1
|
Escandón-Vargas K, Reyes S, Gutiérrez S, Villegas MV. The epidemiology of carbapenemases in Latin America and the Caribbean. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 15:277-297. [PMID: 27915487 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1268918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., and Acinetobacter spp. infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially due to the emergence and spread of β-lactamases. Carbapenemases, which are β-lactamases with the capacity to hydrolyze or inactivate carbapenems, have become a serious concern as they have the largest hydrolytic spectrum and therefore limit the utility of most β-lactam antibiotics. Areas covered: Here, we present an update of the current status of carbapenemases in Latin America and the Caribbean. Expert commentary: The increased frequency of reports on carbapenemases in Latin America and the Caribbean shows that they have successfully spread and have even become endemic in some countries. Countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Argentina, and Mexico account for the majority of these reports. Early suspicion and detection along with implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs in all healthcare settings are crucial for the control and prevention of carbapenemase-producing bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Escandón-Vargas
- a Bacterial Resistance and Hospital Epidemiology Unit , International Center for Medical Research and Training (CIDEIM) , Cali , Colombia
| | - Sergio Reyes
- a Bacterial Resistance and Hospital Epidemiology Unit , International Center for Medical Research and Training (CIDEIM) , Cali , Colombia
| | - Sergio Gutiérrez
- a Bacterial Resistance and Hospital Epidemiology Unit , International Center for Medical Research and Training (CIDEIM) , Cali , Colombia
| | - María Virginia Villegas
- a Bacterial Resistance and Hospital Epidemiology Unit , International Center for Medical Research and Training (CIDEIM) , Cali , Colombia.,b Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, International Center for Microbial Genomics , Universidad El Bosque , Bogotá , Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Silva LV, Galdino ACM, Nunes APF, dos Santos KRN, Moreira BM, Cacci LC, Sodré CL, Ziccardi M, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Virulence attributes in Brazilian clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:990-1000. [PMID: 25127423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for causing a huge variety of acute and chronic infections with significant levels of morbidity and mortality. Its success as a pathogen comes from its genetic/metabolic plasticity, intrinsic/acquired antimicrobial resistance, capacity to form biofilm and expression of numerous virulence factors. Herein, we have analyzed the genetic variability, antimicrobial susceptibility as well as the production of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and virulence attributes (elastase, pyocyanin and biofilm) in 96 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from different anatomical sites of patients attended at Brazilian hospitals. Our results revealed a great genetic variability, in which 86 distinct RAPD types (89.6% of polymorphisms) were detected. Regarding the susceptibility profile, 48 strains (50%) were resistant to the antimicrobials, as follows: 22.92% to the three tested antibiotics, 12.5% to both imipenem and meropenem, 11.46% to ceftazidime only, 2.08% to imipenem only and 1.04% to both ceftazidime and meropenem. Out of the 34 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa resistant to both imipenem and meropenem, 25 (73.53%) were MBL producers by phenotypic method while 12 (35.29%) were PCR positive for the MBL gene SPM-1. All P. aeruginosa strains produced pyocyanin, elastase and biofilm, although in different levels. Some associations were demonstrated among the susceptibility and/or production of these virulence traits with the anatomical site of strain isolation. For instance, almost all strains isolated from urine (85.71%) were resistant to the three antibiotics, while the vast majority of strains isolated from rectum (95%) and mouth (66.67%) were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Urine isolates produced the highest pyocyanin concentration (20.15±5.65 μg/ml), while strains isolated from pleural secretion and mouth produced elevated elastase activity (1441.43±303.08 FAU) and biofilm formation (OD590 0.676±0.32), respectively. Also, MBL-positive strains produced robust biofilm compared to MBL-negative strains. Collectively, the production of site-dependent virulence factors can be highlighted as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of infections caused by heterogeneous and resistant strains of P. aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia V Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Clara M Galdino
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Nunes
- Departamento de Patologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Kátia R N dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Moreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Cacci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cátia L Sodré
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Ziccardi
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rearrangement of a large novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene island in strains isolated from a patient developing ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:2430-8. [PMID: 24789195 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01626-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial gene islands add to the genetic repertoire of opportunistic pathogens. Here, we perform comparative analyses of three Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated sequentially over a 3-week period from a patient with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) who received clindamycin and piperacillin-tazobactam as part of their treatment regime. While all three strains appeared to be clonal by standard pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, whole-genome sequencing revealed subtle alterations in the chromosomal organization of the last two strains; specifically, an inversion event within a novel 124-kb gene island (PAGI 12) composed of 137 open reading frames [ORFs]. Predicted ORFs in the island included metabolism and virulence genes. Overexpression of a gene island-borne putative β-lactamase gene was observed following piperacillin-tazobactam exposure and only in those strains that had undergone the inversion event, indicating altered gene regulation following genomic remodeling. Examination of a separate cohort of 76 patients with VAP for integration at this tRNA(lys) recombination site demonstrated that patients exhibiting evidence of integration at this site had significantly higher 28-day mortality. These findings provide evidence that P. aeruginosa can integrate, rapidly remodel, and express exogenous genes, which likely contributes to its fitness in a clinical setting.
