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Mehrdadi S. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles as Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Overcoming Poor Gastrointestinal Absorption and Enhancing Bioavailability of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:48-66. [PMID: 38585451 PMCID: PMC10997935 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivery and formulation of oral peptide and protein therapeutics have always been a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. The oral bioavailability of peptide and protein therapeutics mainly relies on their gastrointestinal solubility and permeability which are affected by their poor membrane penetration, high molecular weight and proteolytic (chemical and enzymatic) degradation resulting in limited delivery and therapeutic efficacy. The present review article highlights the challenges and limitations of oral delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics focusing on the application, potential and importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) and their advantages and drawbacks. LBDDSs, due to their lipid-based matrix can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, and by reducing the first-pass effect and avoiding proteolytic degradation offer improved drug stability, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability and controlled drug release. Furthermore, their small size, high surface area and surface modification increase their mucosal adhesion, tissue-targeted distribution, physiological function and half-life. Properties such as simple preparation, high-scale manufacturing, biodegradability, biocompatibility, prolonged half-life, lower toxicity, lower adverse effects, lipid-based structure, higher drug encapsulation rate and various drug release profile compared to other similar carrier systems makes LBDDSs a promising drug delivery system (DDS). Nevertheless, undesired physicochemical features of peptide and protein drug development and discovery such as plasma stability, membrane permeability and circulation half-life remain a serious challenge which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Mehrdadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Use of Genome Editing Techniques to Produce Transgenic Farm Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1354:279-297. [PMID: 34807447 PMCID: PMC9810480 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85686-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins are essential for the treatment and diagnosis of clinical human ailments. The availability and biological activity of recombinant proteins is heavily influenced by production platforms. Conventional production platforms such as yeast, bacteria, and mammalian cells have biological and economical challenges. Transgenic livestock species have been explored as an alternative production platform for recombinant proteins, predominantly through milk secretion; the strategy has been demonstrated to produce large quantities of biologically active proteins. The major limitation of utilizing livestock species as bioreactors has been efforts required to alter the genome of livestock. Advancements in the genome editing field have drastically improved the ability to genetically engineer livestock species. Specifically, genome editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system have lowered efforts required to generate genetically engineered livestock, thus minimizing restrictions on the type of genetic modification in livestock. In this review, we discuss characteristics of transgenic animal bioreactors and how the use of genome editing systems enhances design and availability of the animal models.
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Abstract
Hemostasis is the normal process of blood coagulation in vivo to stop pathologic bleeding. Virchow triad includes venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and vascular injury. Natural anticoagulants include protein C, protein S, and antithrombin. Factor V Leiden is the most common inherited thrombophilia, followed by prothrombin gene mutation. All inherited thrombophilias are passed down in an autosomal dominant fashion. Patients harboring the antiphospholipid antibodies have an increased risk for thrombosis. von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder; the pattern of inheritance is autosomal. Hemophilia A and B are the only hereditary bleeding disorders inherited in a sex-linked recessive pattern.
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Brand B, Gruppo R, Wynn TT, Griskevicius L, Lopez Fernandez MF, Chapman M, Dvorak T, Pavlova BG, Abbuehl BE. Efficacy and safety of pegylated full‐length recombinant factor
VIII
with extended half‐life for perioperative haemostasis in haemophilia A patients. Haemophilia 2016; 22:e251-8. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Brand
- Universitaetsspital Zuerich Zuerich Switzerland
| | - R. Gruppo
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OHUSA
| | - T. T. Wynn
- College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - L. Griskevicius
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos Medical Faculty of Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania
| | | | | | - T. Dvorak
- Baxalta Innovations GmbH Vienna Austria
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The Mystery of Antibodies Against Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) - What do we Know? Pharm Res 2016; 33:2239-49. [PMID: 27271335 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent findings demonstrated anti-PEG antibody formation in some healthy individuals and patients who have not received PEGylated biotherapeutics. Some of these findings evoked criticism because of shortcomings in the antibody assays used. To better understand this topic, we established robust antibody analytics and screened two cohorts of healthy individuals and one cohort of hemophilia patients for the expression of anti-PEG antibodies. METHODS A flow cytometry approach and a fully validated ELISA platform were established to detect specific anti-PEG antibodies. Immunohistochemistry was used to test for potential binding of anti-PEG antibodies to human tissues. RESULTS IgM and/or IgG anti-PEG antibodies are expressed by some healthy individuals and by some patients with hemophilia who have not received PEGylated biotherapeutics. These antibodies can be either transient or persistent and recognize PEGs of different sizes with or without terminal methoxy groups. Age and location of healthy individuals influence the prevalence of IgG but not of IgM antibodies. Anti-PEG antibodies do not cross-react with human tissues supporting the safety of the antibodies. CONCLUSION We confirm that some healthy individuals and some patients with hemophilia express specific antibodies against PEG which are not associated with any pathology and do not bind to human tissues.
