1
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Xu F, Xie L, He J, Huang Q, Shen Y, Chen L, Zeng X. Detection of common pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis via microarray data analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28029. [PMID: 38628735 PMCID: PMC11019104 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research reveal rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is related to atherosclerosis (AS), common pathogenesis between these two diseases still needs to be explored. In current study, we explored the common pathogenesis between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and atherosclerosis (AS) by identifying 297 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) associated with both diseases. Through KEGG and GO functional analysis, we highlighted the correlation of these DEGs with crucial biological processes such as the vesicle transport, immune system process, signaling receptor binding, chemokine signaling and many others. Employing Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis, we elucidated the associations between DEGs, revealing three gene modules enriched in immune system process, vesicle, signaling receptor binding, Pertussis, and among others. Additionally, through CytoHubba analysis, we pinpointed 11 hub genes integral to intergrin-mediated signaling pathway, plasma membrane, phosphotyrosine binding, chemokine signaling pathway and so on. Further investigation via the TRRUST database identified two key Transcription Factors (TFs), SPI1 and RELA, closely linked with these hub genes, shedding light on their regulatory roles. Finally, leveraging the collective insights from hub genes and TFs, we proposed 10 potential drug candidates targeting the molecular mechanisms underlying RA and AS pathogenesis. Further investigation on xCell revealed that 14 types of cells were all different in both AS and RA. This study underscores the shared pathogenic mechanisms, pivotal genes, and potential therapeutic interventions bridging RA and AS, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Linfeng Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiuyu Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yanming Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Liangwan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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2
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Rump A, Ratas K, Lepasepp TK, Suurväli J, Smolander OP, Gross-Paju K, Toomsoo T, Kanellopoulos J, Rüütel Boudinot S. Sex-dependent expression levels of VAV1 and P2X7 in PBMC of multiple sclerosis patients. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13283. [PMID: 38441379 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system and the leading cause of progressive neurological disability in young adults. It decreases the patient's lifespan by about 10 years and affects women more than men. No medication entirely restricts or reverses neurological degradation. However, early diagnosis and treatment increase the possibility of a better outcome. To identify new MS biomarkers, we tested the expression of six potential markers (P2X4, P2X7, CXCR4, RGS1, RGS16 and VAV1) using qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of MS patients treated with interferon β (IFNβ), with glatiramer acetate (GA) or untreated. We showed that P2X7 and VAV1 are significantly induced in MS patients. In contrast, the expression of P2X4, CXCR4, RGS1 and RGS16 was not significantly modified by MS in PBMC. P2X7 and VAV1 are essentially induced in female patients, suggesting these markers are connected to sex-specific mechanisms. Strikingly, VAV1 expression is higher in healthy women than healthy men and IFNβ treatment of MS reduced VAV1 expression in female MS patients while it up-regulated VAV1 in male MS patients. Our data point to the differential, sex-dependent value of MS markers and treatment effects. Although rgs16 expression in PBMC was not a valid MS marker in patients, the strong upregulation of P2X4 and P2X7 induced in the spinal cord of WT mice by EAE was abrogated in rgs16KO mice suggesting that rgs16 is required for P2X4 and P2X7 induction by neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Ratas
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- Synlab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Katarina Lepasepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Suurväli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olli-Pekka Smolander
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrin Gross-Paju
- Department of Health Technologies, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- West-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Toomas Toomsoo
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
- Confido Medical Center, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jean Kanellopoulos
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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3
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Shalom B, Salaymeh Y, Risling M, Katzav S. Unraveling the Oncogenic Potential of VAV1 in Human Cancer: Lessons from Mouse Models. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091276. [PMID: 37174676 PMCID: PMC10177506 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
VAV1 is a hematopoietic signal transducer that possesses a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that is tightly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation, along with adapter protein domains, such as SH2 and SH3. Research on VAV1 has advanced over the years since its discovery as an in vitro activated oncogene in an NIH3T3 screen for oncogenes. Although the oncogenic form of VAV1 first identified in the screen has not been detected in human clinical tumors, its wild-type and mutant forms have been implicated in mammalian malignancies of various tissue origins, as well as those of the hematopoietic system. This review article addresses the activity of human VAV1 as an overexpressed or mutated gene and also describes the differences in the distribution of VAV1 mutations in the hematopoietic system and in other tissues. The knowledge accumulated thus far from GEMMs expressing VAV1 is described, with the conclusion that GEMMs of both wild-type VAV1 and mutant VAV1 do not form tumors, yet these will be generated when additional molecular insults, such as loss of p53 or KRAS mutation, occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batel Shalom
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yaser Salaymeh
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Matan Risling
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret", Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer 02149, Israel
| | - Shulamit Katzav
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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4
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Vav1 accelerates Ras-driven lung cancer and modulates its tumor microenvironment. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110395. [PMID: 35752351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential impact of Vav1 on human cancer was only recently acknowledged, as it is detected as a mutant or an overexpressed gene in various cancers, including lung cancer. Vav1, which is normally and exclusively expressed in the hematopoietic system functions as a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), strictly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. To investigate whether Vav1 plays a causative or facilitating role in-vivo in lung cancer development and to examine whether it co-operates with other oncogenes, such as mutant K-Ras, we generated novel mouse strains that express: Vav1 or K-RasG12D in type II pneumocytes, as well as a transgenic mouse line that expresses both Vav1 and K-RasG12D in these cells. Coexpression of Vav1 and K-RasG12D in the lungs dramatically increased malignant lung cancer lesions, and did so significantly faster than K-RasG12D alone, strongly suggesting that these two oncogenes synergize to enhance lung tumor development. Vav1 expression alone had no apparent effects on lung tumorigenesis. The increase in lung cancer in K-RasG12D/Vav1 mice was accompanied by an increase in B-cell, T-cells, and monocyte infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Concomitantly, ERK phosphorylation was highly elevated in the lungs of K-RasG12 D/Vav1 mice. Also, several cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 which play a significant role in the immune system, were elevated in lungs of Vav1 and K-RasG12 D/Vav1 mice. Our findings emphasize the contribution of Vav1 to lung tumor development through its signaling properties.
