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Dai ZQ, Shang LJ, Wei YS, Li ZQ, Zeng XF, Chen MX, Wang XY, Li SY, Qiao S, Yu H. Immunomodulatory Effects of Microcin C7 in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12700-12714. [PMID: 37602796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Microcin C7 (McC) as a viable immunomodulator peptide can be a potential solution for pathogenic microbial infection in the post-antibiotic era and has gained substantial attention. This study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of Microcin C7 in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunodeficient mouse model. We show that Microcin C7 treatment significantly alleviated the CTX-caused body weight loss, improved the feed and water consumption to improve the state of the mice, and elevated the absolute number and proportion of peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as the level of hemoglobulin. We further aim to characterize the phenotypes of the immune function and intestinal health profiles. The results demonstrate that Microcin C7 treatment increased serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, interleukin 6, and hemolysin, promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A and LPS, and enhanced the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages immunized by sheep red blood cells. Additionally, Microcin C7 treatment decreased levels of diamine oxidase and d-lactate, ameliorated CTX-induced intestinal morphological damage, and increased the levels of zonula occluden 1, occludin, claudin-1, mucin 2, and secretary IgA in the jejunum and colon. Moreover, Microcin C7 administration is sufficient to reverse CTX-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, decreasing the number of Escherichia coli in colonic contents. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Microcin C7 may have protective and immunomodulatory functions and could be a potential candidate used in animal feed, functional foods, and immunological regimens..
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li-Jun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu-Shu Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Qiang Li
- Luzhou Modern Agriculture Development Promotion Center, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Fang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mei-Xia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
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Park YM, Lee HY, Shin DY, Kim DS, Yoo JJ, Yang HJ, Kim MJ, Bae JS. Immune-Enhancing Effects of Co-treatment With Kalopanax pictus Nakai Bark and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner Leaf Extract in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Rat Model. Front Nutr 2022; 9:898417. [PMID: 35662944 PMCID: PMC9161550 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.898417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Immune system disorders can result in various pathological conditions, such as infections and cancer. Identifying therapies that enhance the immune response might be crucial for immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, we assessed the immune-enhancing effect of co-treatment with Kalopanax pictus Nakai Bark and Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner leaf extract (KPNN) in a cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced immunosuppressed rat model. Materials and Methods For in vitro studies, macrophages and splenocytes were treated with various KPNN doses in the presence or absence of Cy. Macrophage viability, nitric oxide production, splenocyte viability, cytokine production and natural killer (NK) cell activity were analyzed. For in vivo studies, analysis of weekly body weight, dietary intake, tissue weight, immune-related blood cell count, cytokine levels, and spleen biopsy was performed in a Cy-induced immunocompromised animal model. Results KPNN significantly increased phospho-NF-κB and phospho-ERK protein levels and cell viability in macrophages. KPNN significantly increased the NK cell activity in splenocytes compared to that in the control. Cy treatment decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and interferon-γ production. In the Cy-induced immunosuppression rat model, KPNN-treated rats had significantly higher body weights and tissue weights than the Cy-treated rats. Additionally, KPNN treatment restored the immune-related factors, such as total leukocyte, lymphocyte, and intermediate cell contents, to their normal levels in the blood. The blood cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were increased, and spleen tissue damage was significantly alleviated. Conclusions Collectively, KPNN exerts an immune-enhancing effect suggesting their potential as an immunostimulatory agent or functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dae Sung Kim
- Central Research and Development, Hanpoong Pharm & Foods Co., Ltd., Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Jin Joo Yoo
- Central Research and Development, Hanpoong Pharm & Foods Co., Ltd., Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | | | - Min Jung Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Jun Sang Bae