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Jefferis R. Posttranslational Modifications and the Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5358272. [PMID: 27191002 PMCID: PMC4848426 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5358272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by its gene sequence, the final structure and function are determined by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including quality control (QC) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and during passage through the Golgi apparatus. These processes are species and cell specific and challenge the biopharmaceutical industry when developing a production platform for the generation of recombinant biologic therapeutics. Proteins and glycoproteins are also subject to chemical modifications (CMs) both in vivo and in vitro. The individual is naturally tolerant to molecular forms of self-molecules but nonself variants can provoke an immune response with the generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA); aggregated forms can exhibit enhanced immunogenicity and QC procedures are developed to avoid or remove them. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics (mAbs) are a special case because their purpose is to bind the target, with the formation of immune complexes (ICs), a particular form of aggregate. Such ICs may be removed by phagocytic cells that have antigen presenting capacity. These considerations may frustrate the possibility of ameliorating the immunogenicity of mAbs by rigorous exclusion of aggregates from drug product. Alternate strategies for inducing immunosuppression or tolerance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Sanchez-Garcia L, Martín L, Mangues R, Ferrer-Miralles N, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Recombinant pharmaceuticals from microbial cells: a 2015 update. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:33. [PMID: 26861699 PMCID: PMC4748523 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, growth or clotting disorders are among the spectrum of human diseases related to protein absence or malfunction. Since these pathologies cannot be yet regularly treated by gene therapy, the administration of functional proteins produced ex vivo is required. As both protein extraction from natural producers and chemical synthesis undergo inherent constraints that limit regular large-scale production, recombinant DNA technologies have rapidly become a choice for therapeutic protein production. The spectrum of organisms exploited as recombinant cell factories has expanded from the early predominating Escherichia coli to alternative bacteria, yeasts, insect cells and especially mammalian cells, which benefit from metabolic and protein processing pathways similar to those in human cells. Up to date, around 650 protein drugs have been worldwide approved, among which about 400 are obtained by recombinant technologies. Other 1300 recombinant pharmaceuticals are under development, with a clear tendency towards engineered versions with improved performance and new functionalities regarding the conventional, plain protein species. This trend is exemplified by the examination of the contemporary protein-based drugs developed for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sanchez-Garcia
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Lucas Martín
- Technology Transfer Office, Edifici Eureka, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Ramon Mangues
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau, Josep Carreras Research Institute and CIBER-BBN, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent success of early-phase clinical trials for adeno-associated viral (AAV) liver-directed gene therapy for hemophilia B (HB) demonstrates the potential for gene therapy, in the future, to succeed protein-based prophylaxis therapy for HB. Significant obstacles, however, need to be overcome prior to widespread adoption. The largest obstacles include immune responses to the AAV capsid including preexisting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and a delayed cellular immune response. Emerging evidence suggests that the latter is vector-dose dependent. Furthermore, the development and eradication of inhibitors remains a significant safety concern. Similarly, biological differences between Factor VIII and Factor IX (FIX) impose challenges to direct adoption of the successes for HB to hemophilia A (HA). AREAS COVERED The advantages and limitations of the current strategies addressing these obstacles for gene therapy for HB and HA are discussed, as well as vector manufacturing issues relevant to widespread adoption. Alternative strategies including both ex-vivo and in-vivo lentiviral-based methods are discussed, though we focus on AAV-based approaches because of their recent clinical success and potential. EXPERT OPINION Our opinion is that these obstacles can be overcome with current approaches, and AAV-based gene therapy for HB will likely translate into future clinical care. Innovative approaches are, however, likely needed to solve the current problems obstructing HA gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valder R Arruda
- University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, 5056 Colket Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ; University of Pennsylvania, Center for Cell and Molecular Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben J Samelson-Jones
- University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, 5056 Colket Translational Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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