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Xiao Y, Zhou ZY, Sun JC, Xing W, Yan J, Xu WJ, Lu YS, Liu T, Jin Y. Protective effect of novel angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor S086 on target organ injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115968. [PMID: 38039752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a clinical syndrome characterized by elevated systemic arterial blood pressure associated with injury to the heart, kidney, brain, and other organs. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNi), including angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and neprilysin inhibitors (NEPi), have been shown to be safe and effective at reducing blood pressure and alleviating development of target organ injury. This study was used to develop S086 as a novel ARNi and conducted preclinical studies in animal models to evaluate the protective effects of S086 on target organs. METHODS This study used a 14-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model to evaluate the protective effects of S086 on the cardiovascular system and organs such as heart and kidney by blood pressure monitoring, urine and blood examination, pathological examination, and immunological index detection. RESULTS After administering S086 orally to the SHR, their blood pressure and levels of renal injury indicators such as serum creatinine and urinary microalbumin were reduced, and myocardial cell necrosis and cardiac fibrosis of the heart were significantly improved. In addition, there were also significantly improvements in the histological lesions of blood vessels and the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that S086 effectively reduced the blood pressure of SHR and had effects on alleviating development of heart, blood vessels and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Chao Sun
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Xing
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin-Suo Lu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control (Shenzhen Testing Center of Medical Devices), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Copur S, Peltek IB, Mutlu A, Tanriover C, Kanbay M. A new immune disease: systemic hypertension. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1403-1419. [PMID: 37664577 PMCID: PMC10469084 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic hypertension is the most common medical comorbidity affecting the adult population globally, with multiple associated outcomes including cerebrovascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, vascular calcification, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome and mortality. Despite advancements in the therapeutic field approximately one in every five adult patients with hypertension is classified as having treatment-resistant hypertension, indicating the need for studies to provide better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and the need for more therapeutic targets. Recent pre-clinical studies have demonstrated the role of the innate and adaptive immune system including various cell types and cytokines in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Moreover, pre-clinical studies have indicated the potential beneficial effects of immunosuppressant medications in the control of hypertension. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether such pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic alternatives are applicable to human subjects, while this area of research is undoubtedly a rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim B Peltek
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Jha D, Bakker ENTP, Kumar R. Mechanistic and therapeutic role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 36802053 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, has emerged as the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Several pathological hallmarks have been identified, including neuroinflammation. A comprehensive insight into the underlying mechanisms that can fuel the development of novel therapeutic approaches is necessary because of the alarmingly rapid increase in the frequency of incidence. Recently, NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as a critical mediator of neuroinflammation. Activation of nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles, impaired autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress, triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Subsequently, these cytokines can promote neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. It is well established that genetic or pharmacological ablation of NLRP3 alleviates AD-related pathological features in in vitro and in vivo models. Therefore, several synthetic and natural compounds have been identified that exhibit the potential to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviate AD-associated pathology. The current review article will highlight the various mechanisms by which activation of NLRP3 inflammation occurs during Alzheimer's disease, and how it influences neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Moreover, we will summarise the different small molecules that possess the potential to inhibit NLRP3 and can pave the path for developing novel therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanshree Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location University of Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location University of Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Reduced Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting Inflammasome in Microglia in Mice after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12081244. [PMID: 36013423 PMCID: PMC9410391 DOI: 10.3390/life12081244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is one of the key events in cerebral ischemia, causing secondary brain injury and neuronal death. Studies have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a key factor in initiating the inflammatory response and that Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) can attenuate the inflammatory response and improve neuronal repair during ischemic stroke. However, whether NBP attenuates the inflammatory response via inhibition of NLRP3 remains unclear. A 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in 62 2-month-old adult male ICR mice, and NBP was administered by gavage zero, one, or two days after ischemia. Brain infarct volume, neurological deficits, NLRP3, microglia, and neuronal death were examined in sacrificed mice to explore the correction between NBP effects and NLRP3 expression. NBP significantly reduced infarct volume and attenuated neurological deficits after ischemic stroke compared to controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, it inhibited ASC+ microglia activation and NLRP3 and CASP1 expression in ischemic mice. In addition, neuronal apoptosis was reduced in NBP-treated microglia cultures (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that NBP attenuates the inflammatory response in ischemic mouse brains, suggesting that NBP protects against microglia activation via the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Telmisartan/17β-estradiol mitigated cognitive deficit in an ovariectomized rat model of Alzheimer's disease: Modulation of ACE1/ACE2 and AT1/AT2 ratio. Life Sci 2020; 245:117388. [PMID: 32007576 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The higher incidence rate of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among women has led to explorations on the association between estrogen deficiency and AD. Also, usage of antihypertensive drugs has been suggested to reduce the incidence of AD in elderly hypertensive patients. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of telmisartan and/or 17β-estradiol on a cognitively impaired ovariectomized rat model of AD. MAIN METHODS 75 female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups. One group was sham operated and the other four groups were subjected to ovariectomy, received D-galactose and either untreated or treated with telmisartan and/or 17β-estradiol for 6 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Ovariectomized rats showed cognitive impairment in Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests, increasing inflammatory biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β), increasing AD biomarkers (amyloid beta1-42, and acetylcholine esterase), and over activation of classical arm of renin angiotensin system (RAS) (ACE1/Ang2/AT1) in hippocampi. Also, hippocampi histopathological examination revealed amyloid beta deposition. Whereas, administration of telmisartan and/or 17β-estradiol improved animals' behavior, alleviated histopathological alterations and reduced the level of inflammatory and AD biomarkers, modulated RAS activity favoring the novel neuroprotective arm (ACE2/Ang(1-7)/MasR). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings suggest that combined administration of both drugs has synergetic neuroprotective effects; supporting their potential application in AD treatment.