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5
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Sewell AK, Poss ZC, Ebmeier CC, Jacobsen JR, Old WM, Han M. The TORC1 phosphoproteome in C. elegans reveals roles in transcription and autophagy. iScience 2022; 25:104186. [PMID: 35479415 PMCID: PMC9036118 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase complex target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a critical mediator of nutrient sensing that has been widely studied in cultured cells and yeast, yet our understanding of the regulatory activities of TORC1 in the context of a whole, multi-cellular organism is still very limited. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we analyzed the DAF-15/Raptor-dependent phosphoproteome by quantitative mass spectrometry and characterized direct kinase targets by in vitro kinase assays. Here, we show new targets of TORC1 that indicate previously unknown regulation of transcription and autophagy. Our results further show that DAF-15/Raptor is differentially expressed during postembryonic development, suggesting a dynamic role for TORC1 signaling throughout the life span. This study provides a comprehensive view of the TORC1 phosphoproteome, reveals more than 100 DAF-15/Raptor-dependent phosphosites that reflect the complex function of TORC1 in a whole, multi-cellular organism, and serves as a rich resource to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen K. Sewell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Zachary C. Poss
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Christopher C. Ebmeier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Jeremy R. Jacobsen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - William M. Old
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Min Han
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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6
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Kazim N, Yen A. Evidence of off-target effects of bosutinib that promote retinoic acid-induced differentiation of non-APL AML cells. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2638-2651. [PMID: 34836491 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2005275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the effects of the Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor, Bosutinib, and the engineered loss of the Lyn SFK on all-trans retinoic acid-induced leukemic cell differentiation. Retinoic acid (RA) is an embryonic morphogen and dietary factor that demonstrates chemotherapeutic efficacy in inducing differentiation of a non-APL AML cell model, the HL-60 human myeloblastic (FAB-M2) leukemia cell line, via activation of a novel signalsome containing an ensemble of signaling molecules that drive differentiation. Bosutinib is an inhibitor of SFKs used to treat myeloid leukemias where prominent high expression of SFKs, in particular Lyn, has been observed. Using either Bosutinib or loss of Lyn expression due to shRNA promoted RA-induced phenotypic differentiation, G0 arrest, and respiratory burst (functional differentiation) of HL-60 cells. Signaling events putatively seminal to RA-induced differentiation, the expression of Fgr, Cbl, Slp-76 and Vav, and the phosphorylation of c-Raf (pS259), Vav (p-tyr), and Slp76 (p-tyr) were not inhibited by Bosutinib or loss of Lyn. Nor was RA-induced upregulation of p-tyr phosphorylation of p47phox, a member of the NADPH complex that produces ROS, a putative phosphorylation dependent signaling regulator. Surprisingly, Bosutinib still works in the absence of Lyn to enhance RA-induced differentiation and neither compromised RA-induced expression, nor phosphorylation of signaling molecules that drive differentiation. These findings suggested there is a novel, off-target, Lyn-independent effect of Bosutinib that is of therapeutic significance to differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Kazim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Yen
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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7
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Chronological genome and single-cell transcriptome integration characterizes the evolutionary process of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4821. [PMID: 34376672 PMCID: PMC8355240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclonal genetic heterogeneity and their diverse gene expression impose serious problems in understanding the behavior of cancers and contemplating therapeutic strategies. Here we develop and utilize a capture-based sequencing panel, which covers host hotspot genes and the full-length genome of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), to investigate the clonal architecture of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL). For chronologically collected specimens from patients with ATL or pre-onset individuals, we integrate deep DNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing to detect the somatic mutations and virus directly and characterize the transcriptional readouts in respective subclones. Characteristic genomic and transcriptomic patterns are associated with subclonal expansion and switches during the clinical timeline. Multistep mutations in the T-cell receptor (TCR), STAT3, and NOTCH pathways establish clone-specific transcriptomic abnormalities and further accelerate their proliferative potential to develop highly malignant clones, leading to disease onset and progression. Early detection and characterization of newly expanded subclones through the integrative analytical platform will be valuable for the development of an in-depth understanding of this disease. Characterising the clonal architecture of Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) remains crucial. Here, the authors develop a capture-based sequencing panel and use deep DNA and single cell RNA sequencing and report distinct genomic and transcriptomic features associated with subclonal evolution.
