 60-h (6.3 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS Ivermectin is lethal to An. darlingi, modestly inhibits sporogony of P. vivax, and delays time to re-feed at concentrations found in humans up to 12 h post drug ingestion. The LC50 value suggests that a higher than standard dose (400-μg/kg) is necessary to target An. darlingi. These results suggest that ivermectin MDA has potential in the Amazon region to aid malaria elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Kobylinski
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
| | - Karín S Escobedo-Vargas
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Av. Venezuela block 36 s/n, Callao 2, Peru
| | - Victor M López-Sifuentes
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Av. Venezuela block 36 s/n, Callao 2, Peru
| | - Salomón Durand
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Av. Venezuela block 36 s/n, Callao 2, Peru
| | - Edward S Smith
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Av. Venezuela block 36 s/n, Callao 2, Peru
| | - G Christian Baldeviano
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Av. Venezuela block 36 s/n, Callao 2, Peru
| | - Robert V Gerbasi
- Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Sara-Blythe Ballard
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Rm. W5515, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Craig A Stoops
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Av. Venezuela block 36 s/n, Callao 2, Peru
| | - Gissella M Vásquez
- Department of Entomology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Av. Venezuela block 36 s/n, Callao 2, Peru
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Paradies P, Iarussi F, Sasanelli M, Capogna A, Lia RP, Zucca D, Greco B, Cantacessi C, Otranto D. Occurrence of strongyloidiasis in privately owned and sheltered dogs: clinical presentation and treatment outcome. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:345. [PMID: 28728589 PMCID: PMC5520385 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing number of reports of human infections by Strongyloides stercoralis from a range of European countries over the last 20 years has spurred the interest of the scientific community towards this parasite and, in particular, towards the role that infections of canine hosts may play in the epidemiology of human disease. Data on the epidemiology of canine strongyloidiasis is currently limited, most likely because of the inherent limitations of current diagnostic methods. METHODS Faecal samples were collected directly from the rectal ampulla of 272 animals of varying age and both genders living in Apulia, southern Italy. Dogs included were either privately owned (n = 210), living in an urban area but with unrestricted outdoor access (Group 1), or shelter dogs (n = 62 out of ~400) hosted in a single shelter in the province of Bari in which a history of diarrhoea, weight loss, reduced appetite and respiratory symptoms had been reported (Group 2). Strongyloides stercoralis infection was diagnosed by coproscopy on direct faecal smear and via the Baermann method. RESULTS Six of 272 dogs were positive for S. stercoralis at the Baermann examination; all but one were from the shelter (Group 2) and displayed gastrointestinal clinical signs. The only owned dog (Group 1) infected with S. stercoralis, but clinically healthy, had been adopted from a shelter 1 year prior to sampling. Five infected dogs were treated with fenbendazole (Panacur®, Intervet, Animal Health, 50 mg/kg, PO daily for 5 days), or with a combination of fenbendazole and moxidectin plus imidacloprid spot-on (Im/Mox; Advocate® spot-on, Bayer). Post-treatment clearance of infection was confirmed in three dogs by Baermann examination, whereas treatment failure was documented in two dogs by Baermann and/or post-mortem detection of adult parasites. CONCLUSIONS This study describes, for the first time, the presence of S. stercoralis infection in sheltered dogs from southern Italy. Data indicate that S. stercoralis infection may pose a concern for sheltered animals and raise questions on potential risks of infection for staff of municipal shelters in southern European countries. Given that a single course of treatment with fenbendazole, associated or not with Im/Mox spot-on, may not eliminate the infection, effective treatment protocols should be investigated and control strategies targeting the environment considered for reducing the risk of zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Paradies
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Iarussi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Sasanelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Capogna
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Zucca
- Institute of Animal Health, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Beatrice Greco
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, Veterinary Section, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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10
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Chen KY, Yen CM, Hwang KP, Wang LC. Enterobius vermicularis infection and its risk factors among pre-school children in Taipei, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 51:559-564. [PMID: 28690027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of pinworm infection is extremely low in Taipei, Taiwan. This population study was designed to determine the current status and the associated risk factors of this infection among pre-school children. METHODS Perianal swab specimens were obtained from the parents or guardians using a two-consecutive-day adhesive cellophane perianal swab kit. Information of family background, personal hygiene, and household sanitary conditions were collected by asking the parents or guardians to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS Of 44,163 children, 0.21% was found to infect with pinworm. The positive rate was highest in Datong (0.59%) and Nangang (0.58%) Districts and lowest in Neihu District (0.02%). There was no significant difference in the rates by gender (boys 0.24% and girls 0.19%) or school (kindergartens 0.25% and nurseries 0.17%). Significantly