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Payne H, Lawrie D, Nieuwoudt M, Cotton MF, Gibb DM, Babiker A, Glencross D, Klein N. Comparison of Lymphocyte Subset Populations in Children From South Africa, US and Europe. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:406. [PMID: 32793531 PMCID: PMC7390891 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Typically, African healthcare providers use immunological reference intervals adopted from Europe and the United States (US). This may be inappropriate in a setting with many differences including exposure to different environmental stimuli and pathogens. We compared immunological reference intervals for children from Europe and the US with South African children to explore whether healthy children living in settings with high rates of infectious diseases have different baseline immunological parameters. Methodology: Blood was taken from 381 HIV-uninfected children aged between 2 weeks and 13 years of age from a Child Wellness Clinic in an informal settlement in Cape Town to establish local hematological and lymphocyte reference intervals for South African children. Flow-cytometry quantified percentage and absolute counts of the B-cells, NK-cells, and T-cells including activated, naïve, and memory subsets. These parameters were compared to three separate studies of healthy children in Europe and the US. Results: Increased activated T-cells, and natural killer cells were seen in the younger age-groups. The main finding across all age-groups was that the ratio of naïve/memory CD4 and CD8 T-cells reached a 1:1 ratio around the first decade of life in healthy South African children, far earlier than in resource-rich countries, where it occurs around the fourth decade of life. Conclusions: This is the largest data set to date describing healthy children from an African environment. These data have been used to create local reference intervals for South African children. The dramatic decline in the naïve/memory ratio of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells alongside increased activation markers may indicate that South African children are exposed to a wider range of environmental pathogens in early life than in resource-rich countries. These marked differences illustrate that reference intervals should be relevant to the population they serve. The implications for the developing pediatric immune system requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Payne
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Lawrie
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Nieuwoudt
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBE), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mark Fredric Cotton
- Family Centre for Research With Ubuntu, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Diana M Gibb
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdel Babiker
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Research Council, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Glencross
- National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel Klein
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Lewis J, Payne H, Walker AS, Otwombe K, Gibb DM, Babiker AG, Panchia R, Cotton MF, Violari A, Klein N, Callard RE. Thymic Output and CD4 T-Cell Reconstitution in HIV-Infected Children on Early and Interrupted Antiretroviral Treatment: Evidence from the Children with HIV Early Antiretroviral Therapy Trial. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1162. [PMID: 28979264 PMCID: PMC5611383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early treatment of HIV-infected children and adults is important for optimal immune reconstitution. Infants' immune systems are more plastic and dynamic than older children's or adults', and deserve particular attention. This study aimed to understand the response of the HIV-infected infant immune system to early antiretroviral therapy (ART) and planned ART interruption and restart. METHODS Data from HIV-infected children enrolled the CHER trial, starting ART aged between 6 and 12 weeks, were used to explore the effect of ART on immune reconstitution. We used linear and non-linear regression and mixed-effects models to describe children's CD4 trajectories and to identify predictors of CD4 count during early and interrupted ART. RESULTS Early treatment arrested the decline in CD4 count but did not fully restore it to the levels observed in HIV-uninfected children. Treatment interruption at 40 or 96 weeks resulted in a rapid decline in CD4 T-cells, which on retreatment returned to levels observed before interruption. Naïve CD4 T-cell count was an important determinant of overall CD4 levels. A strong correlation was observed between thymic output and the stable CD4 count both before and after treatment interruption. CONCLUSION Early identification and treatment of HIV-infected infants is important to stabilize CD4 counts at the highest levels possible. Once stabilized, children's CD4 counts appear resilient, with good potential for recovery following treatment interruption. The naïve T-cell pool and thymic production of naive cells are key determinants of children's CD4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Lewis
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling Methodology, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Payne
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. Sarah Walker
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Diana M. Gibb
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abdel G. Babiker
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ravindre Panchia
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mark F. Cotton
- Children’s Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Avy Violari
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel Klein
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin E. Callard
