1
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Lu M, Blaine KP, Cullinane A, Hall C, Dulau-Florea A, Sun J, Chenwi HF, Graninger GM, Harper B, Thompson K, Krack J, Barnett CF, Brusca SB, Elinoff JM, Solomon MA. Pulmonary arterial hypertension patients display normal kinetics of clot formation using thrombelastography. Pulm Circ 2021; 11:20458940211022204. [PMID: 34249330 PMCID: PMC8237222 DOI: 10.1177/20458940211022204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and
microthrombi formation. The role of anticoagulation remains controversial, with
studies demonstrating inconsistent effects on pulmonary arterial hypertension
mortality. Clinical anticoagulation practices are currently heterogeneous,
reflecting physician preference. This study uses thrombelastography and
hematology markers to evaluate whether clot formation and fibrinolysis are
abnormal in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. Venous blood was collected
from healthy volunteers (n = 20) and patients with pulmonary
arterial hypertension (n = 20) on stable medical therapy for
thrombelastography analysis. Individual thrombelastography parameters and a
calculated coagulation index were used for comparison. In addition, hematologic
markers, including fibrinogen, factor VIII activity, von Willebrand factor
activity, von Willebrand factor antigen, and alpha2-antiplasmin, were measured
in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients and compared to healthy volunteers.
Between group differences were analyzed using t tests and linear mixed models,
accounting for repeated measures when applicable. Although the degree of
fibrinolysis (LY30) was significantly lower in pulmonary arterial hypertension
patients compared to healthy volunteers (0.3% ± 0.6 versus
1.3% ± 1.1, p = 0.04), all values were within the normal
reference range (0–8%). All other thrombelastography parameters were not
significantly different between pulmonary arterial hypertension patients and
healthy volunteers (p ≥ 0.15 for all). Similarly,
alpha2-antiplasmin activity levels were higher in pulmonary arterial
hypertension patients compared to healthy volunteers (103.7% ± 13.6
versus 82.6% ± 9.5, p < 0.0001), but
all individual values were within the normal range (75–132%). There were no
other significant differences in hematologic markers between pulmonary arterial
hypertension patients and healthy volunteers (p ≥ 0.07 for
all). Sub-group analysis comparing thrombelastography results in patients
treated with or without prostacyclin pathway targeted therapies were also
non-significant. In conclusion, treated pulmonary arterial hypertension patients
do not demonstrate abnormal clotting kinetics or fibrinolysis by
thrombelastography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Lu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin P Blaine
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Hall
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alina Dulau-Florea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Herman F Chenwi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grace M Graninger
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bonnie Harper
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keshia Thompson
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janell Krack
- Pharmacy Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher F Barnett
- MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Samuel B Brusca
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason M Elinoff
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Solomon
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Singh S, Saleem S, Reed GL. Alpha2-Antiplasmin: The Devil You Don't Know in Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:608899. [PMID: 33426005 PMCID: PMC7785519 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.608899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha2-antiplasmin (α2AP), the fast-reacting, serine protease inhibitor (serpin) of plasmin, was originally thought to play a key role in protection against uncontrolled, plasmin-mediated proteolysis of coagulation factors and other molecules. However, studies of humans and mice with genetic deficiency of α2AP have expanded our understanding of this serpin, particularly in disease states. Epidemiology studies have shown an association between high α2AP levels and increased risk or poor outcome in cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistic studies in disease models indicate that α2AP stops the body's own fibrinolytic system from dissolving pathologic thrombi that cause venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombosis, and ischemic stroke. In addition, α2AP fosters the development of microvascular thrombosis and enhances matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. Through these mechanisms and others, α2AP contributes to brain injury, hemorrhage and swelling in experimental ischemic stroke. Recent studies also show that α2AP is required for the development of stasis thrombosis by inhibiting the early activation of effective fibrinolysis. In this review, we will discuss the key role played by α2AP in controlling thrombosis and fibrinolysis and, we will consider its potential value as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sofiyan Saleem
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Guy L Reed
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona-College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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3
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Relation of α 2-Antiplasmin Genotype and Genetic Determinants of Fibrinogen Synthesis and Fibrin Clot Formation with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Level in Axial Spondyloarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249383. [PMID: 33317138 PMCID: PMC7764219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Coagulation and fibrinolysis are interrelated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which frequently is increased in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). We tested whether (i) α2-antiplasmin (A2AP) Arg6Trp, (ii) fibrinogen, factor XIII A-subunit or B-subunit genotypes are associated with VEGF levels and assessed whether the known association between elevated VEGF and radiographic spinal progression in axSpA depends on genetic background. Methods: One hundred and eighty-six axSpA patients from the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort were genotyped, characterized for VEGF levels, and statistically analyzed. The association between VEGF and radiographic spinal progression was assessed in dependence on genetic background in stratified analyses. Results: A2AP 6Trp carriage was associated with VEGF elevation (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.06–5.29) and VEGF levels (6Trp, 455 ± 334 pg/mL; 6Arg/Arg, 373 ± 293 pg/mL; p < 0.008). Association between elevated VEGF and radiographic spinal progression in axSpA (OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.02–8.82) depended remarkably on the fibrinogen (FGA) genotype. When considering axSpA patients with elevated VEGF, in FGA rs6050A>G wild types, 42.1% of patients (8 of 19) progressed, while in G-allele carriers, no radiographic progression happened (0 of 13) (p < 0.04). Conclusions: The A2AP Arg6Trp genotype seems to influence VEGF levels in axSpA. The predictive value of VEGF elevations in respect of radiographic spinal progression in axSpA depends on FGA genotypes.