higher positive rates were found in children having parent with lower educational level and elder brother(s)/sister(s). Children taking bath by themselves and those sleeping in bed with matting had significantly higher positive rates. Five significant independent predictors of pinworm infection were determined by multivariate analysis: having elder brother(s), having elder sister(s), infrequent washing hands after using toilet facilities, bathing without the help of family members, and sleeping on bed with matting. CONCLUSION The prevalence of pinworm infection in the pre-school children of Taipei is extremely low and decreasing. Good hand washing habit should be an important preventive measure. Transmission of this infection in pre-school children may occur in the family through their school-age siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Min Yen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Pin Hwang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, China Medical University Children's Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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11
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Delfino BM, Campos RG, Pereira TM, Mantovani SAS, Oliart-Guzmán H, Martins AC, Braña AM, Branco FLCC, Filgueira-Júnior JA, Santos AP, Araújo TS, Oliveira CSM, Ramalho AA, Muniz PT, Codeço CT, da Silva-Nunes M. Evolution of Socioeconomic Conditions and Its Relation to Spatial-Temporal Changes of Giardiasis and Helminthiasis in Amazonian Children. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:743-760. [PMID: 27638472 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the evolution of socioeconomic, sanitary, and personal factors as well as spatiotemporal changes in the prevalence of helminthiasis and giardiasis in urban Amazonian children between 2003 and 2011. Child age, lack of sanitation, and lack of access to bottled water were identified as significant associated factors for helminthiasis and giardiasis. There was an overall improvement in socioeconomic and sanitary conditions in the city resulting in decreased helminth prevalences from 12.42 to 9.63% between 2003 and 2010, but the prevalence increased to 15.03% in 2011 due to migratory movement and unstable sanitary conditions. As for Giardiasis, socioeconomic and environmental changes were not enough to reduce prevalence (16% in 2003 and 23% in 2011). Spatial analysis identified a significant cluster for helminthiasis in an area of poor housing conditions. Control programs in the Amazon need to target high-risk areas focusing changes in sanitation, water usage, and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Delfino
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - R G Campos
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - T M Pereira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - S A S Mantovani
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - H Oliart-Guzmán
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - A C Martins
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - A M Braña
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - F L C C Branco
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - J A Filgueira-Júnior
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - A P Santos
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - T S Araújo
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - C S M Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - A A Ramalho
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - P T Muniz
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil
| | - C T Codeço
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M da Silva-Nunes
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, BR 364 km 04, Rio Branco, Acre, Cep 69919-769, Brazil.
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are generally assumed to be concentrated in poor populations, but evidence on this remains scattered. We describe within-country socioeconomic inequalities in nine NTDs listed in the London Declaration for intensified control and/or elimination: lymphatic filariasis (LF), onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), trachoma, Chagas' disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leprosy, and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODOLOGY We conducted a systematic literature review, including publications between 2004-2013 found in Embase, Medline (OvidSP), Cochrane Central, Web of Science, Popline, Lilacs, and Scielo. We included publications in international peer-reviewed journals on studies concerning the top 20 countries in terms of the burden of the NTD under study. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified 5,516 publications, of which 93 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 59 papers reported substantial and statistically significant socioeconomic inequalities in NTD distribution, with higher odds of infection or disease among poor and less-educated people compared with better-off groups. The findings were mixed in 23 studies, and 11 studies showed no substantial or statistically significant inequality. Most information was available for STH, VL, schistosomiasis, and, to a lesser extent, for trachoma. For the other NTDs, evidence on their socioeconomic distribution was scarce. The magnitude of inequality varied, but often, the odds of infection or disease were twice as high among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups compared with better-off strata. Inequalities often took the form of a gradient, with higher odds of infection or disease each step down the socioeconomic hierarchy. Notwithstanding these inequalities, the prevalence of some NTDs was sometimes also high among better-off groups in some highly endemic areas. CONCLUSIONS While recent evidence on socioeconomic inequalities is scarce for most individual NTDs, for some, there is considerable evidence of substantially higher odds of infection or disease among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. NTD control activities as proposed in the London Declaration, when set up in a way that they reach the most in need, will benefit the poorest populations in poor countries.