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Naluyima P, Eller LA, Ouma BJ, Kyabaggu D, Kataaha P, Guwatudde D, Kibuuka H, Wabwire-Mangen F, Robb ML, Michael NL, de Souza MS, Sandberg JK, Eller MA. Sex and Urbanicity Contribute to Variation in Lymphocyte Distribution across Ugandan Populations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146196. [PMID: 26730706 PMCID: PMC4701131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of patient care and interpretation of research data require evaluation of laboratory results in the context of reference data from populations with known health status to adequately diagnose disease or make a physiological assessment. Few studies have addressed the diversity of lymphocyte subsets in rural and urban Ugandan populations. Here, 663 healthy blood bank donors from semi-urban centers of Kampala consented to participate in a study to define lymphocyte reference ranges. Whole blood immunophenotyping was performed to determine the frequency and absolute counts of T, B, and NK cells using clinical flow cytometry. Results from blood bank donors were compared to a rural cohort from the district of Kayunga and more urban clinical trial participants from the capital city, Kampala. Relationships between hematological and lymphocyte parameters were also explored. In the semi-urban blood donors, females were significantly different from males in all parameters except the frequency of CD8 T and B cells. Females had higher absolute counts of CD4 T, CD8 T and B cells, whereas males had higher NK cell counts. NK cell frequency and counts were significantly higher in semi-urban blood donors, regardless of sex, compared to more urban study participants. CD8 T cell frequency and counts were significantly higher in the blood donors compared to the rural participants, irrespective of sex. Interestingly, basophil counts were positively associated with overall T cell counts. These findings suggest that both sex and level of cohort urbanicity may influence lymphocyte subset distributions in Ugandans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prossy Naluyima
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benson J. Ouma
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Denis Kyabaggu
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Kataaha
- Uganda National Blood Transfusion Service, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Guwatudde
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannah Kibuuka
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Wabwire-Mangen
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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de Deus N, Moraleda C, Serna-Bolea C, Renom M, Menendez C, Naniche D. Impact of elevated maternal HIV viral load at delivery on T-cell populations in HIV exposed uninfected infants in Mozambique. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:37. [PMID: 25645120 PMCID: PMC4320465 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0766-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers (HIV-exposed uninfected, HEU) have been described to have immune alterations as compared to unexposed infants. This study sought to characterize T-cell populations after birth in HEU infants and unexposed infants living in a semirural area in southern Mozambique. Methods Between August 2008 and June 2009 mother-infant pairs were enrolled at the Manhiça District Hospital at delivery into a prospective observational analysis of immunological and health outcomes in HEU infants. Infants were invited to return at one month of age for a clinical examination, HIV DNA-PCR, and immunophenotypic analyses. The primary analysis sought to assess immunological differences between HEU and unexposed groups, whereas the secondary analysis assessed the impact of maternal HIV RNA viral load in the HEU group. Infants who had a positive HIV DNA-PCR test were not included in the analysis. Results At one month of age, the 74 HEU and the 56 unexposed infants had similar median levels of naïve, memory and activated CD8 and CD4 T-cells. Infant naïve and activated CD8 T-cells were found to be associated with maternal HIV-RNA load at delivery. HEU infants born to women with HIV-RNA loads above 5 log10 copies/mL had lower median levels of naïve CD8 T-cells (p = 0.04), and higher median levels of memory CD8 T-cells, (p = 0.014). Conclusions This study suggests that exposure to elevated maternal HIV-RNA puts the infant at higher risk of having early T-cell abnormalities. Improving prophylaxis of mother to child HIV programs such that more women have undetectable viral load is crucial to decrease vertical transmission of HIV, but may also be important to reduce the consequences of HIV virus exposure in HEU infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilsa de Deus
- National Institute of Health, Maputo, Mozambique. .,Manhiça Health Research Centre (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique.
| | - Cinta Moraleda
- Manhiça Health Research Centre (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique. .,Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Rossello 132, 4°, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Celia Serna-Bolea
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Rossello 132, 4°, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Montse Renom
- Manhiça Health Research Centre (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique. .,Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Rossello 132, 4°, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clara Menendez
- Manhiça Health Research Centre (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique. .,Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Rossello 132, 4°, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Denise Naniche
- Manhiça Health Research Centre (CISM), Manhiça, Mozambique. .,Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Rossello 132, 4°, Barcelona, Spain.