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Su YY, Li HM, Yan ZX, Li MC, Wei JP, Zheng WX, Liu SQ, Deng YT, Xie HF, Li CG. Renin-angiotensin system activation and imbalance of matrix metalloproteinase-9/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in cold-induced stroke. Life Sci 2019; 231:116563. [PMID: 31200003 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the present study, we investigated the roles of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation and imbalance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in cold-induced stroke during chronic hypertension, as well as the protective effects of captopril and recombinant human TIMP-1 (rhTIMP-1). MAIN METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to sham; 2-kidney, 2-clip (2K-2C); 2K-2C + captopril, and 2K-2C + rhTIMP-1 groups. After blood pressure values had stabilized, each group was randomly divided into an acute cold exposure (ACE) group (12-h light at 22 °C/12-h dark at 4 °C) and a non-acute cold exposure (NACE) group (12-h light/12-h dark at 22 °C), each of which underwent three cycles of exposure. Captopril treatment was administered via gavage (50 mg/kg/d), while rhTIMP-1 treatment was administered via the tail vein (60 μg/kg/36 h). KEY FINDINGS In the 2K-2C group, angiotensin II (AngII) and MMP-9 levels increased in both the plasma and cortex, while no such changes in TIMP-1 expression were observed. Cold exposure further upregulated AngII and MMP-9 levels and increased stroke incidence. Captopril and rhTIMP-1 treatment inhibited MMP-9 expression and activation and decreased stroke incidence in response to cold exposure. SIGNIFICANCE The present study is the first to demonstrate that cold exposure exacerbates imbalance between MMP-9 and TIMP-1 by activating the RAS, which may be critical in the initiation of stroke during chronic hypertension. In addition, our results suggest that captopril and rhTIMP-1 exert protective effects against cold-induced stroke by ameliorating MMP-9/TIMP-1 imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Su
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Huan-Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 183, West Zhongshan Avenue, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
| | - Zhen-Xing Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Ming-Chun Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Ji-Peng Wei
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Wen-Xia Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Si-Qin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Yi-Ting Deng
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China
| | - Hui-Fang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China.
| | - Chun-Guang Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Middle Industrial Avenue, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, PR China.
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Bomfim GF, Cau SBA, Bruno AS, Fedoce AG, Carneiro FS. Hypertension: a new treatment for an old disease? Targeting the immune system. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2028-2048. [PMID: 29969833 PMCID: PMC6534786 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension represents a serious public health problem, being a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The availability of many antihypertensive therapeutic strategies still fails to adequately treat around 20% of hypertensive patients, who are considered resistant to conventional treatment. In the pathogenesis of hypertension, immune system mechanisms are activated and both the innate and adaptive immune responses play a crucial role. However, what, when and how the immune system is triggered during hypertension development is still largely undefined. In this context, this review highlights scientific advances in the manipulation of the immune system in order to attenuate hypertension and end-organ damage. Here, we discuss the potential use of immunosuppressants and immunomodulators as pharmacological tools to control the activation of the immune system, by non-specific and specific mechanisms, to treat hypertension and improve end-organ damage. Nevertheless, more clinical trials should be performed with these drugs to establish their therapeutic efficacy, safety and risk-benefit ratio in hypertensive conditions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefany Bruno Assis Cau
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological ScienceFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Alexandre Santos Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological ScienceFederal University of Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteMGBrazil
| | - Aline Garcia Fedoce
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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8
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Sun J, Chi L, He Z, Gao Y, Gao Y, Huang Y, Nan G. NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to neurovascular unit damage in stroke. J Drug Target 2019; 27:866-875. [PMID: 30601069 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1564925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a wealth of information has emerged connecting the activation of the NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome to stroke pathogenesis, although the exact influence of the NLRP3 inflammasome on stroke is still in the stage of preliminary study and is awaiting further confirmation. In this paper, we will review the structure, assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its expression in the neurovascular units and will speculate on its possible roles in neurovascular injury post-stroke. Evidence on this topic suggests that targeting NLRP3-mediated inflammation at multiple levels may provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent the deterioration of neurovascular units after stroke. However, many aspects of the biological link between the NLRP3 inflammasome and stroke remain ill-defined or even completely unknown. As fresh insights come to light regarding the NLRP3 inflammasome, the opportunities to develop new therapeutic strategies for stroke patients are expected to improve accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- a Department of Neurology , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Lumei Chi
- a Department of Neurology , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Zhidong He
- b Department of Neurosurgery , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Yu Gao
