An investigation of the relationship between measures of pain intensity, pain affect, and disability, in patients with shoulder dysfunction

Comparing the effects of no intervention with therapeutic exercise, and exercise with additional Kinesio tape in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. A three-arm randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To investigate if adding Kinesio tape to therapeutic exercise is an effective treatment to improve clinical outcomes compared to therapeutic exercise alone and no intervention, in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.

DESIGN

Three-arm randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Outpatient setting.

SUBJECTS

One hundred and twenty patients (mean (SD): age 37.8 (5.4)) with shoulder impingement syndrome.

INTERVENTION

Patients were randomly assigned to eight-weeks therapeutic exercise alone, therapeutic exercise with Kinesio tape, and control group.

MAIN MEASURES

Pain was measured with a numerical rating scale and disability and scapular kinematics were measured with a relative questionnaire and motion analysis software respectively, at baseline and after eight-weeks intervention.

RESULTS

There was significant differences in therapeutic exercise with Kinesio tape group vs. therapeutic exercise alone and control group respectively for pain (d = -0.34, P = 0.042; and d = -1.53, P = 0.001), disability (d = -0.46, P = 0.024; and d = -2.18, P = 0.001), scapular upward rotation at sagittal plane (d = 0.33, P = 0.033; and d = 0.68, P = 0.001), scapular plane (d = 0.18, P = 0.045; and d = 0.43, P = 0.001), scapular tilt at sagittal plane (d = 0.55, P = 0.043; and d = 1.39, P = 0.001), and scapular plane (d = 0.29, P = 0.034; and d = 0.58, P = 0.001). Therapeutic exercise alone was superior over control group in all significant outcomes (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Although therapeutic exercises alone showed positive effect on clinical outcomes, adding Kinesio tape to therapeutic exercises had more significant effects with larger effect sizes. Adding Kinesio tape to therapeutic exercise may be of some assistance to clinicians in improving clinical outcomes in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.

The content and construct validity of the modified patient specific functional scale (PSFS 2.0) in individuals with neck pain

Study design: Clinical measurement study.Background: The Patient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is a commonly used outcome measure, however answering options differ and content validity has yet to be assessed.Objective: To assess the content validity of the PSFS in patients with neck pain presenting to a physical therapist. And secondly, to assess the construct validity of the PSFS using the preferred version identified in the content validity study.Methods: The target population consisted of patients with neck pain presenting to physical therapy. First, content validity was assessed through semi structured interviews and content thematic analysis. Second, construct validity was assessed on the PSFS 2.0 by examining its correlation with the Neck Disability Index (NDI).Results: Eleven patients were interviewed. Patients indicated the concept of 'activity limitations' is very important to them. The PSFS is considered to be relevant and easy to understand. Patients had an explicit preference for the PSFS 2.0 version (using a different answering option and example list) and indicated they preferred to answer the PSFS 2.0 together with a clinician. One hundred patients participated in the construct validity study on the PSFS 2.0. The median PSFS 2.0 score was 4.5 and the correlation with the NDI was substantial (0.54).Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that in individuals with neck pain, the PSFS is appropriate however; PSFS 2.0 is the preferred version. The PSFS 2.0 is considered to be valid in terms of content validity and construct validity for patients with neck pain.

The relationships between shoulder pain, range of motion, and disability in patients with shoulder dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Shoulder dysfunction is a major cause of musculoskeletal pain in general population. A variety of shoulder disorders can cause a reduction in shoulder range of motion and subsequent disability.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between the shoulder pain, range of motion, and disability in patients with shoulder dysfunction.

METHODS

Sixty-four patients (49 men and 15 women) with shoulder disorders with a varying diagnosis including, adhesive capsulitis, rotator cuff injury, impingement syndrome, acromio-clavicular pain, and instability, participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were asked to report the shoulder pain intensity and level of disability on a numerical rating scale (NRS) and the shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), respectively. In addition, the active shoulder range of motion was evaluated.

RESULTS

The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to investigate the association between the shoulder pain, range of motion, and disability. A good negative correlation found between the shoulder abduction, flexion, and rotation range of motion with the NRS score (rho =-0.710 to -0.747). A moderate negative correlation found between the extension and the NRS score (rho =-0.643). A good negative correlation found between abduction and the SPADI total score (rho =-0.714). A moderate negative correlation found between the shoulder flexion and rotation range of motion with the SPADI total score (rho =-0.547 to -0.694). A fair negative correlation found between the extension and the SPADI total score (rho =-0.495). A moderated positive correlation found between the NRS and the SPADI total score (rho = 0.667).

CONCLUSIONS

The flexion, abduction, and rotation ROMs were most significantly associated with severity of pain and the physical disability in patients with shoulder dysfunction. Further, longitudinal studies are required to confirm these results.

Evaluative measurement properties of the patient-specific functional scale for primary shoulder complaints in physical therapy practice

STUDY DESIGN

Clinical measurement, longitudinal.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the test-retest reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) in patients with a primary shoulder complaint.

BACKGROUND

Health measurement outcomes have become increasingly important for evaluating treatment. Patient-specific questionnaires are useful tools for determining treatment goals and evaluating treatment in individual patients. These questionnaires have not yet been validated in patients with nonspecific shoulder pain.

METHODS

Patients completed the PSFS, the numeric pain rating scale, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index at baseline, and after 1 week and 4 to 6 weeks. Test-retest reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients. To assess convergent validity, change scores of the PSFS were correlated with the numeric pain rating scale and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index change scores. Responsiveness was assessed by calculating the area under the curve, the minimal clinically important change, and minimal detectable change, using the global rating of change as an external criterion.

RESULTS

Fifty patients (37 men; mean age, 47.7 years) participated in the study. Reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72, 0.94). The correlations between the change scores of the PSFS and those of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and numeric pain rating scale were 0.45 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.80) and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.29, 0.73), respectively. The area under the curve for the PSFS was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.83). The minimal detectable change and minimal clinically important change were 0.97 and 1.29 points, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that the PSFS is a reliable, valid, and responsive instrument that can be used as an evaluative instrument in patients with a primary shoulder complaint.

The effect of wearing loupes on upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienists

OBJECTIVES

It is well established that musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are a significant occupational health issue for dentists and hygienists. Despite this, there has been little advancement in the application of ergonomic principles in the dental profession. While the use of loupes is often promoted as an ergonomic solution, there is little published research to robustly support this claim. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the use of loupes on upper extremity MSD among dental hygienists.

METHODS

The study was conducted using an exploratory pretest and post-test design, comparing musculoskeletal measures in practising dental hygienists wearing loupes with final-year dental hygiene students who did not wear loupes. Pre- and post-test measures included valid self-reported and objective outcome measures and were measured at baseline and 6 months following the intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted as a series of mixed anovas with time and treatment as the independent variables.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed a significant interaction between time and treatment for the Disabilities of the Shoulder, Arm and Hand (DASH) scores (P < 0.04), indicating an improvement in symptoms for the treatment group but a reversed trend for the controls. There was also a significant mean increase in scapular position measures; however, this finding was evident in both groups, indicating that these were not a result of the intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this study suggests that wearing loupes appears to have both positive and negative effects on upper extremity MSD among dental hygienists. Ongoing research is required to determine the long-term effects of loupes wear, over an extended period of time.