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13
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Cabral AC, Iñiguez AM, Moreno T, Bóia MN, Carvalho-Costa FA. Clinical conditions associated with intestinal strongyloidiasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:321-5. [PMID: 26108011 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0019-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth that produces an infection that can persist for decades. The relationships between certain clinical conditions and strongyloidiasis remains controversial. This study aims to identify the clinical conditions associated with intestinal strongyloidiasis at a reference center for infectious diseases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS The clinical conditions that were assessed included HIV/AIDS, HTLV infection, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obstructive respiratory diseases, viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, cancer, chronic renal disease, nutritional/metabolic disorders, psychiatric conditions, rheumatic diseases and dermatologic diseases. We compared 167 S. stercoralis-positive and 133 S. stercoralis-negative patients. RESULTS After controlling for sex (male/female OR = 2.29; 95% (CI): (1.42 - 3.70), rheumatic diseases remained significantly associated with intestinal strongyloidiasis (OR: 4.96; 95% CI: 1.34-18.37) in a multiple logistic regression model. With respect to leukocyte counts, patients with strongyloidiasis presented with significantly higher relative eosinophil (10.32% ± 7.2 vs. 4.23% ± 2.92) and monocyte (8.49% ± 7.25 vs. 5.39% ± 4.31) counts and lower segmented neutrophil (52.85% ± 15.31 vs. 61.32% ± 11.4) and lymphocyte counts (28.11% ± 9.72 vs. 30.90% ± 9.51) than S. stercoralis-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS Strongyloidiasis should be routinely investigated in hospitalized patients with complex conditions facilitate the treatment of patients who will undergo immunosuppressive therapy. Diagnoses should be determined through the use of appropriate parasitological methods, such as the Baermann-Moraes technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caryna Cabral
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alena Mayo Iñiguez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taiza Moreno
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio Neves Bóia
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Intestinal parasites coinfection does not alter plasma cytokines profile elicited in acute malaria in subjects from endemic area of Brazil. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:857245. [PMID: 25309052 PMCID: PMC4182071 DOI: 10.1155/2014/857245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, malaria is prevalent in the Amazon region and these regions coincide with high prevalence of intestinal parasites but few studies explore the interaction between malaria and other parasites. Therefore, the present study evaluates changes in cytokine, chemokine, C-reactive protein, and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in 264 individuals, comparing plasma from infected individuals with concurrent malaria and intestinal parasites to individuals with either malaria infection alone and uninfected. In the studied population 24% of the individuals were infected with Plasmodium and 18% coinfected with intestinal parasites. Protozoan parasites comprised the bulk of the intestinal parasites infections and subjects infected with intestinal parasites were more likely to have malaria. The use of principal component analysis and cluster analysis associated increased levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP and low levels of IL-17A predominantly with individuals with malaria alone and coinfected individuals. In contrast, low levels of almost all inflammatory mediators were associated predominantly with individuals uninfected while increased levels of IL-17A were associated predominantly with individuals with intestinal parasites only. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in our population, the infection with intestinal parasites (mainly protozoan) does not modify the pattern of cytokine production in individuals infected with P. falciparum and P. vivax.