- a Department of Neurology , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Yufen Gao
- b Department of Neurosurgery , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Yujing Huang
- a Department of Neurology , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Guangxian Nan
- a Department of Neurology , China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
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Lefferts WK, DeBlois JP, Barreira TV, Heffernan KS. Neurovascular coupling during cognitive activity in adults with controlled hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1906-1916. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00100.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension, even when controlled, may accelerate arterial stiffening and impair the ability of the cerebrovasculature to increase blood flow to support neural activity, i.e., neurovascular coupling (NVC). Optimal NVC depends on continuous, nonpulsatile flow, which is partially determined by extra- and intracranial vessel function. We sought to compare extra- and intracranial hemodynamics during cognitive activity (Stroop task) in 30 middle-aged, well-controlled medicated hypertensive and 30 age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched nonhypertensive adults (56 ± 6 years, 28.2 ± 2.9 kg/m2 BMI; 32 men). Aortic and carotid (single point) pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed via tonometry and ultrasound, respectively. Carotid and middle cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity pulsatility were measured via ultrasound and Doppler. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation was measured via tissue saturation index (TSI) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Accuracy and reaction times were computed to assess cognitive performance. Stroop performance was similar between groups ( P > 0.01). Aortic and carotid PWV increased, carotid flow pulsatility decreased ( P < 0.01), and MCA flow pulsatility and PFC TSI were maintained during Stroop ( P > 0.01). Our findings indicate that middle-age adults with medically controlled hypertension and adults without hypertension demonstrate similar intra- and extracranial cerebrovascular reactivity during cognitive engagement. Despite increases in large artery stiffness, middle-aged adults with controlled hypertension and without hypertension exhibit reductions in extracranial flow pulsatility during cognitive engagement that may be part of a concerted cerebrovascular response to support downstream cerebral oxygenation and overall NVC. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypertension is associated with accelerated arterial stiffening, which may alter extra- and intracranial vascular reactivity during cognitive activity and impair neurovascular coupling. Middle-aged adults with medicated hypertension exhibit similar neurovascular coupling and extra-/intracranial vascular reactivity during sustained cognitive activity. Extracranial modulation of central hemodynamics may be an important component of optimal neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob P. DeBlois
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse New York
| | - Tiago V. Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse New York
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de Kloet ER, Meijer OC, de Nicola AF, de Rijk RH, Joëls M. Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:124-145. [PMID: 29428549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bruce McEwen's discovery of receptors for corticosterone in the rat hippocampus introduced higher brain circuits in the neuroendocrinology of stress. Subsequently, these receptors were identified as mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) that are involved in appraisal processes, choice of coping style, encoding and retrieval. The MR-mediated actions on cognition are complemented by slower actions via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on contextualization, rationalization and memory storage of the experience. These sequential phases in cognitive performance depend on synaptic metaplasticity that is regulated by coordinate MR- and GR activation. The receptor activation includes recruitment of coregulators and transcription factors as determinants of context-dependent specificity in steroid action; they can be modulated by genetic variation and (early) experience. Interestingly, inflammatory responses to damage seem to be governed by a similarly balanced MR:GR-mediated action as the initiating, terminating and priming mechanisms involved in stress-adaptation. We conclude with five questions challenging the MR:GR balance hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - O C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A F de Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - R H de Rijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands & Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - M Joëls
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Barrington J, Lemarchand E, Allan SM. A brain in flame; do inflammasomes and pyroptosis influence stroke pathology? Brain Pathol 2018; 27:205-212. [PMID: 27997059 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Inflammation plays a key role across the time course of stroke, from onset to the post-injury reparative phase days to months later. Several regulatory molecules are implicated in inflammation, but the most established inflammatory mediator of acute brain injury is the cytokine interleukin-1. Interleukin-1 is regulated by large, macromolecular complexes called inflammasomes, which play a central role in cytokine release and cell death. In this review we highlight recent advances in inflammasome research and propose key roles for inflammasome components in the progression of stroke damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Barrington
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Lemarchand
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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12