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Smolen KK, Cai B, Fortuno ES, Gelinas L, Larsen M, Speert DP, Chamekh M, Cooper PJ, Esser M, Marchant A, Kollmann TR. Single-cell analysis of innate cytokine responses to pattern recognition receptor stimulation in children across four continents. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3003-3012. [PMID: 25135829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity instructs adaptive immunity, and suppression of innate immunity is associated with an increased risk for infection. We showed previously that whole-blood cellular components from a cohort of South African children secreted significantly lower levels of most cytokines following stimulation of pattern recognition receptors compared with whole blood from cohorts of Ecuadorian, Belgian, or Canadian children. To begin dissecting the responsible molecular mechanisms, we set out to identify the relevant cellular source of these differences. Across the four cohorts represented in our study, we identified significant variation in the cellular composition of whole blood; however, a significant reduction in the intracellular cytokine production on the single-cell level was only detected in South African children's monocytes, conventional dendritic cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. We also uncovered a marked reduction in polyfunctionality for each of these cellular compartments in South African children compared with children from the other continents. Together, our data identify differences in cell composition, as well as profoundly lower functional responses of innate cells, in our cohort of South African children. A possible link between altered innate immunity and increased risk for infection or lower response to vaccines in South African infants needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Smolen
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Edgardo S Fortuno
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Laura Gelinas
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Martin Larsen
- INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, CR7, CIMI-Paris, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - David P Speert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
| | - Mustapha Chamekh
- Institut d'Immunologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Philip J Cooper
- Centro de Investigaciones FEPIS, Esmeraldas Quininde, Ecuador, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.,Centro de Investgación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Casilla 17-22-20418, Quito, Ecuador Ecuador
| | - Monika Esser
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services and Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institut d'Immunologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium.,Département de pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Rue Haute, 322 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, CFRI A5-147, 950 W28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4 Canada
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Troy SB, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Dyner L, Musingwini G, Shetty AK, Woelk G, Stranix-Chibanda L, Nathoo K, Maldonado YA. Hematologic and immunologic parameters in Zimbabwean infants: a case for using local reference intervals to monitor toxicities in clinical trials. J Trop Pediatr 2012; 58:59-62. [PMID: 21504989 PMCID: PMC3297016 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmr031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating novel therapies in African infants report laboratory adverse events based on reference intervals from white Western infants. However, prior studies have shown that reference intervals differ based on ethnicity and geographic location. We calculated reference intervals for Zimbabwean infants by analyzing the hematologic and immunologic values found in 542 blood samples from 269 HIV-uninfected, black, Zimbabwean infants at 3, 5 and 9 months of age. Substantial proportions of the platelet counts (44%), hemoglobins (19%) and mean corpuscular volumes (41%) were outside published normal ranges. The majority (65%) of hemoglobin values qualified as a United States National Institutes of Health Division of AIDS adverse events. The majority (71%) of CD4% values indicated immunodeficiency by World Health Organization criteria. Hematologic and immunologic reference intervals used to evaluate toxicities in pediatric trials in sub-Saharan Africa need to be reevaluated to account for differences in ethnicity, geographic location, nutrition and socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B. Troy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - LauraLe Dyner
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Avinash K. Shetty
- Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project (ZAPP), Harare, Zimbabwe, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Godfrey Woelk
- Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project (ZAPP), Harare, Zimbabwe,RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lynda Stranix-Chibanda
- Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project (ZAPP), Harare, Zimbabwe,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kusum Nathoo
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Yvonne A. Maldonado
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Zimbabwe AIDS Prevention Project (ZAPP), Harare, Zimbabwe
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Reduced thymic size but no evidence of impaired thymic function in uninfected children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:325-30. [PMID: 21085050 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3182019bc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-exposed, uninfected (HIV-EU) infants present hematologic and immunologic abnormalities at birth, and it remains to be clarified whether these abnormalities persist beyond infancy, for instance, affecting vaccination responses. METHODS Thymic size and thymic output were evaluated in 20 HIV-EU children at 15 months of age and compared with 10 age- and gender-matched controls. Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and immune activation as well as cytokine profiles were determined, and the antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) vaccination was evaluated. RESULTS Thymic size was significantly lower in HIV-EU children (P = 0.011). However, CD4 and CD8 counts did not differ between HIV-EU and control children. Likewise, thymic output estimated as CD4 cells expressing naive (CD45RA+CD62L+CD27+, P = 0.31) or recent thymic naive (CD45RA+CD27+CD31+, P = 0.13) phenotype, or CD4 cells containing T-cell receptor excision circles (P = 0.47) were comparable. HIV-EU children and controls had similar levels of activated cells (CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+, P = 0.87; CD8+CD38+HLA-DR+, P = 0.22), Tregs (CD4+CD25+CD127(low)FOXP3+, P = 0.53), and naive Tregs (CD4+CD25+CD127(low)FOXP3+CD45RA+CD27+, P = 0.65). Finally, comparable titers of Haemophilus influenzae Type b antibodies in the 2 groups were found (P = 0.43). CONCLUSION The study demonstrates reduced thymic size in HIV-EU children compared with children born to HIV-negative mothers, but no evidence of impaired thymic function, immune regulation, or antibody vaccination response was detected, suggesting that no qualitative immune deficits persist in HIV-EU children at 15 months of age.