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8
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Guedan S, Madar A, Casado-Medrano V, Shaw C, Wing A, Liu F, Young RM, June CH, Posey AD. Single residue in CD28-costimulated CAR-T cells limits long-term persistence and antitumor durability. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3087-3097. [PMID: 32069268 PMCID: PMC7260017 DOI: 10.1172/jci133215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapies can eliminate relapsed and refractory tumors, but the durability of antitumor activity requires in vivo persistence. Differential signaling through the CAR costimulatory domain can alter the T cell metabolism, memory differentiation, and influence long-term persistence. CAR-T cells costimulated with 4-1BB or ICOS persist in xenograft models but those constructed with CD28 exhibit rapid clearance. Here, we show that a single amino acid residue in CD28 drove T cell exhaustion and hindered the persistence of CD28-based CAR-T cells and changing this asparagine to phenylalanine (CD28-YMFM) promoted durable antitumor control. In addition, CD28-YMFM CAR-T cells exhibited reduced T cell differentiation and exhaustion as well as increased skewing toward Th17 cells. Reciprocal modification of ICOS-containing CAR-T cells abolished in vivo persistence and antitumor activity. This finding suggests modifications to the costimulatory domains of CAR-T cells can enable longer persistence and thereby improve antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guedan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aviv Madar
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victoria Casado-Medrano
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Wing
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Regina M. Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Avery D. Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
- Parker Institute for Cellular Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Rashid A, Duan X, Gao F, Yang M, Yen A. Roscovitine enhances all- trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced nuclear enrichment of an ensemble of activated signaling molecules and augments ATRA-induced myeloid cell differentiation. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1017-1036. [PMID: 32256976 PMCID: PMC7105165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ATRA represents a successful differentiation therapy for APL, it is largely ineffective for non-APL AMLs. Hence combination therapies using an agent targeting ATRA-regulated molecules that drive cell differentiation/arrest are of interest. Using the HL-60 human non-APL AML model where ATRA causes nuclear enrichment of c-Raf that drives differentiation/G0-arrest, we now observe that roscovitine enhanced nuclear enrichment of certain traditionally cytoplasmic signaling molecules and enhanced differentiation and cell cycle arrest. Roscovitine upregulated ATRA-induced nuclear c-Raf phosphorylation at S259 and S289/296/301. Nuclear c-Raf interacted with RB protein and specifically with pS608RB, the hinge region phosphorylation controlling E2F binding and cell cycle progression. ATRA-induced loss of pS608RB with cell cycle arrest was associated with loss of RB-sequestered c-Raf, thereby coupling cell cycle arrest and increased availability of c-Raf to promote differentiation. Part of this mechanism reflects promoting cell cycle arrest via ATRA-induced upregulation of the p27 Kip1 CDKI. Roscovitine also enhanced the ATRA-induced nuclear enrichment of other signaling molecules traditionally perceived as cytoplasmic promoters of proliferation, but now known to promote differentiation; in particular: SFKs, Lyn, Fgr; adaptor proteins, c-Cbl, SLP-76; a guanine exchange factor, Vav1; and a transcription factor, IRF-1. Akin to c-Raf, Lyn bound to RB, specifically to pS608RB. Lyn-pS608RB association was greatly diminished by ATRA and essentially lost in ATRA plus roscovitine treated cells. Interestingly Lyn-KD enhanced such ATRA-induced nuclear signaling and differentiation and made roscovitine more effective. ATRA thus mobilized traditionally cytoplasmic signaling molecules to the nucleus where they drove differentiation which were further enhanced by roscovitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew Yen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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10
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Vav1 mutations identified in human cancers give rise to different oncogenic phenotypes. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:80. [PMID: 30297765 PMCID: PMC6175932 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is physiologically active as a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in the hematopoietic system. Overexpression of Vav1 in multiple tumor types is known to enhance oncogenicity, yet whether or not Vav1 is a bona fide oncogene is still a matter of debate. Although mutations in Vav1 were recently identified in human cancers of various origins, the functional activities of these mutants are not known. We tested the transforming potential of three mutations identified in human lung adenocarcinoma: E59K, D517E, and L801P. Results from several assays indicative of transforming activities such as rate of proliferation, growth in agar, and generation of tumors in NOD/SCID mice clearly indicated that E59K and D517E are highly transforming but L801P at the SH3 domain is not. The acquired oncogenic activity of these mutants can be attributed to their enhanced activity as GEFs for Rho/Rac GTPases. Deciphering of the mechanisms leading to overactivity of the tested mutants revealed that the E59K mutation facilitates cleavage of a truncated protein that is uncontrollably active as a GEF, while D517E generates a highly stable overexpressed protein that is also more active as a GEF than wild-type Vav1. These findings support the classification of Vav1 as a bona fide oncogene in human cancer.
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11
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Zhu X, Jin H, Xia Z, Wu X, Yang M, Zhang H, Shang X, Cheng R, Zhan Z, Yu Z. Vav1 expression is increased in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and indicates poor prognosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:571-576. [PMID: 28336434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Vav1 has been suggested to play an essential role in the progression of human cancers. However, the correlation between Vav1 expression and prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate Vav1 expression and its prognostic value in ESCC. The expression of Vav1 was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting in ESCC tissues and matched nontumorous tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out to detect Vav1 expression in paraffin samples from 112 primary ESCC patients. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation of Vav1 expression with prognosis of ESCC patients. The expression levels of Vav1 mRNA and protein in ESCC tissues were both significantly higher than those in adjacent nontumorous tissues. High Vav1 expression was significantly correlated with larger tumor size (P = 0.015), depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.023), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.008) and TNM stage (P < 0.001). The rate of overall survival (OS) was significantly lower in patients with high Vav1 expression than those with low Vav1 expression (P = 0.014). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that Vav1 expression is an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 1.660, 95%CI = 1.058-2.607, P = 0.028). In summary, our findings demonstrate that Vav1 may be a candidate molecular prognostic marker for patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Huan Jin
- Department of Nursing, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ziwei Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xianxian Wu
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Mingjian Yang
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Hongdian Zhang
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiaobin Shang
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Runfen Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhongli Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhentao Yu
- Department of Esophageal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin City, Tianjin 300060, China.
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12
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Vav1: A Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde protein--good for the hematopoietic system, bad for cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28731-42. [PMID: 26353933 PMCID: PMC4745688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many deregulated signal transducer proteins are involved in various cancers at numerous stages of tumor development. One of these, Vav1, is normally expressed exclusively in the hematopoietic system, where it functions as a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), strictly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Vav was first identified in an NIH3T3 screen for oncogenes. Although the oncogenic form of Vav1 identified in the screen has not been detected in clinical human tumors, its wild-type form has recently been implicated in mammalian malignancies, including neuroblastoma, melanoma, pancreatic, lung and breast cancers, and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In addition, it was recently identified as a mutated gene in human cancers of various origins. However, the activity and contribution to cancer of these Vav1 mutants is still unclear. This review addresses the physiological function of wild-type Vav1 and its activity as an oncogene in human cancer. It also discusses the novel mutations identified in Vav1 in various cancers and their potential contribution to cancer development as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.