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4
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Yan D, Zhang D, Lu L, Qiu H, Wang J. Vascular endothelial growth factor-modified macrophages accelerate reendothelialization and attenuate neointima formation after arterial injury in atherosclerosis-prone mice. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10652-10661. [PMID: 30644609 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a promising molecule for cardiovascular diseases therapy. But lack of a targeted delivery system limits its translation into clinical application. This study aimed to develop stably overexpressing VEGF macrophages for targeted VEGF delivery to injured arteries and determine their potential for repairing of the damaged endothelium. Wire-induced carotid artery injury model was established in atherosclerosis-prone mice. It was observed that the VEGF-modified macrophages were recruited to the site of vascular injury and incorporated into new endothelium formation. VEGF-modified macrophages therapy accelerated reendothelialization and attenuated neointima formation. The VEGF protein level in tissues of injured arteries treated with VEGF-modified macrophages was increased. The upregulated C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and unaltered CCR2 protein levels were verified in VEGF-modified macrophages in vitro. Moreover, enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production in the culture medium of VEGF-modified macrophages was demonstrated. Our results indicated that VEGF-modified macrophages acted as vectors of VEGF targeting injured arteries, promoting the repairing directly by incorporating into new endothelium formation and indirectly by secreting sustainable VEGF and producing NO locally. This study represents a novel therapeutic application of targeted cell therapy with VEGF-modified macrophages for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Cardiology, Hanyang Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathology, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Danna Zhang
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Lu
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- New Medicine Innovation and Development Institute, Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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5
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Kanno Y, Ishisaki A, Kawashita E, Chosa N, Nakajima K, Nishihara T, Toyoshima K, Okada K, Ueshima S, Matsushita K, Matsuo O, Matsuno H. Plasminogen/plasmin modulates bone metabolism by regulating the osteoblast and osteoclast function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8952-60. [PMID: 21239499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.152181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of plasminogen (Plg)/plasmin, which have claimed to be the main fibrinolytic regulators in the bone metabolism, remains unclear. This study evaluated how the absence of Plg affects the function of osteoblast (OB) and osteoclast (OC). There was a larger population of pre-OCs in bone marrow-derived cells from the Plg(-/-) mice than the population of that from the WT mice. In addition, the absence of Plg suppressed the expression of osteoprotegerin in OBs. Moreover, an exogenous plasmin clearly induced the osteoprotegerin expression in Plg(-/-) OBs. The osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 mouse monocyte/macrophage lineage cells in co-culture with OBs from the Plg(-/-) mice was significantly accelerated in comparison with that in co-culture with OBs from the WT mice. Intriguingly, the accelerated OC differentiation of RAW264.7 cells co-cultured with Plg(-/-) OBs was clearly suppressed by the treatment of an exogenous plasmin. Consequently, Plg(-/-) mice display decreased bone mineral density. These findings could eventually lead to the development of new clinical therapies for bone disease caused by a disorder of the fibrinolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women's Collage of Liberal Arts, 97-1 Kodo Kyo-tanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan.
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6
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Kanno Y, Kawashita E, Minamida M, Kaneiwa A, Okada K, Ueshima S, Matsuo O, Matsuno H. alpha2-antiplasmin is associated with the progression of fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:238-45. [PMID: 20008146 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis results in tissue fibrosis due to the activation of fibroblasts and the ensuing overproduction of the extracellular matrix. We previously reported that the absence of alpha2-antiplasmin (alpha2AP) attenuated the process of dermal fibrosis; however, the detailed mechanism of how alpha2AP affects the progression of fibrosis remained unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of alpha2AP in fibrotic change. We observed significantly higher levels of alpha2AP expression in the skin of bleomycin-injected systemic sclerosis model mice in comparison with the levels seen in control mice. We also demonstrated that alpha2AP induced myofibroblast differentiation, and the absence of alpha2AP attenuated the induction of myofibroblast differentiation. Moreover, we found that connective tissue growth factor induced the expression of alpha2AP through both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways in fibroblasts. Interestingly, alpha2AP also induced transforming growth factor-beta expression through the same pathways, and the inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK slowed the progression of bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Our findings suggest that alpha2AP is associated with the progression of fibrosis, and regulation of alpha2AP expression by the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways may be an effective antifibrotic therapy for the treatment of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, 97-1 Kodo, Kyo-tanabe 610-0395 Kyoto, Japan.
