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Leung HY, Yeung MHY, Leung WT, Wong KH, Tang WY, Cho WCS, Wong HT, Tsang HF, Wong YKE, Pei XM, Cheng HYL, Chan AKC, Wong SCC. The current and future applications of in situ hybridization technologies in anatomical pathology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 22:5-18. [PMID: 34779317 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2007076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In situ hybridization (ISH) plays an important role in the field of molecular diagnostics, especially in an anatomical pathology laboratory. ISH is a technique that can detect the targeted DNA or RNA sequences in tissue sections from frozen or fixed materials with labeled DNA or RNA probes. Radioactive and non-radioactive probes are the two major probes that can be used to label the targeted nucleic acids. AREAS COVERED Two decades after the Human Genome Project, ISH has not only simply been applied to identify the chromosomal location of a human gene but has also been extensively applied to gene expressions studies and utilized for clinical diagnosis, especially for the determination of biomarkers for breast and ovarian cancers - human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Cri-du-chat syndrome, Angelman syndrome, PraderWilli syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and trisomy are diseases that can also be detected by ISH. In this review, the basic principles, historical development, advantages and disadvantages, enhancement in reporting molecules and probes, advancement in detection methods, in situ PCR, clinical applications and novel applications of ISH will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION With the advancement in ISH technologies and appropriate training, diagnosis can be improved in Anatomical Pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Yi Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Martin Ho Yin Yeung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wai Tung Leung
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - King Hin Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wai Yan Tang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William Chi Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Heong Ting Wong
- Department of Pathology, Kiang Wu Hospital, Santo António, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yin Kwan Evelyn Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiao Meng Pei
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hennie Yuk Lin Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Amanda Kit Ching Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Ranamukhaarachchi DG, Unger ER, Vernon SD, Lee D, Rajeevan MS. Gene expression profiling of dysplastic differentiation in cervical epithelial cells harboring human papillomavirus 16. Genomics 2005; 85:727-38. [PMID: 15885499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular events occurring with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated dysplastic differentiation of cervical epithelial cells are largely unknown. This study used differential display PCR to identify expression changes between nondifferentiating monolayer and differentiated organotypic (raft) cultures of W12 keratinocytes. These cells were originally derived from a clinical biopsy of HPV 16-positive dysplastic cervical epithelium and retain high-risk HPV 16 and the ability to differentiate, albeit with dysplastic morphology. Using this model system we identified 84 genes with changed expression during dysplastic differentiation. Most (70/84, approximately 80%) were down-regulated with differentiation, consistent with a restriction of expression during terminal differentiation. Twenty-two genes had no known function and 6 novel expressed sequence tags were identified among this group. Of the 62 genes with known functions, 25 belonged to transcription-, translation-, and posttranslation-related categories and 30 had functions associated with neoplastic initiation/progression, calcium signaling, epithelial differentiation, and structure remodeling. Some of the genes with altered expression identified in this model of dysplastic differentiation may be useful biomarkers for early detection of cervical neoplasia and other HPV-associated oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daya G Ranamukhaarachchi
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service/US DHHS, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Abstract
The anatomic pathologist performs an important role in the diagnosis or exclusion of infectious diseases. The morphologic interpretation of biopsies and cytologic preparations allows for the definitive establishment or exclusion of a wide variety of diseases. Once the pathologist has determined that a disease is likely to be due to an infection and has characterized the inflammatory response, associated microorganisms or viral-associated cytopathic effects should be recorded. Although some microorganisms or their cytopathic effects may be clearly visible on routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, additional histochemical stains are often needed for their complete characterization. Highly specific molecular techniques, such as immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and nucleic acid amplification, may be needed in certain instances to establish the diagnosis of infection. Through appropriate morphologic diagnoses and interlaboratory communication and collaboration, the anatomic pathologist contributes greatly to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Procop
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology, Section of Clinical Microbiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Odinot PT, Meis JF, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Melchers WJ. In situ localisation of Yersinia enterocolitica by catalysed reported deposition signal amplification. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51:444-9. [PMID: 9771443 PMCID: PMC500747 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.51.6.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM The sensitive detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in paraffin embedded tissue sections by in situ hybridisation (ISH). METHODS Y enterocolitica infected cell lines, rat spleens, and patient biopsy specimens were used to compare conventional ISH, immune fluorescence assay (IFA) detection, and catalysed reporter deposition (CARD) signal amplification ISH. RESULTS CARD-ISH was shown to be more sensitive then conventional ISH and had a comparable sensitivity to IFA. In contrast to IFA, CARD-ISH preserved good tissue morphology. CONCLUSIONS CARD-ISH appeared to be a fast and sensitive ISH method for detecting Y enterocolitica in routinely processed tissue sections. Application of this method allows the combination of routine detection and cellular localisation of the pathogen within the infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Odinot
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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