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Sherman E, Barr VA, Merrill RK, Regan CK, Sommers CL, Samelson LE. Hierarchical nanostructure and synergy of multimolecular signalling complexes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12161. [PMID: 27396911 PMCID: PMC4942584 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling complexes are dynamic, multimolecular structures and sites for intracellular signal transduction. Although they play a crucial role in cellular activation, current research techniques fail to resolve their structure in intact cells. Here we present a multicolour, photoactivated localization microscopy approach for imaging multiple types of single molecules in fixed and live cells and statistical tools to determine the nanoscale organization, topology and synergy of molecular interactions in signalling complexes downstream of the T-cell antigen receptor. We observe that signalling complexes nucleated at the key adapter LAT show a hierarchical topology. The critical enzymes PLCγ1 and VAV1 localize to the centre of LAT-based complexes, and the adapter SLP-76 and actin molecules localize to the periphery. Conditional second-order statistics reveal a hierarchical network of synergic interactions between these molecules. Our results extend our understanding of the nanostructure of signalling complexes and are relevant to studying a wide range of multimolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilon Sherman
- Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University,
Jerusalem
91904, Israel
| | - Valarie A. Barr
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Robert K. Merrill
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Carole K. Regan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Connie L. Sommers
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
| | - Lawrence E. Samelson
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CCR, NCI,
NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
20892, USA
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Sebban S, Farago M, Rabinovich S, Lazer G, Idelchuck Y, Ilan L, Pikarsky E, Katzav S. Vav1 promotes lung cancer growth by instigating tumor-microenvironment cross-talk via growth factor secretion. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9214-26. [PMID: 25313137 PMCID: PMC4253429 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is a signal transducer that functions as a scaffold protein and a regulator of cytoskeleton organization in the hematopoietic system, where it is exclusively expressed. Recently, Vav1 was shown to be involved in diverse human cancers, including lung cancer. We demonstrate that lung cancer cells that abnormally express Vav1 secrete growth factors in a Vav1-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that Vav1 depletion results in a marked reduction in the expression of colony-stimulating-factor-1 (CSF1), a hematopoietic growth factor. The association between Vav1 expression and CSF1 was further supported by signal transduction experiments, supporting involvement of Vav1 in regulating lung cancer secretome. Blocking of ERK phosphorylation, led to a decrease in CSF1 transcription, thus suggesting a role for ERK, a downstream effector of Vav1, in CSF1 expression. CSF1-silenced cells exhibited reduced focus formation, proliferation abilities, and growth in NOD/SCID mice. CSF1-silenced H358 cells resulted in significantly smaller tumors, showing increased fibrosis and a decrease in tumor infiltrating macrophages. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of primary human lung tumors revealed a positive correlation between Vav1 and CSF1 expression, which was associated with tumor grade. Additional results presented herein suggest a potential cross-talk between cancer cells and the microenvironment controlled by CSF1/Vav1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Sebban
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marganit Farago
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiran Rabinovich
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Galit Lazer
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yulia Idelchuck
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lena Ilan
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Research and Department of Pathology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shulamit Katzav
- Departement of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hadassah Medical School - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Wan YJ, Yang Y, Leng QL, Lan B, Jia HY, Liu YH, Zhang CZ, Cao Y. Vav1 increases Bcl-2 expression by selective activation of Rac2-Akt in leukemia T cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2202-9. [PMID: 24880064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vav proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that activate a group of small G proteins (GTPases). Vav1 is predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells, whereas Vav2 and Vav3 are ubiquitously distributed in almost all human tissues. All three Vav proteins contain conserved structural motifs and associate with a variety of cellular activities including proliferation, migration, and survival. Previous observation with Jurkat leukemia T cells showed that Vav1 possessed anti-apoptotic activity by enhancing Bcl-2 transcription. However the mechanism has not been unveiled. Here, we explored the effectors of Vav1 in promoting Bcl-2 expression in Jurkat cells and revealed that Rac2-Akt was specifically evoked by the expression of Vav1, but not Vav2 or Vav3. Although all three Vav isoforms existed in Jurkat cells, Rac2 was distinguishably activated by Vav1 and that led to enhanced Bcl-2 expression and cell survival. Akt was modulated downstream of Vav1-Rac2, and the activation of Akt was indispensable in the enhanced transcription of Bcl-2. Intriguingly, neither Vav2 nor Vav3 was able to activate Rac2-Akt pathway as determined by gene silencing approach. Our data illustrated a unique role of Vav1 in T leukemia survival by selectively triggering Rac2-Akt axis and elevating the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Qian-Li Leng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Bei Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Hui-Yan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yao-Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Cui-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Youjia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
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16
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Rahaman SO, Li W, Silverstein RL. Vav Guanine nucleotide exchange factors regulate atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2053-7. [PMID: 23825362 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis requires migration of monocytes to the arterial intima, with subsequent differentiation into foam cells. We showed previously that the scavenger receptor CD36 contributes to the activation of Vav family guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Vavs) in aortae from hyperlipidemic apoE-null mice and that oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein induced CD36-dependent activation of macrophage Vavs in vitro. We also discovered that CD36-dependent uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and foam cell formation were reduced in Vav-deficient macrophages. We now tested the hypothesis that Vavs play a role in atherosclerotic lesion development. APPROACH AND RESULTS We showed that apoE/vav1 double-null mice fed a Western diet had significant reduction in total aortic lesion area (by en face analysis) compared with apoE-null mice, with no significant differences in body weight or plasma lipid profiles. Histological analysis of aortic sinus lesions showed fewer macrophages and foam cells in double-null mice compared with apoE-null mice, indicating impaired foam cell generation and homing of macrophages to atherosclerotic lesions. An intravital video microscopy-based adhesion assay with fluorescent (Qtracker655)-labeled monocytes showed reduced adhesion of vav1-null monocytes to hyperlipidemic carotid arteries compared with wild-type monocytes. Furthermore, fewer fluorescently labeled vav1-null monocytes accumulated in aortic sinus lesions in hyperlipidemic apoE-null mice. We also found that activation of RhoGTPase Rac and mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase-2 by CD36-specific oxidized phospholipids was dependent on Vavs. CONCLUSIONS These results for the first time link Vavs to atherosclerotic lesion development and suggest that Vavs act as critical molecular links coupling hyperlipidemia with proatherogenic monocyte/macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaik O Rahaman