Collapse
|
4
|
Scott NE, Hare NJ, White MY, Manos J, Cordwell SJ. Secretome of transmissible Pseudomonas aeruginosa AES-1R grown in a cystic fibrosis lung-like environment. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5357-69. [PMID: 23991618 DOI: 10.1021/pr4007365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the predominant cause of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We examined the secretome of an acute, transmissible CF P. aeruginosa (Australian epidemic strain 1-R; AES-1R) compared with laboratory-adapted PAO1. Culture supernatant proteins from rich (LB) and minimal (M9) media were compared using 2-DE and 2DLC-MS/MS, which revealed elevated abundance of PasP protease and absence of AprA protease in AES-1R. CF lung-like artificial sputum medium (ASMDM) contains serum and mucin that generally preclude proteomics of secreted proteins. ASMDM culture supernatants were subjected to 2DLC-MS/MS, which allowed the identification of 57 P. aeruginosa proteins, and qualitative spectral counting was used to estimate relative abundance. AES-1R-specific AES_7139 and PasP were more abundant in AES-1R ASMDM culture supernatants, while AprA could only be identified in PAO1. Relative quantitation was performed using selected reaction monitoring. Significantly elevated levels of PasP, LasB, chitin-binding protein (CbpD), and PA4495 were identified in AES-1R ASMDM supernatants. Quantitative PCR showed elevated pasP in AES-1R during early (18 h) ASMDM growth, while no evidence of aprA expression could be observed. Genomic screening of CF isolates revealed aes_7139 was present in all AES-1 and one pair of sequential nonepidemic isolates. Secreted proteins may be crucial in aiding CF-associated P. aeruginosa to establish infection and for adaptation to the CF lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E Scott
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney , Building GO8, Maze Crescent, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa coproducing metallo-β-lactamase SPM-1 and 16S rRNA methylase RmtD1 in an urban river. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3063-4. [PMID: 21464240 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00138-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa - clonal spread in Southern Brazil and in the State of Goiás. Braz J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(10)70101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
7
|
Scheffer MC, Bazzo ML, Steindel M, Darini AL, Clímaco E, Dalla-Costa LM. Intrahospital spread of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a University Hospital in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:367-71. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) has been isolated with increasing frequency in Brazilian hospitals. Since June 2003, its detection in a teaching hospital in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil, has increased. This study aimed to investigate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), presence of Metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) and a possible clonal relationship among the isolates. METHODS: The study included 29 CRPA and seven isolates with reduced susceptibility. The MIC was determined by agar-dilution. Detection of MβL was performed by Double Disk Sinergism (DDS) and Combined Disk (CD). The MβL gene was verified by PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. Epidemiological typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Among the 29 carbapenem-resistant isolates, polymyxin B presented 100% susceptibility and piperacillin/tazobactam 96.7%. Seventeen (62%) strains were verified as clonal (A clone) and among these, six isolates indicated phenotypically positive tests for MβL and harbored the blaSPM-1 gene. The first CRPA isolates were unrelated to clone A, harbored blaIMP-16 and were phenotypically positive only by CD. CONCLUSIONS: The spread of a high-level of resistance clone suggests cross transmission as an important dissemination mechanism and has contributed to the increased rate of resistance to carbapenems. This study emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance and improved strategies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Marinho PR, Moreira APB, Pellegrino FLPC, Muricy G, Bastos MDCDF, Santos KRND, Giambiagi-deMarval M, Laport MS. Marine Pseudomonas putida: a potential source of antimicrobial substances against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 104:678-82. [PMID: 19820824 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000500002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria isolated from marine sponges found off the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were screened for the production of antimicrobial substances. We report a new Pseudomonas putida strain (designated P. putida Mm3) isolated from the sponge Mycale microsigmatosa that produces a powerful antimicrobial substance active against multidrug-resistant bacteria. P. putida Mm3 was identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic tests. Molecular typing for Mm3 was performed by RAPD-PCR and comparison of the results to other Pseudomonas strains. Our results contribute to the search for new antimicrobial agents, an important strategy for developing alternative therapies to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palloma Rodrigues Marinho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hare NJ, Cordwell SJ. Proteomics of bacterial pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis - a case study. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:228-48. [PMID: 21137046 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Technology development in the high throughput sciences of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, has been driven by bacteriological research. These organisms are excellent models for testing new methodology due to their comparatively small genome size, the relative ease of culturing large amounts of material, and the inherent biomedical, environmental and biotechnological interest in their underlying biology. Techniques developed in prokaryotes have since become applicable to higher organisms and human disease, opening vast research opportunities for understanding complex molecular processes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an excellent example of a microbe with fascinating properties suitable for stretching the boundaries of technology, and with underlying biology that remains poorly understood. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen in humans and contains one of the largest genetic capabilities for a single-celled organism (approximately 5500 genes), which allows it to encode a wide variety of surface-associated and secreted virulence factors, as well as adapt to harsh environments, forming resistance to an array of antibacterial agents. While it is a major threat as a nosocomial pathogen, and particularly in the immunocompromised, it is also the most significant cause of mortality in patients suffering from the genetic disorder, cystic fibrosis. This review examines the role of proteomics in gaining a better understanding of the molecular basis of P. aeruginosa infection and persistence in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Hare