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7
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Hou Y, Okada K, Okamoto C, Ueshima S, Matsuo O. Alpha2-Antiplasmin Is a Critical Regulator of Angiotensin II–Mediated Vascular Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1257-62. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.165688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Alpha2-antiplasmin (α2-AP) is the major circulating inhibitor of plasmin, which plays a determining role in the regulation of intravascular fibrinolysis. We investigated the role of α
2
-AP on vascular remodeling in response to angiotensin II (Ang II).
Methods and Results—
α2-AP–deficient mice were performed. Ang II and
N
ω
-nitro- L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)–induced perivascular fibrosis was significantly decreased in α2-AP
−/−
mice compared with wild-type mice. In situ gelatinolytic activity analysis shows that perivascular gelatinolytic activity was increased in α2-AP
−/−
mice, which was responsible for decreased perivascular fibrosis in response to Ang II and L-NAME. Ang II–induced arterial wall thickening, vascular cell proliferation, apoptosis, c-Myc, and collagen Ι expression were significantly decreased in α2-AP
−/−
mice compared with wild-type mice. Further analysis shows that increased p53 and p21 expression were responsible for inhibition of Ang II–induced vascular remodeling in α2-AP
−/−
mice.
Conclusion—
The results show that α2-AP is a critical regulator for vascular remodeling by inhibiting p53/p21 pathway, suggesting that α2-AP is proposed to be a potential therapeutic target for vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongZhong Hou
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chikako Okamoto
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shigeru Ueshima
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Osamu Matsuo
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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8
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Kanno Y, Kuroki A, Okada K, Tomogane K, Ueshima S, Matsuo O, Matsuno H. Alpha2-antiplasmin is involved in the production of transforming growth factor beta1 and fibrosis. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:2266-73. [PMID: 17958745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrotic disease occurs in most tissues. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is the major inducer of fibrosis. The fibrinolytic system is considered to play an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrices. However, the detailed mechanism of how this system affects fibrosis remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined experimental fibrosis in mice with a deficiency of alpha(2)-antiplasmin (alpha2AP), which is a potent and specific plasmin inhibitor. We found that the lack of alpha2AP attenuated bleomycin-induced TGF-beta(1) synthesis and fibrosis. In addition, the production of TGF-beta(1) from the explanted fibroblasts of alpha2AP(-/-) mice decreased dramatically as compared to that in wild-type mice. Moreover, we found that alpha2AP specifically induces the production of TGF-beta(1) in fibroblasts. CONCLUSION The lack of alpha2AP attenuated TGF-beta(1) synthesis, thereby resulting in attenuated fibrosis. This is the first report to describe the crucial role that alpha2AP plays in TGF-beta(1) synthesis during the process of fibrosis. Our results provide new insights into the role of alpha2AP in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, D.W.C.L.A., Kyoto, Japan.
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9
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Kanno Y, Hirade K, Ishisaki A, Nakajima K, Suga H, Into T, Matsushita K, Okada K, Matsuo O, Matsuno H. Lack of alpha2-antiplasmin improves cutaneous wound healing via over-released vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in wound lesions. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1602-10. [PMID: 16839360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fibrinolytic system is supposed to play an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrices for physiological and pathological tissue remodeling; however, the detailed mechanism regarding how this system affects cutaneous wound healing remains to be clarified. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed experimental cutaneous wounding in mice with a deficiency of alpha(2)-antiplasmin (alpha(2)AP), which is a potent and specific plasmin inhibitor. We found that an accelerated wound closure was observed in alpha(2)AP-deficient (alpha(2)AP-/-) mice in comparison with wild type (WT) mice. Moreover, we observed that a greater increase of angiogenesis occurred in the process of wound healing in alpha(2)AP-/- mice than in the WT mice. Intriguingly, mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is the best characterized positive regulator of angiogenesis, in wound lesions was found to show a greater increase in the early phase of the healing process in alpha(2)AP-/- mice than in WT mice. In addition, the amount of released-VEGF from the explanted fibroblasts of alpha(2)AP-/- mice increased dramatically more than in the WT mice. Finally, the intra-jugular administration of anti-VEGF antibody clearly suppressed the increased angiogenesis and accelerated wound closure in the wound lesion of alpha(2)AP-/- mice. CONCLUSION The lack of alpha(2)AP markedly causes an over-release of VEGF from the fibroblasts in cutaneous wound lesions, thereby inducing angiogenesis around the area, and thus resulting in an accelerated-wound closure. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to describe the crucial role that alpha(2)AP plays following angiogenesis in the process of wound healing. Our results provide new insight into the role of alpha(2)AP on cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, DWCLA, Kyoto, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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11
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Aoki N. The past, present and future of plasmin inhibitor. Thromb Res 2005; 116:455-64. [PMID: 16181980 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2004.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Aoki
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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