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Huang MT, Lin BR, Liu WL, Lu CW, Chiang BL. Lymph node trafficking of regulatory T cells is prerequisite for immune suppression. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:561-8. [PMID: 26543091 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0715-296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells have a crucial role in health and disease because of their immune regulation function. However, the anatomic sites where regulatory T cells exert optimal immune regulation are open to debate. In our current study with the use of a shear-stress flow assay, we found that regulatory T cells exhibited significantly decreased adhesion to either activated endothelial monolayer or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or E-selectin-coated surfaces compared with activated effector T cells. The less transmigration capacity of the regulatory T cells prompted our speculation of preferential lymph node localization for the regulatory T cells that endowed these cells with immune regulation function in the most efficient manner. To test this hypothesis, the role of lymph node localization in regulatory T cell-mediated immune suppression was evaluated with a footpad inflammation model. We found that adoptively transferred regulatory T cells inhibited the development of footpad inflammation. In addition, although blockage of CCR7 or CD62L had no effect on the immune suppressive function of the regulatory T cells per se, pretreatment of the regulatory T cells with either CCR7 or CD62L blocking antibodies prevented their recruitment into draining lymph nodes and concomitantly abrogated the immune suppressive effects of adoptively transferred regulatory T cells during footpad inflammation. Our data demonstrate the crucial role of lymph node localization in regulatory T cell-mediated immune suppression and suggest a probable hierarchy in the anatomic sites for optimal immune regulation. Elucidating the relationships between the transmigration characteristics of the regulatory T cells and their immune regulation function will provide insightful information for regulatory T cell-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Tzu Huang
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Been-Ren Lin
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Lu
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Fu H, Kishore M, Gittens B, Wang G, Coe D, Komarowska I, Infante E, Ridley AJ, Cooper D, Perretti M, Marelli-Berg FM. Self-recognition of the endothelium enables regulatory T-cell trafficking and defines the kinetics of immune regulation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3436. [PMID: 24625653 PMCID: PMC3959214 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Localization of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells to lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue is instrumental for the effective control of immune responses. Compared with conventional T cells, Treg cells constitute a minute fraction of the T-cell repertoire. Despite this numeric disadvantage, Tregs efficiently migrate to sites of immune responses reaching an optimal number for the regulation of T effector (Teff) cells. The array and levels of adhesion and chemokine receptor expression by Tregs do not explain their powerful migratory capacity. Here we show that recognition of self-antigens expressed by endothelial cells in target tissue is instrumental for efficient Treg recruitment in vivo. This event relies upon IFN-γ-mediated induction of MHC-class-II molecule expression by the endothelium and requires optimal PI3K p110δ activation by the T-cell receptor. We also show that, once in the tissue, Tregs inhibit Teff recruitment, further enabling a Teff:Treg ratio optimal for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Madhav Kishore
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Beartice Gittens
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Guosu Wang
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David Coe
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Izabela Komarowska
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Elvira Infante
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M. Marelli-Berg
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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3
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Carbone F, De Rosa V, Carrieri PB, Montella S, Bruzzese D, Porcellini A, Procaccini C, La Cava A, Matarese G. Regulatory T cell proliferative potential is impaired in human autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2013; 20:69-74. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Yan S, Gessner R, Dietel C, Schmiedek U, Fan H. Enhanced ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in CD26-/- mice. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:533-40. [PMID: 22101691 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the potential role of CD26 in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation using CD26 gene knockout mice. Compared with WT counterparts, CD26(-/-) mice showed an obviously enhanced tissue response and denser pulmonary infiltrates containing eosinophils around vessels and in the parenchyma after OVA sensitization and challenge. Serum IgG, including subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a, was greatly reduced in CD26(-/-) mice, but serum IgE remained unchanged. CD26(-/-) mice had increased mRNA expression of the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the lungs compared with WT mice, whereas the levels of the pro-Th1 cytokine IL-12p40 were similar in both strains. Consequently, enhanced protein secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from CD26(-/-) mice. In agreement with overexpressed Th2 cytokines, both mRNA transcript and protein levels of chemokines eotaxin and RANTES, as well as their receptors CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) and CCR5, were elevated in CD26(-/-) mice. These results suggest a protective role for CD26 in restricting OVA-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Yan