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Pedros C, Papapietro O, Colacios C, Casemayou A, Bernard I, Garcia V, Lagrange D, Mariamé B, Andreoletti O, Fournié GJ, Saoudi A. Genetic control of HgCl2-induced IgE and autoimmunity by a 117-kb interval on rat chromosome 9 through CD4 CD45RChigh T cells. Genes Immun 2013; 14:258-67. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jux B, Staratschek-Jox A, Penninger JM, Schultze JL, Kolanus W. Vav1 regulates MHCII expression in murine resting and activated B cells. Int Immunol 2013; 25:307-17. [PMID: 23391492 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases, which is exclusively expressed in cells of the hematopoietic system. In addition to its well-documented GEF activity, it was suggested to have other functions due to the presence of multiple domains and nuclear localization signals in its protein structure. Although GEF-dependent and GEF-independent functions of vav have been implicated in T-cell development and T-cell receptor signaling, the role of vav1 in antigen-presenting cells is poorly understood. We found that vav1 is an important regulator of MHCII expression and transport. Microarray analysis of unstimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages revealed a novel role of vav1 in transcriptional regulation of the MHCII locus, possibly by indirect means. Primary immune cells from vav1-deficient mice had a significantly lower constitutive surface expression of MHCII with the strongest impact observed on splenic and peritoneal B cells. Impaired MHCII expression resulted in a diminished capacity for T-cell activation. Using 6-thio-GTP, a specific inhibitor of the GEF function of vav1, we were able to show that the GEF activity is required for MHCII upregulation in B cells after stimulation with LPS. Furthermore, our data show that vav1 not only affects transcription of the MHCII locus but also is an important regulator of MHCII protein transport to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Jux
- Department of Molecular Immune and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany.
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Bertagnolo V, Brugnoli F, Grassilli S, Nika E, Capitani S. Vav1 in differentiation of tumoral promyelocytes. Cell Signal 2011; 24:612-20. [PMID: 22133616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The multidomain protein Vav1, in addition to promote the acquisition of maturation related properties by normal hematopoietic cells, is a key player in the ATRA- and PMA-induced completion of the differentiation program of tumoral myeloid precursors derived from APL. This review is focussed on the role of Vav1 in differentiating promyelocytes, as part of interconnected networks of functionally related proteins ended to regulate different aspects of myeloid maturation. The role of Vav1 in determining actin cytoskeleton reorganization alternative to the best known function as a GEF for small G proteins is discussed, as well as the binding of Vav1 with cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling molecules which provides a new perspective in the modulation of nuclear architecture and activity. In particular, new hints are provided on the ability of Vav1 to determine the nuclear amount of proteins implicated in modulating mRNA production and stability and in regulating the ATRA-dependent protein expression also by direct interaction with transcription factors known to drive the ATRA-induced maturation of myeloid cells. The reviewed findings summarize the major advances in the understanding of additional, non conventional functions connected with the vast interactive potential of Vav1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bertagnolo
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Bertagnolo V, Grassilli S, Petretto A, Lambertini E, Astati L, Bruschi M, Brugnoli F, Nika E, Candiano G, Piva R, Capitani S. Nuclear proteome analysis reveals a role of Vav1 in modulating RNA processing during maturation of tumoral promyelocytes. J Proteomics 2011; 75:398-409. [PMID: 21856460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vav1 is a key molecule in the ATRA-induced acquisition of a mature phenotype by tumoral myeloid precursors. Since ATRA acts throughout events that require extensive changes of nuclear architecture and activity and considering that Vav1 accumulates inside the nuclear compartment of differentiating APL-derived cells, the possible role of this protein in modulating the nuclear proteome was investigated. Membrane-depleted nuclei purified from NB4 cells induced to differentiate with ATRA in the presence of forcedly down-modulated Vav1 were subjected to 2D-DIGE followed by mass spectra analysis. The obtained data demonstrated that, in NB4 cells treated with ATRA, Vav1 is involved in determining the nuclear amount of proteins involved in molecular complexes with DNA and may participate to RNA processing by carrying in the nucleus molecules involved in modulating mRNA production and stability, like hnRNPs and SR proteins. Our results provide the first evidence that, at least in maturation of tumoral myeloid precursors, Vav1 is part of interconnected networks of functionally related proteins ended to regulate different aspects of gene expression. Since defects in mRNA processing are common in tumor development, our data suggest that Vav1 is a potential target molecule for developing new anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bertagnolo
- Signal Transduction Unit, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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Two closely spaced tyrosines regulate NFAT signaling in B cells via Syk association with Vav. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2984-96. [PMID: 21606197 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05043-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated Syk, an essential tyrosine kinase in B cell signaling, interacts with Vav guanine nucleotide exchange factors and regulates Vav activity through tyrosine phosphorylation. The Vav SH2 domain binds Syk linker B by an unusual recognition of two closely spaced Syk tyrosines: Y342 and Y346. The binding affinity is highest when both Y342 and Y346 are phosphorylated. An investigation in B cells of the dependence of Vav phosphorylation and NFAT activation on phosphorylation of Y342 and Y346 finds that cellular response levels match the relative binding affinities of the Vav1 SH2 domain for singly and doubly phosphorylated linker B peptides. This key result suggests that the uncommon recognition determinant of these two closely spaced tyrosines is a limiting factor in signaling. Interestingly, differences in affinities for binding singly and doubly phosphorylated peptides are reflected in the on rate, not the off rate. Such a control mechanism would be highly effective for regulating binding among competing Syk binding partners. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of Vav1 SH2 in complex with a doubly phosphorylated linker B peptide reveals diverse conformations associated with the unusual SH2 recognition of two phosphotyrosines. NMR relaxation indicates compensatory changes in loop fluctuations upon binding, with implications for nonphosphotyrosine interactions of Vav1 SH2.