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Manos J, Arthur J, Rose B, Bell S, Tingpej P, Hu H, Webb J, Kjelleberg S, Gorrell MD, Bye P, Harbour C. Gene expression characteristics of a cystic fibrosis epidemic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during biofilm and planktonic growth. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 292:107-14. [PMID: 19222585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been identified in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients worldwide. The Australian Epidemic Strain-2 (AES-2) infects up to 40% of patients in three eastern Australian CF clinics. To investigate whether AES-2 isolates from chronically infected CF adults differentially express well-conserved genes potentially associated with transmissibility, we compared the transcriptomes of planktonic and biofilm-grown AES-2, infrequent P. aeruginosa clones and the reference P. aeruginosa PAO1 using the Affymetrix PAO1 array. The most interesting findings emerged from comparisons of planktonic and biofilm AES-2. AES-2 biofilms upregulated Type III secretion system genes, but downregulated quorum-sensing (QS)-regulatory genes, except lasR, QS-regulated, oxidative-stress and iron-storage genes. QS-regulated and iron-storage genes were downregulated to a greater extent in AES-2 biofilms compared with infrequent clone and PAO1 biofilms, suggesting enhanced anaerobic respiration in AES-2. Chitinase and chitin-binding protein maintained high expression in AES-2 biofilms compared with infrequent clone and PAO1 biofilms. Planktonic AES-2 upregulated QS regulators and QS-regulated genes, iron acquisition and aerobic respiration genes, and had high expression of Group III Type IV pilA compared with low expression of Group I Type IV pilA in infrequent clones. Together, these properties may enhance long-term survival of AES-2 in CF lung and contribute to its transmissibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Manos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fuentefria DB, Ferreira AE, Gräf T, Corção G. Spread of Metallo-β-lactamases: screening reveals the presence of aBLA SPM-1 gene in hospital sewage in southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:82-5. [PMID: 24031322 PMCID: PMC3768503 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090001000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 396 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from hospital sewage, the blaSPM-1 gene was confirmed in nine. This is the first report of environmental P. aeruginosa strains carrying the blaSPM-1 gene in Brazil. The carbapenem resistance, already disseminated among clinical isolates, has been detected among environmental isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Bopp Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manos J, Arthur J, Rose B, Tingpej P, Fung C, Curtis M, Webb JS, Hu H, Kjelleberg S, Gorrell MD, Bye P, Harbour C. Transcriptome analyses and biofilm-forming characteristics of a clonal Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the cystic fibrosis lung. J Med Microbiol 2009; 57:1454-1465. [PMID: 19018014 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.2008/005009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones potentially pose a serious threat to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The AES-1 clone has been found to infect up to 40 % of patients in five CF centres in eastern Australia. Studies were carried out on clonal and non-clonal (NC) isolates from chronically infected CF patients, and the reference strain PAO1, to gain insight into the properties of AES-1. The transcriptomes of AES-1 and NC isolates, and of PAO1, grown planktonically and as a 72 h biofilm were compared using PAO1 microarrays. Microarray data were validated using real-time PCR. Overall, most differentially expressed genes were downregulated. AES-1 differentially expressed bacteriophage genes, novel motility genes, and virulence and quorum-sensing-related genes, compared with both PAO1 and NC. AES-1 but not NC biofilms significantly downregulated aerobic respiration genes compared with planktonic growth, suggesting enhanced anaerobic/microaerophilic growth by AES-1. Biofilm measurement showed that AES-1 formed significantly larger and thicker biofilms than NC or PAO1 isolates. This may be related to expression of the gene PA0729, encoding a biofilm-enhancing bacteriophage, identified by PCR in all AES-1 but few NC isolates (n=42). Links with the Liverpool epidemic strain included the presence of PA0729 and the absence of the bacteriophage gene cluster PA0632-PA0639. No common markers were found with the Manchester strain. No particular differentially expressed gene in AES-1 could definitively be ascribed a role in its infectivity, thus increasing the likelihood that AES-1 infectivity is multi-factorial and possibly involves novel genes. This study extends our understanding of the transcriptomic and genetic differences between clonal and NC strains of P. aeruginosa from CF lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Manos
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Arthur
- Sydney Bioinformatics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Rose
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pholawat Tingpej
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carina Fung
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michelle Curtis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Webb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Honghua Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- A. W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Bye
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Colin Harbour
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pellegrino FL, Casali N, Nouér SA, Riley LW, Moreira BM. A carbapenem-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain carrying the blaSPM gene. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 61:214-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|