- Institut für Molekularbiologie und Biochemie, CBF, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Richards H, Williams A, Jones E, Hindley J, Godkin A, Simon AK, Gallimore A. Novel role of regulatory T cells in limiting early neutrophil responses in skin. Immunology 2010; 131:583-92. [PMID: 20722759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is clear that CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells inhibit chronic inflammatory responses as well as adaptive immune responses. Among the CD4(+) T-cell population in the skin, at least one-fifth express Foxp3. As the skin is constantly exposed to antigenic challenge and is a common site of vaccination, understanding the role of these skin-resident Treg cells is important. Although the suppressive effect of Treg cells on T cells is well documented, less is known about the types of innate immune cells influenced by Treg cells and whether the Treg cells suppress acute innate immune responses in vivo. To address this we used a mouse melanoma cell line expressing Fas ligand (B16FasL), which induces an inflammatory response following subcutaneous injection of mice. We demonstrate that Treg cells limit this response by inhibiting neutrophil accumulation and survival within hours of tumour cell inoculation. This effect, which was associated with decreased expression of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2, promoted survival of the inoculated tumour cells. Overall, these data imply that Treg cells in the skin are rapidly mobilized and that this activity serves to limit the amplification of inflammatory responses at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Richards
- Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff , UK
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6
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Zhu D, Jarmin S, Ribeiro A, Prin F, Xie SQ, Sullivan K, Briscoe J, Gould AP, Marelli-Berg FM, Gu Y. Applying an adaptive watershed to the tissue cell quantification during T-cell migration and embryonic development. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 616:207-228. [PMID: 20379878 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-461-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell and particle quantification is one of the frequently used techniques in biology and clinical study. Variations of cell/particle population and/or protein expression level can provide information on many biological processes. In this chapter, we propose an image-based automatic quantification approach that can be applied to images from both fluorescence and electron microscopy. The algorithm uses local maxima to identify labelling targets and uses watershed segmentation to define their boundaries. The method is able to provide information on size, intensity centroids and average intensity within the labelling partitions. Further developed from this method, we demonstrated its applications in four different research projects, including recruitment enumeration of circulating T cell in non-lymphoid tissues, cell clustering in the early development of the chick embryo, gold particle localization and clustering in electron microscopy, and registration/co-localization of transcription factors in neural tube development of early chick embryo. The advantages and limitations of the method are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhu
- Developmental Neurobiology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, UK
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7
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T-cell receptor- and CD28-induced Vav1 activity is required for the accumulation of primed T cells into antigenic tissue. Blood 2008; 113:3696-705. [PMID: 19060239 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-176511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of primed T cells to antigenic tissue is essential for the development of effective immunity. Together with tissue-selective homing molecules, T-cell receptor (TCR)- and CD28-mediated signals have been shown to promote transendothelial migration of specific T cells into nonlymphoid antigen-rich tissue. However, the cellular and molecular requirements for T-cell accumulation to target tissue following their recruitment are largely undefined. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav1 has an integral role in coupling TCR and CD28 to signaling pathways that regulate T-cell activation and migration. Here, we have investigated the contribution of TCR- and CD28-induced Vav1 activity to the trafficking and localization of primed HY-specific CD4(+) T cells to antigenic sites. Severe migratory defects displayed by Vav1(-/-) T cells in vitro were fully compensated by a combination of shear flow and chemokines, leading to normal recruitment of Vav1(-/-) T cells in vivo. In contrast, Vav1(-/-) T-cell retention into antigen-rich tissue was severely impaired, reflecting T cells' inability to engage in sustained TCR- and CD28-mediated interactions with tissue-resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This novel function of APC-induced, and TCR- and CD28-mediated Vav1 activity in the regulation of effector T-cell immunity highlights its potential as a therapeutic target in T cell-mediated tissue damage.