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Yin J, Wan YJ, Li SY, Du MJ, Zhang CZ, Zhou XL, Cao YJ. The distinct role of guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 in Bcl-2 transcription and apoptosis inhibition in Jurkat leukemia T cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:99-107. [PMID: 21151158 PMCID: PMC4003318 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate a novel function of proto-oncogene Vav1 in the apoptosis of human leukemia Jurkat cells. METHODS Jurkat cells, Jurkat-derived vav1-null cells (J.Vav1) and Vav1-reconstituted J.WT cells were treated with a Fas agonist antibody, IgM clone CH11. Apoptosis was determined using propidium iodide (PI) staining, Annexin-V staining, DNA fragmentation, cleavage of caspase 3/caspase 8, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Mitochondria transmembrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) was measured using DiOC(6)(3) staining. Transcription and expression of the Bcl-2 family of proteins were evaluated using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Bcl-2 promoter activity was analyzed using luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS Cells lacking Vav1 were more sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis than Jurkat and J.WT cells. J.Vav1 cells lost mitochondria transmembrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) more rapidly upon Fas induction. These phenotypes could be rescued by re-expression of Vav1 in J.Vav1 cells. The expression of Vav1 increased the transcription of pro-survival Bcl-2. The guanine nucleotide exchange activity of Vav1 was required for enhancing Bcl-2 promoter activity, and the Vav1 downstream substrate, small GTPase Rac2, was likely involved in the control of Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSION Vav1 protects Jurkat cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis by promoting Bcl-2 transcription through its GEF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ya-juan Wan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shi-yang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming-juan Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Cui-zhu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xing-long Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - You-jia Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RhoGTPases: good therapeutic targets for cancer therapy? Cell Signal 2010; 23:969-79. [PMID: 21044680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are a family of small proteins which function as molecular switches in a variety of signaling pathways following stimulation of cell surface receptors. RhoGTPases regulate numerous cellular processes including cytoskeleton organization, gene transcription, cell proliferation, migration, growth and cell survival. Because of their central role in regulating processes that are dysregulated in cancer, it seems reasonable that defects in the RhoGTPase pathway may be involved in the development of cancer. RhoGTPase activity is regulated by a number of protein families: guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). This review discusses the participation of RhoGTPases and their regulators, especially GEFs in human cancers. In particular, we focus on the involvement of the RhoGTPase GEF, Vav1, a hematopoietic specific signal transducer which is involved in human neuroblastoma, pancreatic ductal carcinoma and lung cancer. Finally, we summarize recent advances in the design and application of a number of molecules that specifically target individual RhoGTPases or their regulators or effectors, and discuss their potential for cancer therapy.
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Abstract
SummaryThe MAP kinases (MAPKs), including ERK, JNK and p38 families comprise part of the intracellular signalling network, which is essential for signal transduction from receptors and stimuli to the biological reaction. Activity of MAPKs plays a crucial role in normal functioning of the immune system. By taking part in cytokine production upon signalling from activated TLR receptors, MAPKs are involved in initiation of innate immunity and in responses to binding of cytokines by appropriate receptors. MAPKs activity is also important for T and B lymphocyte differentiation, by the ITAM signalling pathway. Moreover, their involvement in apoptosis supports lymphocyte T cytotoxicity and enables the removal of damaged, infected or transformed cells. Correct functioning of the MAPK signalling is crucial for effective immune response, and therefore MAPKs’ inhibitors constitute a promising therapeutic goal
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Vav1 couples the T cell receptor to cAMP response element activation via a PKC-dependent pathway. Cell Signal 2010; 22:944-54. [PMID: 20138987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) is a regulator of the expression of several genes important for lymphocyte activation and proliferation. However, the proximal signaling events leading to activation of CREB in T cells upon antigen receptor stimulation remain unknown. Here we identify a role for Vav1 in the activation of the cAMP response element (CRE), the binding site for CREB. T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 - induced costimulation of Jurkat T cells expressing Vav1 but not a GEF-deficient mutant showed increased CRE activation (7.2+/-2.4 fold over control), whereas Vav1 downregulation by siRNA reduced activation of CRE by 2.6+/-1.3 fold. Inhibition of PKC and MEK but not p38 could reduce Vav1-mediated CRE activation, suggesting that Vav1 transmits TCR and CD28 signals to activation of CRE via PKC and ERK signaling pathways. As a consequence, downregulation of Vav1 impaired the expression of several CRE-containing genes like cyclin D1, INFgamma and IL-2, whereas overexpression of Vav1 enhanced CRE-dependent gene expression. Furthermore, cAMP-induced CRE-dependent transcription and gene expression was also modulated by Vav1, but did not require activation of PKC and the GEF function of Vav1. Our data provide insights into the signal transduction events regulating CRE-mediated gene expression in T cells, which affects T cell development, proliferation and activation. We identify Vav1 as an essential component of TCR-induced CRE activation and gene expression, which underlines the central role for Vav1 as key player for TCR signal transduction and gene expression.