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Considerations in using US-based laboratory toxicity tables to evaluate laboratory toxicities among healthy malawian and Ugandan infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55:58-64. [PMID: 20588184 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181db059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine normal hematologic and selected blood chemistry values among healthy, full-term, non-HIV-exposed infants in Uganda and Malawi, and to determine the proportion of healthy babies with an apparent laboratory toxicity based on Division of AIDS toxicity tables. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional laboratory study of infants from birth to 6 months of age. METHODS Blood samples were collected from a total of 561 infants and analyzed according to age categories similar to those in the 2004 Division of AIDS toxicity tables. Select chemistry and hematology parameters were determined and values compared with those in the toxicity tables. RESULTS In the first 56 days of life, there were few graded toxicities except for neutropenia in 2 of 10 (20%) Ugandan and 13 of 45 (29%) Malawian infants at birth. After 7 days, about 20% of the infants in Uganda and Malawi would have been classified as having a neutropenia whereas 47% and 53% of those more than 2 months of age in Uganda and Malawi respectively, would have been reported as having an abnormal hemoglobin. Chemistry findings were not different from US norms. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the importance of establishing relevant local laboratory norms for infants.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated temporal trends in the CD4 cell count and in plasma HIV RNA and total HIV DNA levels measured at the time of primary HIV infection, as proxies for HIV-1 virulence, taking changes in patient characteristics into account. DESIGN We studied 903 patients enrolled during primary HIV infection in the French multicenter ANRS PRIMO cohort from 1996 to 2007. METHODS Associations between the year of primary HIV infection and the values of the three markers were tested with regression models. The year of primary HIV infection was first introduced as a restricted cubic splines function in a regression model in order to explore the shape of the associations, and then as a continuous/categorical variable. The following confounders were considered in multiple regression analysis: time since infection and age (introduced as restricted cubic spline functions), sex, place of birth (Africa vs. others), symptomatic primary HIV infection, smoking, and virus-related factors (subtype B vs. non-B, and drug resistance mutations). RESULTS Multivariate analysis showed no temporal trends in the CD4 cell count (square-root) or in HIV-1 RNA and DNA levels (log10) measured at the time of primary HIV infection. We observed the well described associations between the prognostic markers and the time since infection, sex, symptomatic primary HIV infection, and smoking. CONCLUSION The CD4 cell count and HIV RNA and DNA levels measured at the time of primary HIV-1 infection remained stable across 12 consecutive years (1996-2007) in the ANRS PRIMO cohort, suggesting no major change in virulence, after taking into account changes in patient characteristics.