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8
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Marelli-Berg FM, Cannella L, Dazzi F, Mirenda V. The highway code of T cell trafficking. J Pathol 2008; 214:179-89. [PMID: 18161751 DOI: 10.1002/path.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated migratory events are required for the development of effective and regulated immunity. Naïve T lymphocytes are programmed to recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue by non-specific stimuli. In contrast, primed T cells must identify specific sites of antigen location in non-lymphoid tissue to exert targeted effector responses. Following priming, T cells acquire the ability to establish molecular interactions mediated by tissue-selective integrins and chemokine receptors (homing receptors) that allow their access to specific organs, such as the skin and the gut. Recent studies have shown that an additional level of specificity is provided by the induction of specific T cell migration into the tissue following recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. In addition, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28 and CTLA-4 molecules) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Marelli-Berg
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicne, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, UK.
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9
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Jarmin SJ, David R, Ma L, Chai JG, Dewchand H, Takesono A, Ridley AJ, Okkenhaug K, Marelli-Berg FM. T cell receptor-induced phosphoinositide-3-kinase p110delta activity is required for T cell localization to antigenic tissue in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1154-64. [PMID: 18259608 PMCID: PMC2230659 DOI: 10.1172/jci33267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of T cell-mediated inflammation requires the migration of primed T lymphocytes from the blood stream and their retention in antigenic sites. While naive T lymphocyte recirculation in the lymph and blood is constitutively regulated and occurs in the absence of inflammation, the recruitment of primed T cells to nonlymphoid tissue and their retention at the site are enhanced by various inflammatory signals, including TCR engagement by antigen-displaying endothelium and resident antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we investigated whether signals downstream of TCR ligation mediated by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) subunit p110delta contributed to the regulation of these events. T lymphocytes from mice expressing catalytically inactive p110delta displayed normal constitutive trafficking and migratory responses to nonspecific stimuli. However, these cells lost susceptibility to TCR-induced migration and failed to localize efficiently to antigenic tissue. Importantly, we showed that antigen-induced T cell trafficking and subsequent inflammation was abrogated by selective pharmacological inhibition of PI3K p110delta activity. These observations suggest that pharmacological targeting of p110delta activity is a viable strategy for the therapy of T cell-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Jarmin
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel David
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jan-Guo Chai
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hamlata Dewchand
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aya Takesono
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Federica M. Marelli-Berg
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom.
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Ma Y, He KM, Garcia B, Min W, Jevnikar A, Zhang ZX. Adoptive transfer of double negative T regulatory cells induces B-cell death in vivo and alters rejection pattern of rat-to-mouse heart transplantation. Xenotransplantation 2008; 15:56-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2008.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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11
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He K, Ma Y, Wang S, Min WP, Zhong R, Jevnikar A, Zhang ZX. Donor double-negative Treg promote allogeneic mixed chimerism and tolerance. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3455-66. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Marelli-Berg FM, Okkenhaug K, Mirenda V. A two-signal model for T cell trafficking. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:267-73. [PMID: 17481953 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-receptor triggering and the delivery of co-stimulation are essential events leading to T cell expansion, differentiation and effector function. The influence that such signals exert on T cell migration during and following priming has been highlighted by recent reports. Moreover, induction of peripheral tolerance might act in part by affecting T cell migration. Here, we propose that the integration of co-stimulatory signals, which regulate the ability of primed T cells to access nonlymphoid tissue, and cognate recognition of the endothelium, which determines the selective recruitment of specific T cells, contribute to the anatomy of T cell-mediated immunity and tolerance. The implications for therapeutic strategies manipulating these signals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Marelli-Berg
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK, W12 0NN.