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Vav1 and PU.1 are recruited to the CD11b promoter in APL-derived promyelocytes: role of Vav1 in modulating PU.1-containing complexes during ATRA-induced differentiation. Exp Cell Res 2009; 316:38-47. [PMID: 19747912 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vav1 plays an important role in the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced completion of the differentiation program of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)-derived cells, in which it strengthens the drug effects and is involved in the regulation of maturation-related proteins, such as the CD11b surface antigen. In both myeloid and lymphoid cells, accumulating data attribute to the multidomain protein Vav1 a functional relevance in the control of gene expression, by direct interaction with chromatin remodeling and/or transcriptional proteins. The present study provides evidence that, in the APL-derived NB4 cell line, Vav1 and the transcription factor PU.1 cooperate in regulating the ATRA-induced CD11b expression. Both chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) indicate that Vav1 and PU.1 are recruited to CD11b promoter. Even if the two proteins may participate in diverse protein/DNA complexes, the amounts of complexes including PU.1 seem to be dependent on the interaction of this transcription factor with tyrosine-phosphorylated Vav1. The reported data suggest that the ATRA-induced increase of Vav1 expression and tyrosine phosphorylation may be involved in recruiting PU.1 to its consensus sequence on the CD11b promoter and, ultimately, in regulating CD11b expression during the late stages of neutrophil differentiation of APL-derived promyelocytes.
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Bertagnolo V, Grassilli S, Bavelloni A, Brugnoli F, Piazzi M, Candiano G, Petretto A, Benedusi M, Capitani S. Vav1 Modulates Protein Expression During ATRA-Induced Maturation of APL-Derived Promyelocytes: A Proteomic-Based Analysis. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:3729-36. [DOI: 10.1021/pr7008719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bertagnolo
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Grassilli
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Bavelloni
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Brugnoli
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Piazzi
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Petretto
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mascia Benedusi
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Signal Transduction Unit-Laboratory of Cell Biology, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Italy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, IOR, Bologna, Italy, Laboratory on Pathophysiology of Uremia, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, G. Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy, MIUR ICSI (Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation), University of Ferrara, Italy
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Lazer G, Pe'er L, Schapira V, Richard S, Katzav S. The association of Sam68 with Vav1 contributes to tumorigenesis. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2479-86. [PMID: 17855053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vav1 functions in the hematopoietic system as a specific GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. An intact C-terminal SH3 domain of Vav1 (Vav1SH3C) was shown to be necessary for Vav1-induced transformation, yet the associating protein(s) necessary for this activity have not yet been identified. Using a proteomics approach, we identified Sam68 as a Vav1SH3C-associating protein. Sam68 (Src-associated in mitosis of 68 kD) belongs to the heteronuclear ribonucleoprotein particle K (hnRNP-K) homology (KH) domain family of RNA-binding proteins. The Vav1/Sam68 interaction was observed in vitro and in vivo. Mutants of Vav1SH3C previously shown to lose their transforming potential did not associate with Sam68. Co-expression of Vav1 and Sam68 in Jurkat T cells led to increased localization of Vav1 in the nucleus and changes in cell morphology. We then tested the contribution of Sam68 to known functions of Vav1, such as focus-forming in NIH3T3 fibroblasts and NFAT stimulation in T cells. Co-expression of oncogenic Vav1 with Sam68 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts resulted in a dose-dependent increase in foci, yet no further enhancement of NFAT activity was observed in Jurkat T cells, as compared to cells overexpressing only Vav1 or Sam68. Our results strongly suggest that Sam68 contributes to transformation by oncogenic Vav1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Lazer
- The Hubert H. Humphrey Center for Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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29
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Schunke D, Span P, Ronneburg H, Dittmer A, Vetter M, Holzhausen HJ, Kantelhardt E, Krenkel S, Müller V, Sweep FC, Thomssen C, Dittmer J. Cyclooxygenase-2Is a Target Gene of Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor β in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10694-702. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Katzav S. Flesh and blood: The story of Vav1, a gene that signals in hematopoietic cells but can be transforming in human malignancies. Cancer Lett 2007; 255:241-54. [PMID: 17590270 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer results from the interaction of multiple aberrations including activation of dominant oncogenes and upregulation of signal transduction pathways. Identification of the genes involved in malignant transformation is a pre-requisite for understanding cancer and improving its diagnosis and treatment. Quite a few of the genes that have been implicated in cancer are mutant or aberrantly expressed versions of genes that are important mediators of the normal growth that occurs during development. An important example of this is Vav1, a cytoplasmic signal transducer protein initially identified as an oncogene. Physiological expression of Vav1 is restricted to the hematopoietic system, where its best-known function is as a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor for Rho/Rac GTPases, an activity strictly controlled by tyrosine phosphorylation. Vav1 was shown to regulate cytoskeletal rearrangement during activation of hematopoietic cells. Vav1 can also mediate other cellular functions including activation of the JNK, ERK, Ras, NF-kB, and NFAT pathways, in addition to association with numerous adapter proteins such as Shc, NCK, SLP-76, GRB2, and Crk. Although the oncogenic form of Vav1 has not been detected in clinical human tumors, its wild-type form has recently been implicated in mammalian malignancies such as neuroblastoma, melanoma, pancreatic tumors and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This review addresses the physiological function of wild-type Vav1, its mode of activation as an oncogene, and its emerging role as a transforming protein in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Katzav
- The Hubert H. Humphrey center for Experimental Medicine & Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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31