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Role of angiotensin system modulation on progression of cognitive impairment and brain MRI changes in aged hypertensive animals - A randomized double- blind pre-clinical study. Behav Brain Res 2017; 346:29-40. [PMID: 29229547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that renin angiotensin system (RAS) modulators support cognitive function in various animal models. However, little is known about their long-term effects on the brain structure in aged hypertensive animals with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion as well as which specific domains of cognition are most affected. Therefore, in the current study we examined the effects of Candesartan and Compound 21 (C21) (RAS modulators) on aspects of cognition known to diminish with advanced age and accelerate with hypertension and vascular disease. Outcome measures for sensorimotor and cognitive function were performed using a sequence of tests, all blindly conducted and assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 weeks of chronic hypoxic hypoperfusion and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at the end of the 8 week study period followed by animal sacrifice and tissue collection. Both Candesartan and C21 effectively preserved cognitive function and prevented progression of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) but only candesartan prevented loss of brain volume in aged hypertensive animals. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that delayed administration of RAS modulators effectively preserve cognitive function and prevent the development / progression of VCI in aged hypertensive animals with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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13
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Nelson AR, Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:887-900. [PMID: 26705676 PMCID: PMC4821735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular insults can initiate a cascade of molecular events leading to neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms in cerebral blood vessels and the pathophysiological events leading to cerebral blood flow dysregulation and disruption of the neurovascular unit and the blood-brain barrier, which all may contribute to the onset and progression of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Particularly, we examine the link between neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration including the effects of AD genetic risk factors on cerebrovascular functions and clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-β peptide toxin, and the impact of vascular risk factors, environment, and lifestyle on cerebral blood vessels, which in turn may affect synaptic, neuronal, and cognitive functions. Finally, we examine potential experimental treatments for dementia and AD based on the neurovascular model, and discuss some critical questions to be addressed by future studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Michel MC, Brunner HR, Foster C, Huo Y. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in animal models of vascular, cardiac, metabolic and renal disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:1-81. [PMID: 27130806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) in various animal models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and renal function and morphology. Those of azilsartan and telmisartan have been included comprehensively whereas those of other ARBs have been included systematically but without intention of completeness. ARBs as a class lower blood pressure in established hypertension and prevent hypertension development in all applicable animal models except those with a markedly suppressed renin-angiotensin system; blood pressure lowering even persists for a considerable time after discontinuation of treatment. This translates into a reduced mortality, particularly in models exhibiting marked hypertension. The retrieved data on vascular, cardiac and renal function and morphology as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed to address three main questions: 1. Can ARB effects on blood vessels, heart, kidney and metabolic function be explained by blood pressure lowering alone or are they additionally directly related to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system? 2. Are they shared by other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? 3. Are some effects specific for one or more compounds within the ARB class? Taken together these data profile ARBs as a drug class with unique properties that have beneficial effects far beyond those on blood pressure reduction and, in some cases distinct from those of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The clinical relevance of angiotensin receptor-independent effects of some ARBs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Dept. Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | | | - Carolyn Foster
- Retiree from Dept. of Research Networking, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Yong Huo
- Dept. Cardiology & Heart Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Effect of Long-Term Treatment with Fimasartan on Transient Focal Ischemia in Rat Brain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:295925. [PMID: 26448932 PMCID: PMC4584036 DOI: 10.1155/2015/295925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fimasartan is a newly developed angiotensin receptor blocker, which may have protective effects during myocardial infarction or atherosclerosis. In this context, we investigated the effects of long-term treatment with low-dose fimasartan on focal ischemia in rat brain. We induced focal ischemia in brain by transient intraluminal occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and administered low-dose (0.5 mg/kg) or regular doses (1 or 3 mg/kg) of fimasartan via intravenous routes. After the administration of low-dose (0.5 mg/kg) fimasartan, blood pressure did not decrease compared to the phosphate-buffered saline- (PBS-) control with MCA occlusion (MCAO) group. The infarct volume and ischemic cell death were reduced in the low-dose fimasartan-treated group (46 ± 41 mm3 for 0.5 mg/kg and 153 ± 47 mm3 for PBS-control with MCAO; P < 0.01) but not in the regular-dose groups. Low-dose fimasartan treatment improved functional recovery after ischemia and significantly decreased mortality. In our study, fimasartan reduced the degradation of IκB and the formation of an inflammatory end-product, COX-2. As a result, the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the peri-infarct area decreased in fimasartan-treated group. We have demonstrated that long-term, low-dose fimasartan treatment improved outcomes after focal ischemia in the brain via a reduction of inflammation.
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