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13
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Biton A, Bank U, Täger M, Ansorge S, Reinhold D, Lendeckel U, Brocke S. Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) and Aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) as Regulators of T Cell Function and Targets of Immunotherapy in CNS Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 575:177-86. [PMID: 16700521 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32824-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliza Biton
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, POB 12272, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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14
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Datta A, David R, Glennie S, Scott D, Cernuda-Morollon E, Lechler RI, Ridley AJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Differential effects of immunosuppressive drugs on T-cell motility. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2871-83. [PMID: 17061998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The best-characterized mechanism of the action of immunosuppressive drugs is to prevent T-cell clonal expansion, thus containing the magnitude of the ensuing immune response. As T-cell recruitment to the inflammatory site is another key step in the development of T-cell-mediated inflammation, we analyzed and compared the effects of two commonly used immunosuppressants, cyclosporin A (CsA) and the rapamycin-related compound SDZ-RAD, on the motility of human CD4+ T cells. We show that CsA, but not SDZ-RAD, inhibits T-cell transendothelial migration in vitro. CsA selectively impaired chemokine-induced T-cell chemotaxis while integrin-mediated migration was unaffected. The inhibition of T-cell chemotaxis correlated with reduced AKT/PKB but not ERK activation following exposure to the chemokine CXCL-12/SDF-1. In addition, CsA, but not SDZ-RAD, prevents some T-cell receptor-mediated effects on T-cell motility. Finally, we show that CsA, but not SDZ-RAD inhibits tissue infiltration by T cells in vivo. Our data suggest a prominent antiinflammatory role for CsA in T-cell-mediated tissue damage, by inhibiting T-cell trafficking into tissues in addition to containing clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Datta
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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15
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Mirenda V, Jarmin SJ, David R, Dyson J, Scott D, Gu Y, Lechler RI, Okkenhaug K, Marelli-Berg FM. Physiologic and aberrant regulation of memory T-cell trafficking by the costimulatory molecule CD28. Blood 2006; 109:2968-77. [PMID: 17119120 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Productive T-cell immunity requires both the activation and the migration of specific T cells to the antigenic tissue. The costimulatory molecule CD28 plays an essential role in the initiation of T-cell–mediated immunity. We investigated the possibility that CD28 may also regulate migration of primed T cells to target tissue. In vitro, CD28-mediated signals enhanced T-cell transendothelial migration, integrin clustering, and integrin-mediated migration. In vivo, T cells bearing a mutation in the CD28 cytoplasmic domain, which abrogates PI3K activation, displayed normal clonal expansion but defective localization to antigenic sites following antigenic rechallenge. Importantly, antibody-mediated CD28 stimulation led to unregulated memory T-cell migration to extra-lymphoid tissue, which occurred independently of T-cell receptor (TCR)–derived signals and homing-receptor expression. Finally, we provide evidence that CD28- and CTLA-4–mediated signals exert opposite effects on T-cell trafficking in vivo. These findings highlight a novel physiologic function of CD28 that has crucial implications for the therapeutic manipulation of this and other costimulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mirenda
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Zhang ZX, Ma Y, Wang H, Arp J, Jiang J, Huang X, He KM, Garcia B, Madrenas J, Zhong R. Double-Negative T Cells, Activated by Xenoantigen, Lyse Autologous B and T Cells Using a Perforin/Granzyme-Dependent, Fas-Fas Ligand-Independent Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6920-9. [PMID: 17082607 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control the response of B cells is of particular interest in xenotransplantation as Ab-mediated hyperacute and acute xenograft rejection are major obstacles in achieving long-term graft survival. Regulatory T cells have been proven to play a very important role in the regulation of immune responses to self or non-self Ags. Previous studies have shown that TCRalphabeta+CD3+CD4-CD8- (double-negative (DN)) T cells possess an immune regulatory function, capable of controlling antidonor T cell responses in allo- and xenotransplantation through Fas-Fas ligand interaction. In this study, we investigated the possibility that xenoreactive DNT cells suppress B cells. We found that DNT cells generated from wild-type C57BL/6 mice expressed B220 and CD25 after rat Ag stimulation. These xenoreactive B220+CD25+ DNT cells lysed activated, but not naive, B and T cells. This killing, which took place through cell-cell contact, required participation of adhesion molecules. Our results indicate that Fas ligand, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and TCR-MHC recognition was not involved in DNT cell-mediated syngenic cell killing, but instead this killing was mediated by perforin and granzymes. The xenoreactive DNT cells expressed high levels of granzymes in comparison to allo- or xenoreactive CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of DNT cells in combination with early immune suppression by immunosuppressive analog of 15-deoxyspergualin, LF15-0195, significantly prolonged rat heart graft survival to 62.1 +/- 13.9 days in mice recipients. In conclusion, this study suggests that xenoreactive DNT cells can control B and T cell responses in perforin/granzyme-dependent mechanisms. DNT cells may be valuable in controlling B and T cell responses in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Xu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Shimoda S, Ishikawa F, Kamihira T, Komori A, Niiro H, Baba E, Harada K, Isse K, Nakanuma Y, Ishibashi H, Gershwin ME, Harada M. Autoreactive T-cell responses in primary biliary cirrhosis are proinflammatory whereas those of controls are regulatory. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:606-18. [PMID: 16890612 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Autoreactive T cells that proliferate in response to autoantigens are found in both autoimmune disease and controls but have important qualitative differences in relative activation states, costimulation signal requirements, and pathogenetic significance. Understanding the mechanism for activation of autoreactive T cells will be critical in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. METHODS To understand the differences between autoreactive T cells in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) versus controls, we have developed autoreactive T-cell clones (TCCs) from patients with PBC and healthy controls and have used a peptide corresponding to the CD4 major autoepitope to define the relative proliferative and cytokine response. RESULTS Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PBC, but not from controls, produce interferon (IFN)-gamma regardless of whether costimulation-competent or -incompetent antigen-presenting cells (APC) were used. In contrast, a significant number of IFN-gamma-producing cells were found in PBMCs from controls but only if costimulation-competent PBMCs presented an autoantigenic peptide. In addition, costimulation-dependent autoreactive TCCs became anergic after a single round of stimulation in the presence of APC that did not provide a costimulatory signal, whereas some costimulation-independent autoreactive TCCs required repeated stimulation to become anergic and the others did not become anergic. Finally, anergic TCCs produced interleukin-10, but no IFN-gamma, and exhibited regulatory functions in an antigen-dependent, cell contact-independent, and partially interleukin-10-mediated manner. CONCLUSIONS These data relate specifically to the functional characteristics of autoreactive T cells in PBC but are also generically important for understanding the mechanisms for generating pathogenetic autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Shimoda
- Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Immunobiology and the Recanti/Miller Transplantation Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Smit JJ, Lukacs NW. A closer look at chemokines and their role in asthmatic responses. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:277-88. [PMID: 16464446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory cell recruitment is a hallmark phenomenon of all inflammatory diseases, including allergic asthma. In allergy and asthma, recruitment of inflammatory cells such as T cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils and neutrophils, is mediated via a number of chemokines and their receptors. Not only are chemokines involved in recruitment of these cells, they also play a role in activation and differentiation of inflammatory cells, among others, by selectively activating Th1 or Th2 cells or by effects on epithelial or endothelial cells. Binding of chemokines with their receptors has been demonstrated to be highly promiscuous and the subsequent activation pattern on effector cells is very heterogeneous, which has lead to confusion and has complicated research in this field. Nonetheless, chemokines and their receptors are important potential therapeutical targets in allergy and asthma because of their central role in cell recruitment and activation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost J Smit
- Department of Pathology, UM Medical School, 5214 Medical Science I, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0602, United States of America.
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20
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Waldmann H, Graca L, Adams E, Fairchild P, Cobbold S. Regulatory T cells in transplantation tolerance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 293:249-64. [PMID: 15981483 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27702-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to harness tolerance mechanisms will have a major impact in organ transplantation if it becomes possible to minimize drug maintenance, or even wean off immunosuppressive drugs. An improved understanding of the biology of regulatory T cells will make it possible to replace current induction regimens with those favouring the vaccination and selection of T cells that prevent graft rejection. Once tolerance is established, the continuous supply of graft antigens should sustain T cell mediated regulation as the dominant mechanism preventing graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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21
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Reinhold D, Kähne T, Steinbrecher A, Gerber A, Preller V, Gornickel B, Wrenger S, Ansorge S, Brocke S. The role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV, CD26) in T cell activation and multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Elliott JI, Surprenant A, Marelli-Berg FM, Cooper JC, Cassady-Cain RL, Wooding C, Linton K, Alexander DR, Higgins CF. Membrane phosphatidylserine distribution as a non-apoptotic signalling mechanism in lymphocytes. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:808-16. [PMID: 16025105 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure is normally associated with apoptosis and the removal of dying cells. We observed that PS is exposed constitutively at high levels on T lymphocytes that express low levels of the transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase CD45RB. CD45 was shown to be a negative regulator of PS translocation in response to various signals, including activation of the ATP receptor P2X(7). Changes in PS distribution were shown to modulate several membrane activities: Ca(2+) and Na(+) uptake through the P2X(7) cation channel itself; P2X(7)-stimulated shedding of the homing receptor CD62L; and reversal of activity of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein. The data identify a role for PS distribution changes in signal transduction, rapidly modulating the activities of several membrane proteins. This seems to be an all-or-none effect, coordinating the activity of most or all the molecules of a target protein in each cell. The data also suggest a new approach to circumventing multidrug resistance.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/drug effects