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15
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Ben-Shimol S, Sagi O, Greenberg D. Differences in prevalence of parasites in stool samples between three distinct ethnic pediatric populations in southern Israel, 2007-2011. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:456-62. [PMID: 24201297 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal parasites cause significant morbidity worldwide, particularly in developing populations. At least three pediatric populations reside in southern Israel: the Bedouin population, the general Jewish population and Jewish children of Ethiopian origin. Our aim was to compare intestinal parasite prevalence between the three pediatric populations in southern Israel. This is a retrospective, laboratory, population-based surveillance. Most ova and parasite (O&P) tests in southern Israel (hospital and community obtained) are performed by the hospital parasitology laboratory. All pediatric stool O&P tests examined by the hospital laboratory between 2007 and 2011 were included. Overall, 45,978 samples were examined; 27,354, 16,969 and 1655 from Bedouin, non-Ethiopian Jewish and Ethiopian children, respectively. 16,317 parasites were identified in 12,325 (26.8%) positive samples. Total prevalences were 36%, 11% and 46% for Bedouin, non-Ethiopian Jewish and Ethiopian children, respectively. Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba species were the most common parasites identified, constituting ≥80% of positive samples in all groups. Hymenolepis nana was rarely identified in non-Ethiopian Jewish children (0.04% of isolates compared with 2.6% and 0.5% in Bedouin and Ethiopian children, respectively). Other helminths, excluding H. nana and Enterobius vermicularis, were identified almost exclusively in Ethiopian children ≥5years of age. In conclusion, the Bedouin and Ethiopian children were characterized by higher parasite prevalence in stool, compared with the non-Ethiopian Jewish children, probably reflecting higher intestinal parasitic disease rates. Certain helminthic infections were identified almost exclusively in the Ethiopian children. These differences may be associated with lifestyle differences between the three populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalom Ben-Shimol
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Orli Sagi
- Parasitology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - David Greenberg
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Lima Junior OAD, Kaiser J, Catisti R. High occurrence of giardiasis in children living on a 'landless farm workers' settlement in Araras, São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2013; 55:S0036-46652013000300185. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652013000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric parasitosis remains an important public health problem in many areas around the world including in Brazil, and it is frequently associated with poverty and lack of sanitation facilities. Research carried out over the course of a year revealed that 96.6% (28/29) of children randomly selected from a 'landless farm workers' settlement in Araras, São Paulo, aged 4 - 15 years, presented Giardia intestinalis cysts. After referral to the neighborhood Health Office, all the children received tinidazole, given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg and 12 months later, new fecal samples were collected and analyzed. Despite the low adherence to the study, a high percentage (64.3% - 9/14) of the children remained positive for the parasite. This study showed a high positivity of giardiasis in child residents of the settlement, even after treatment; adults were not sensitized to the study and did not collected and/or deliver children fecal samples. The precarious living conditions are consistent with a high susceptibility to parasitic diseases, suggesting that the treatment of the infected individuals without identifying and eradicating the means of contamination is simply a palliative measure.
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17
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Requena-Méndez A, Chiodini P, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Gotuzzo E, Muñoz J. The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2002. [PMID: 23350004 PMCID: PMC3547839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongyloidiasis is frequently under diagnosed since many infections remain asymptomatic and conventional diagnostic tests based on parasitological examination are not sufficiently sensitive. Serology is useful but is still only available in reference laboratories. The need for improved diagnostic tests in terms of sensitivity and specificity is clear, particularly in immunocompromised patients or candidates to immunosuppressive treatments. This review aims to evaluate both conventional and novel techniques for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis as well as available cure markers for this parasitic infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The search strategy was based on the data-base sources MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Register for systematic review, EmBase, Global Health and LILACS and was limited in the search string to articles published from 1960 to August 2012 and to English, Spanish, French, Portuguese and German languages. Case reports, case series and animal studies were excluded. 2003 potentially relevant citations were selected for retrieval, of which 1649 were selected for review of the abstract. 143 were eligible for final inclusion. CONCLUSIONS Sensitivity of microscopic-based techniques is not good enough, particularly in chronic infections. Furthermore, techniques such as Baermann or agar plate culture are cumbersome and time-consuming and several specimens should be collected on different days to improve the detection rate. Serology is a useful tool but it might overestimate the prevalence of disease due to cross-reactivity with other nematode infections and its difficulty distinguishing recent from past (and cured) infections. To evaluate treatment efficacy is still a major concern because direct parasitological methods might overestimate it and the serology has not yet been well evaluated; even if there is a decline in antibody titres after treatment, it is slow and it needs to be done at 6 to 12 months after treatment which can cause a substantial loss to follow-up in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Requena-Méndez
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
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Iñiguez AM, Leles D, Jaeger LH, Carvalho-Costa FA, Araújo A. Genetic characterisation and molecular epidemiology of Ascaris spp. from humans and pigs in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:604-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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