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Hematologic and hepatic toxicities associated with antenatal and postnatal exposure to maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy among infants. AIDS 2008; 22:1633-40. [PMID: 18670224 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328307a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess hematologic and hepatic toxicities associated with in utero and breastfeeding exposure to maternal highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among infants in Botswana. DESIGN A nested cohort study within a randomized clinical trial (the Mashi Study). Laboratory toxicities among infants born to women who initiated HAART before delivery were compared with toxicities among those born to women who received zidovudine and a single dose of nevirapine or placebo in labor. Infants were randomized to breastfeed with extended zidovudine or to formula-feed. METHODS Hemoglobin concentrations, absolute neutrophil and platelet counts, and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were recorded from birth to 7 months of age in infants. Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were compared by infant antiretroviral exposure status. RESULTS In-utero exposure to maternal HAART was associated with increased risk for neutropenia in infants up to 1 month of age; 21.7% of HAART-exposed infants were neutropenic, compared with 5.5% of the infants exposed to zidovudine (P < 0.01). However, neutropenia was no longer associated with antenatal exposure to HAART after 1 month of age. Postnatal exposure to HAART was not associated with hematologic or hepatic toxicities. Laboratory toxicities were clinically asymptomatic in all but one infant. CONCLUSION Exposure to maternal HAART in utero may increase the risk for infant neutropenia, particularly among breastfed infants, but the clinical significance of this finding is uncertain. The lack of association between exposure to HAART through breastfeeding and long-term toxicities in infants is reassuring but deserves study in larger cohorts.
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Computed CD4 percentage as a low-cost method for determining pediatric antiretroviral treatment eligibility. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:31. [PMID: 18325119 PMCID: PMC2292192 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The performance of the WHO recommendations for pediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource poor settings is insufficiently documented in routine care. Methods We compared clinical and immunological criteria in 366 children aged 0 to 12 years in Kinshasa and evaluated a simple computation to estimate CD4 percent, based on CD4 count, total white blood cell count and percentage lymphocytes. Kappa (κ) statistic was used to evaluate eligibility criteria and linear regression to determine trends of CD4 percent, count and total lymphocyte count (TLC). Results Agreement between clinical and immunological eligibility criteria was poor (κ = 0.26). One third of children clinically eligible for ART were ineligible using immunological criteria; one third of children immunologically eligible were ineligible using clinical criteria. Among children presenting in WHO stage I or II, 54 (32%) were eligible according to immunological criteria. Agreement with CD4 percent was poor for TLC (κ = 0.04), fair for total CD4 count (κ = 0.39) and substantial for CD4 percent computational estimate (κ = 0.71). Among 5 to 12 years old children, total CD4 count was higher in younger age groups (-32 cells/mm3 per year older), CD4 percent was similar across age groups. Conclusion Age-specific thresholds for CD4 percent optimally determine pediatric ART eligibility. The use of CD4 percent computational estimate may increase ART access in settings with limited access to CD4 percent assays.
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Markers for predicting mortality in untreated HIV-infected children in resource-limited settings: a meta-analysis. AIDS 2008; 22:97-105. [PMID: 18090397 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000302262.51286.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prognostic value of selected laboratory and growth markers on the short-term risk of mortality in untreated HIV-infected children in resource-limited settings. DESIGN A meta-analysis of individual longitudinal data on children aged 12 months onwards from 10 studies (nine African, one Brazilian in the 3Cs4kids collaboration). METHODS The risk of death within 12 months based on age and the most recent measurements of laboratory and growth markers was estimated using Poisson regression models, adjusted for cotrimoxazole prophylaxis use and study effects. RESULTS A total of 2510 children contributed 357 deaths during 3769 child-years-at-risk, with 81% follow-up occurring after start of cotrimoxazole. At first measurement, median age was 4.0 years (interquartile range, 2.2-7.0 years), median CD4% was 15% and weight-for-age z-score -1.9. CD4% and CD4 cell count were the strongest predictors of mortality, followed by weight-for-age and haemoglobin. After adjusting for these markers, the effects of total lymphocyte count and BMI-for-age were relatively small. Young children who were both severely malnourished and anaemic had high mortality regardless of CD4 values, particularly those aged 1-2 years. By contrast, high CD4% or CD4 cell count values predicted low mortality level amongst either children older than 5 years or those younger with neither severe malnutrition nor anaemia. CONCLUSIONS CD4 measurements are the most important indicator of mortality and wider access to affordable tests is needed in resource-limited settings. Evaluation of antiretroviral initiation in children also needs to consider weight-for-age and haemoglobin. Prevention and treatment of malnutrition and anaemia is integral to HIV paediatric care and could improve survival.
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