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/physiology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Animals
- Annexin A5/metabolism
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Ion Channels/drug effects
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Ion Channels/physiology
- L-Selectin/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/physiology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Paclitaxel/pharmacokinetics
- Phosphatidylserines/metabolism
- Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Elliott
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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23
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Mirenda V, Millington O, Lechler RI, Scott D, Hernandez-Fuentes MP, Read J, Tan PH, George AJT, Garside P, Marelli-Berg FM. Tolerant T cells display impaired trafficking ability. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2146-56. [PMID: 15948215 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous observation that anergic T lymphocytes lose their migratory ability in vitro, we have proposed that anergic T cells are retained in the site where they have been generated to exert their regulatory function. In this study we have analyzed T lymphocyte trafficking and motility following the induction of tolerance in vivo. In a model of non-deletional negative vaccination to xenoantigens in which dendritic cells (DC) localize to specific lymphoid sites depending on the route of administration, tolerant T cells remained localized in the lymph nodes colonized by tolerogenic DC, while primed T cells could traffic efficiently. Using an oral tolerance model that enables the 'tracking' of ovalbumin-specific TCR-transgenic T cells, we confirmed that T cells lose the ability to migrate through syngeneic endothelial cell monolayers following tolerance induction in vivo. Finally, we show that tolerant T cells (both in vitro and ex vivo) can inhibit migration of responsive T cells in an antigen-independent manner. Thus, hyporesponsive T cells localize at the site of tolerance induction in vivo, where they exert their anti-inflammatory properties. In physiological terms, this effect is likely to render immunoregulation a more efficient and controllable event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mirenda
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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24
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Abstract
It remains unclear how and where unresponsiveness to fed antigens is induced. This "oral tolerance" is probably necessary to prevent the array of immune effector mechanisms required to counteract pathogens of the mucosae from being misdirected against food antigens or commensal flora. It will obviously be important to dissect where, when, and how such immunological homeostasis is maintained in the gut, but it will also be necessary to determine whether similar inductive and effector mechanisms are required for the therapeutic applications of oral tolerance systemically. This may be influenced by anatomical and microenvironmental effects on the phenotype and/or activation state of the antigen-presenting cell (APC), which presents orally delivered antigen. Fed antigen passes from the intestinal lumen either via the villus epithelium and M cells in the Peyer's patches (PP) or the mucosal lamina propria to the organized lymphoid tissues of the PP and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). In addition, there is evidence that mucosally administered antigen also gains access directly to peripheral lymphoid organs. Each of these sites contains distinctive populations of APCs and has unique local microenvironments that may influence the immune response in different ways. We propose that feeding antigen in high doses may induce clonal anergy, deletion, or altered differentiation because it gains direct access to resting APCs in the T cell areas of both the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and peripheral lymphoid organs, with presentation occurring in the absence of productive costimulation. By contrast, low doses of tolerizing antigen may be taken up and presented preferentially by APCs in the GALT, where the local environment may favor the induction of regulatory T cells. This is consistent with our own and others findings, using adoptive transfer of TcR tg T cells. These studies have shown that antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells are activated simultaneously in all peripheral and gut-associated lymphoid organs after feeding high doses of proteins, but that this may be more restricted to local tissues when lower doses are used. Another level of anatomical control is imposed within lymphoid organs, where migration of T cells through distinct anatomical compartments can affect their differentiation. We find that, in contrast to orally primed T cells, orally tolerized T cells are unable to migrate into B cell follicles during their initial exposure to antigen. This affects their differentiation as upon subsequent challenge with antigen in adjuvant, tolerized T cells can be found in follicles but are unable to provide the B cell help that primed T cells can deliver. We hypothesize that the initial defective migration of tolerized T cells prevents them from receiving signals from antigen-specific B cells in follicles and results in abortive differentiation. Thus, both gross and fine anatomical location of fed antigen presentation may be important in mucosal immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Garside
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6NT, United Kingdom.