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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Zimecki M, Artym J, Kocięba M, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Kuropka P, Kuryszko J, Kruzel M. Homologous lactoferrin triggers mobilization of the myelocytic lineage of bone marrow in experimental mice. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3261-70. [PMID: 23879888 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of lactoferrin (LF), an iron binding protein, on myelopoiesis have been studied extensively in vitro and in vivo in human and murine models over the past three decades. Due to the lack of high-quality homologous LFs, however, the conclusions are still unequivocal. Recently, both human and murine LFs have become available as recombinant products expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines showing mammalian type of glycosylation, thus apparently species compatible. In this study, we present the effects of homologous recombinant mouse LF (rmLF) on myelopoiesis in CBA mice. The myelocytic lineage has been assessed by their appearance in circulating blood and bone marrow, and induction of relevant mediators of inflammation. Intravenous injection of rmLF (100 μg/mouse) resulted in a significantly increased number of myelocytic cells in the circulating blood after 24 h. Mouse serum transferrin, used as a control protein, showed no stimulatory effect. The increase in output of neutrophil precursors, neutrophils, and eosinophils was correlated with a twofold increase of leukocyte concentrations. The analysis of the bone marrow sections confirmed increased myelopoiesis. The alterations in the bone marrow cell composition were statistically significant regarding mature neutrophils (10.8% vs. 27.7%), metamyelocytes (11.4% vs. 16.0%), and myelocytes (2.4% vs. 4.0%). The mobilization of the myelocytic cells in the bone marrow and the increased output of these cells into circulation were accompanied by elevated serum concentrations of interleukin-6 at 6 h and haptoglobin at 24 h following administration of rmLF. In conclusion, the homologous LF elicits significant and transient myelopoiesis in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zimecki
- 1 The Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy , Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Latorre D, Berlutti F, Valenti P, Gessani S, Puddu P. LF immunomodulatory strategies: mastering bacterial endotoxin1This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lactoferrin and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:269-78. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein expressed in most biological fluids, represents a major component of mammalian innate immune system. The multiple activities of LF rely not only on its capacity to bind iron but also to interact with molecular and cellular components of both the host and pathogens. LF can bind and sequester lipopolysaccharide thus preventing proinflammatory pathway activation, sepsis, and tissue damage. However, the interplay between LF and lipopolysaccharide is complex and may lead to different outcomes including both the suppression of inflammatory response and immune activation. Understanding the molecular basis and the functional consequences of this complex interaction is critically relevant in the development of LF-based therapeutic interventions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Latorre
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Berlutti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Puddu
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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Ochoa TJ, Pezo A, Cruz K, Chea-Woo E, Cleary TG. Clinical studies of lactoferrin in children. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:457-67. [PMID: 22380791 DOI: 10.1139/o11-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much has been learned in recent years about the mechanisms by which breastfeeding improves child health and survival. However, there has been little progress in using these insights to improve pediatric care. The aim of this study was to review all clinical studies of lactoferrin (LF) in children in an effort to determine which interventions may improve pediatric care or require further research. We conducted a systematic and critical review of published literature and found 19 clinical studies that have used human or bovine LF for different outcomes: iron metabolisms and anemia (6 studies), fecal flora (5 studies), enteric infections (3 studies), common pediatric illnesses (1 study), immunomodulation (3 studies), and neonatal sepsis (1 study). Although the efficacies have varied in each trial, the main finding of all published studies is the safety of the intervention. Protection against enteric infections and neonatal sepsis are the most likely biologically relevant activities of LF in children. Future studies on neonatal sepsis should answer critically important questions. If the data from these sepsis studies are proven to be correct, it will profoundly affect the treatment of low birth weight neonates and will aid in the reduction of child mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Ochoa
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porras, Lima 33, Perú.
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Legrand D. Lactoferrin, a key molecule in immune and inflammatory processes. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 90:252-68. [PMID: 22136726 DOI: 10.1139/o11-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) belongs to the family of antimicrobial molecules that constitute the principal defense line of nonvertebrate organisms. In human immunity, their roles are considerably extended, and actually exceed mere direct antimicrobial properties. As a result, Lf is involved in both innate and adaptive immunities where its modulating effects not only help the host fight against microbes but also protect the host against harmful effects of inflammation. Such beneficial effects have been noticed in studies using dietary Lf, without the experimenters always explaining the exact modes of action of Lf. Effects on mucosal and systemic immunities are indeed often observed, which make the roles of Lf tricky to decipher. It is now known that the immunomodulatory properties of Lf are due to its ability to interact with numerous cellular and molecular targets. At the cellular level, Lf modulates the migration, maturation, and functions of immune cells. At the molecular level, in addition to iron binding, interactions of Lf with a plethora of compounds, either soluble or cell-surface molecules, account for its modulatory properties. This paper reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms that explain the regulatory properties of Lf in immune and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Legrand
- UMR 8576 CNRS / Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, IFR 147, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Naot D, Chhana A, Matthews BG, Callon KE, Tong PC, Lin JM, Costa JL, Watson M, Grey AB, Cornish J. Molecular mechanisms involved in the mitogenic effect of lactoferrin in osteoblasts. Bone 2011; 49:217-24. [PMID: 21515435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein present in milk and other exocrine secretions in mammals, is anabolic to bone at physiological concentrations. Lactoferrin stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and survival of osteoblasts, as well as potently inhibiting osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow cultures. In the current study we further investigated the mechanism of action of lactoferrin in osteoblasts. We used low-density arrays to measure the level of expression of 45 genes in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells treated with lactoferrin, and identified transient, dose-dependent increases in the transcription levels of interleukin-6, of the pro-inflammatory factor prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), and of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (Nfatc1). We demonstrated similar changes in primary osteoblast cultures from human and rat. Levels of prostaglandin E2 were increased in conditioned media collected from osteoblasts treated with lactoferrin, indicating that the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), which is encoded by Ptgs2, was also up-regulated. Using a luciferase reporter construct we showed that lactoferrin induced transcription from the NFAT consensus sequence. We found that inhibiting either COX2 or NFATc1 activity blocked the mitogenic effect of lactoferrin in osteoblasts and that inhibition of NFATc1 activity partially blocked the transcriptional activation of Ptgs2. Our study has provided the first evidence that COX2 and NFATc1 activities are increased by lactoferrin, and demonstrated a role for each of these molecules as mediators of the mitogenic effects of lactoferrin in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Naot
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Puddu P, Latorre D, Valenti P, Gessani S. Immunoregulatory role of lactoferrin-lipopolysaccharide interactions. Biometals 2010; 23:387-97. [PMID: 20191308 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a mammalian exclusive protein widely distributed in milk and exocrine secretions exhibiting multifunctional properties. Many of the proven or proposed functions of Lf, apart from its iron binding activity, depend on its capacity to bind to other macromolecules. Lf can bind and sequester lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus preventing pro-inflammatory pathway activation, sepsis and tissue damage. However, the interplay between Lf and LPS is complex, and may result in different outcomes, including both suppression of the inflammatory response and immune activation. These findings are critically relevant in the development of Lf-based therapeutic interventions in humans. Understanding the molecular basis and functional consequences of Lf-LPS interaction will provide insights for determining its role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Puddu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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Legrand D, Mazurier J. A critical review of the roles of host lactoferrin in immunity. Biometals 2010; 23:365-76. [PMID: 20143251 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is an essential element of innate immunity, which refers to antigen-nonspecific defense mechanisms that a host uses immediately or within hours after exposure to an antigen. Following infection, Lf is released from neutrophils (PMNs) in blood and inflamed tissues and, such as other soluble pattern-recognition receptors of the innate immunity, Lf recognizes unique microbial molecules called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): LPS from the gram-negative cell wall and bacterial unmethylated CpG DNA. However, unlike classical PAMPs receptors involved in the activation of immune cells, Lf may act either as a competitor for these receptors or as a partner molecule, depending on the physiological status of the organism. These immunomodulatory properties are explained by the ability of Lf to interact with proteoglycans and receptors on the surface of mammalian cells: cells of the innate (NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, neutrophils and mast cells) and adaptive [lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)] immune systems, and also epithelial and endothelial cells. Through these interactions, Lf is able to modulate the migration, maturation and functions of immune cells, and thus to influence both adaptive and innate immunities. The understanding of the roles of the host-expressed Lf in immunity comes from in vivo and in vitro studies with exogenous Lf which, although informative, rarely reflect the pathological, or non-pathological, conditions in the organism. In this review, the data from the literature will be critically analyzed in order to present a real picture of the regulatory roles of host Lf in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Legrand
- Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, UMR 8576 CNRS-USTL, IFR 147, Bâtiment C9, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France.