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26
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Comerford I, Nibbs RJB. Post-translational control of chemokines: a role for decoy receptors? Immunol Lett 2005; 96:163-74. [PMID: 15585320 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that chemokines play a critical role in the orchestration of inflammation and immunity. Interactions between chemokines and their receptors are essential for the homing of specific subsets of leukocytes to their functional microenvironments. They also influence other diverse biological processes such as development, leukocyte activation, Th1/Th2 polarisation, tumour metastasis, angiogenesis, and HIV pathogenesis. However, despite their importance, only now are we beginning to understand the complex regulation brought to bear on these molecules. In this review, we discuss a number of these key chemokine regulators that exert their influence once these proteins have been synthesised. We examine (i) chemokine storage, release, and presentation, (ii) protease regulation, (iii) viral manipulation of host chemokines, and (iv) natural mammalian receptor antagonists. Principally, the growing evidence for a role for decoy receptors in the chemokine system is discussed. In particular, the potential decoy function of the 'silent' pro-inflammatory chemokine receptor D6 is described alongside two other candidate decoy receptor molecules, DARC, and CCX-CKR. Dissecting the biological and pathological function of these chemokine controllers will lead to a deeper understanding of chemokine regulation, and may reveal novel strategies to therapeutically modify the chemokine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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27
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000136752.28324.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Stevenson FK, Caligaris-Cappio F. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revelations from the B-cell receptor. Blood 2004; 103:4389-95. [PMID: 14962897 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The finding that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) consists of 2 clinical subsets, distinguished by the incidence of somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region (V) genes, has clearly linked prognosis to biology. Antigen encounter by the cell of origin is indicated in both subsets by selective but distinct expression of V genes, with evidence for continuing stimulation after transformation. The key to distinctive tumor behavior likely relates to the differential ability of the B-cell receptor (BCR) to respond. Both subsets may be undergoing low-level signaling in vivo, although analysis of blood cells limits knowledge of critical events in the tissue microenvironment. Analysis of signal competence in vitro reveals that unmutated CLL generally continues to respond, whereas mutated CLL is anergized. Differential responsiveness may reflect the increased ability of post-germinal center B cells to be triggered by antigen, leading to long-term anergy. This could minimize cell division in mutated CLL and account for prognostic differences. Unifying features of CLL include low responsiveness, expression of CD25, and production of immunosuppressive cytokines. These properties are reminiscent of regulatory T cells and suggest that the cell of origin of CLL might be a regulatory B cell. Continuing regulatory activity, mediated via autoantigen, could suppress Ig production and lead to disease-associated hypogammaglobulinemia. (Blood. 2004;103:4389-4395)
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Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division, Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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29
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Marelli-Berg FM, James MJ, Dangerfield J, Dyson J, Millrain M, Scott D, Simpson E, Nourshargh S, Lechler RI. Cognate recognition of the endothelium induces HY-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte transendothelial migration (diapedesis) in vivo. Blood 2004; 103:3111-6. [PMID: 15070692 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The physiologic significance of MHC-peptide complex presentation by endothelial cells (ECs) to trafficking T lymphocytes remains unresolved. On the basis of our observation that cognate recognition of ECs enhanced transendothelial migration of antigen-specific T lymphocytes in vitro, we have proposed that by displaying antigenic peptides from the underlying tissue, ECs promote the recruitment of antigen-specific T cells. In this study, we have tested this hypothesis by comparing the trafficking of HY-specific T lymphocytes into antigenic and nonantigenic tissue using in vivo models of T-cell recruitment. Up-regulated expression of H2 molecules presenting endogenous antigen in the peritoneal mesothelium and vessels led to the local recruitment of HY-specific T cells in male, but not female, mice. Intravital microscopy experiments analyzing EC–HY-specific T-cell interactions in the cremasteric vascular bed revealed that cognate recognition of the endothelium results in enhanced diapedesis of T cells into the tissue, while not affecting rolling and adhesion. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, under inflammatory conditions, antigen presentation by the endothelium contributes to the development and specificity of T-cell–mediated inflammation by favoring the selective migration of antigen-specific T cells. (Blood. 2004;103:3111-3116)
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica M Marelli-Berg
- Department of Immunology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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