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Latorre D, Puddu P, Valenti P, Gessani S. Reciprocal interactions between lactoferrin and bacterial endotoxins and their role in the regulation of the immune response. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:54-68. [PMID: 22069546 PMCID: PMC3206615 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein expressed in most biological fluids, represents a major component of the mammalian innate immune system. Lf’s multiple activities rely not only on its capacity to bind iron, but also to interact with molecular and cellular components of both host and pathogens. Lf can bind and sequester lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus preventing pro-inflammatory pathway activation, sepsis and tissue damage. However, Lf-bound LPS may retain the capacity to induce cell activation via Toll-like receptor 4-dependent and -independent mechanisms. This review discusses the complex interplay between Lf and LPS and its relevance in the regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Latorre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Puddu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +39-064-990-3169; Fax: +39-064-990-3641
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Engelmayer J, Blezinger P, Varadhachary A. Talactoferrin Stimulates Wound Healing With Modulation of Inflammation. J Surg Res 2008; 149:278-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.12.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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‘Iron‐saturated’ lactoferrin is a potent natural adjuvant for augmenting cancer chemotherapy. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:277-88. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Mitsukawa K, Otsuki K, Yanaihara A, Sawada M, Iwasaki S, Okai T. Concentration of lactoferrin and interleukin-6 in cervical mucus from patients being treated for infertility. Reprod Med Biol 2006. [PMID: 29699242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0578.2006.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The concentrations of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin (LF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in the cervical mucus of patients being treated for infertility throughout the menstrual cycle. Methods: A total of 251 cervical mucus samples were obtained from the patients throughout the menstrual cycle. One hundred and fifty samples were from primary infertility patients with unexplained infertility and 101 samples were from secondary infertility patients as a control. The concentrations of LF and IL-6 were measured by enzyme immunoassays. The standard curve of LF concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 50 ng/mL. Results: The mean LF and IL-6 concentrations in the cervical mucus of primary infertility patients were higher than that of the control patients (P= 0.04, P= 0.032, respectively) The LF and IL-6 concentrations were highly correlated (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Elevated levels of IL-6 and LF in the cervical mucus were obtained from primary infertility patients. We speculate that LF might also be one of the causes of infertility and might play an important role in reproductive processes in the cervix. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 105-109).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mitsukawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Otsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yanaihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Sawada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Mitsukawa K, Otsuki K, Yanaihara A, Sawada M, Iwasaki S, Okai T. Concentration of lactoferrin and interleukin-6 in cervical mucus from patients being treated for infertility. Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5:105-109. [PMID: 29699242 DOI: 10.1007/bf03016146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The concentrations of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin (LF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured in the cervical mucus of patients being treated for infertility throughout the menstrual cycle. Methods: A total of 251 cervical mucus samples were obtained from the patients throughout the menstrual cycle. One hundred and fifty samples were from primary infertility patients with unexplained infertility and 101 samples were from secondary infertility patients as a control. The concentrations of LF and IL-6 were measured by enzyme immunoassays. The standard curve of LF concentrations ranged from 1.6 to 50 ng/mL. Results: The mean LF and IL-6 concentrations in the cervical mucus of primary infertility patients were higher than that of the control patients (P= 0.04, P= 0.032, respectively) The LF and IL-6 concentrations were highly correlated (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Elevated levels of IL-6 and LF in the cervical mucus were obtained from primary infertility patients. We speculate that LF might also be one of the causes of infertility and might play an important role in reproductive processes in the cervix. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 105-109).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mitsukawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsufumi Otsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yanaihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Sawada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University school of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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