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Joshi AD, Hegde GV, Dickinson JD, Mittal AK, Lynch JC, Eudy JD, Armitage JO, Bierman PJ, Bociek RG, Devetten MP, Vose JM, Joshi SS. ATM, CTLA4, MNDA, and HEM1 in High versus Low CD38–Expressing B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5295-304. [PMID: 17875758 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), high CD38 expression has been associated with unfavorable clinical course, advanced disease, resistance to therapy, shorter time to first treatment, and shorter survival. However, the genes associated with CLL patient subgroups with high and low CD38 expression and their potential role in disease progression is not known. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To identify the genes associated with the clinical disparity in CLL patients with high versus low CD38 expression, transcriptional profiles were obtained from CLL cells from 39 different patients using oligonucleotide microarray. Gene expression was also compared between CLL cells and B cells from healthy individuals. RESULTS Gene expression analysis identified 76 differentially expressed genes in CD38 high versus low groups. Out of these genes, HEM1, CTLA4, and MNDA were selected for further studies and their differential expression was confirmed by real-time PCR. HEM1 overexpression was associated with poor outcome, whereas the overexpression of CTLA4 and MNDA was associated with good outcome. Down-regulation of HEM1 expression in patient CLL cells resulted in a significant increase in their susceptibility to fludarabine-mediated killing. In addition, when gene expression patterns in CD38 high and low CLL cells were compared with normal B-cell profiles, ATM expression was found to be significantly lower in CD38 high compared with CD38 low CLL as confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. CONCLUSIONS These results identify the possible genes that may be involved in cell proliferation and survival and, thus, determining the clinical behavior of CLL patients expressing high or low CD38.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/genetics
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genes, Neoplasm
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Prognosis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Avadhut D Joshi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, Center for Research in Leukemia and Lymphoma, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6395, USA
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Zhou Z, Yin J, Dou Z, Tang J, Zhang C, Cao Y. The calponin homology domain of Vav1 associates with calmodulin and is prerequisite to T cell antigen receptor-induced calcium release in Jurkat T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23737-44. [PMID: 17550897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702975200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vav1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells and plays important roles in T cell development and activation. Vav1 consists of multiple structural domains so as to facilitate both its guanine nucleotide exchange activity and scaffold function following T cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement. Previous studies demonstrated that the calponin homology (CH) domain of Vav1 is required for TCR-stimulated calcium mobilization and thus downstream activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells. However, it remained obscure how Vav1 functions in regulating calcium flux. In an effort to explore molecules interacting with Vav1, we found that calmodulin bound to Vav1 in a calcium-dependent and TCR activation-independent manner. The binding site was mapped to the CH domain of Vav1. Reconstitution of vav1-null Jurkat T cells (J.Vav1) with CH-deleted Vav1 exhibited a severe deficiency in calcium release to the same extent as that of Jurkat cells treated with the calmodulin inhibitor or J.Vav1 cells. The defect persisted even when phospholipase-Cgamma1 was fully activated, indicating a prerequisite role of Vav1 CH domain in calcium signaling. The results suggest that Vav1 and calmodulin function cooperatively to potentiate TCR-induced calcium release. This study unveiled a mechanism by which the Vav1 CH domain is involved in calcium signaling and provides insight into our understanding of the role of Vav1 in T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Weckbecker G, Bruns C, Fischer KD, Heusser C, Li J, Metzler B, Morris RE, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Raulf F, Wieczorek G, Zenke G. Strongly reduced alloreactivity and long-term survival times of cardiac allografts in Vav1- and Vav1/Vav2-knockout mice. Transpl Int 2007; 20:353-64. [PMID: 17326776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vav proteins mediate T- and B-cell activation by functioning as GTP/GDP exchange factors for small GTPases. We have studied the role of Vav1 and Vav2 in allogeneic T-cell activation, antibody responses and allograft rejection. Alloantigen-induced proliferation of T cells from Vav1- and Vav1/Vav2-knockout (ko) mice was decreased by >90% in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. In whole-blood cultures, Vav deficiency led to markedly impaired T- and B-cell activation. Expansion of Vav1- or Vav1/Vav2-ko T cells (C57BL/6) was reduced after transfer into severe combined immune deficiency/beige recipient mice (BALB/c). After priming with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin, T-cell-dependent anti-DNP IgM and IgG antibody levels were normal in Vav1-ko mice but undetectable in Vav1/Vav2-ko mice. The median survival time of BALB/c cardiac allografts transplanted into C57BL/6 Vav1-ko mice (n = 13) or Vav1/Vav2-ko mice (n = 5) was >100 and >77 days, compared with 8-9 days in the corresponding wild-type mice. Vav1/Vav2-ko mice with <100 days graft survival developed bacterial skin infections and were prematurely killed with beating cardiac allograft. Long-term surviving transplants of single and double ko mice showed mild cellular interstitial rejection and mild to severe vascular remodeling. In conclusion, our studies show for the first time that the absence of Vav1 and Vav1/Vav2 in ko mice strongly reduces alloreactivity and results in long-term allograft survival, whereas antibody responses were only affected in Vav1/Vav2 ko mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisbert Weckbecker
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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Chen Q, Coffey A, Bourgoin SG, Gadina M. Cytohesin binder and regulator augments T cell receptor-induced nuclear factor of activated T Cells.AP-1 activation through regulation of the JNK pathway. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:19985-94. [PMID: 16702224 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601629200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytohesin binder and regulator (Cybr; also known as CYTIP, CASP, and PSCDBP) is a cytokine-induced gene preferentially expressed in hematopoietic tissues and in T helper 1 cells. Cybr protein associates with members of the cytohesin family, which are known ADP-ribosylation factors-GDP/GTP exchange factors, and its functions appear to regulate lymphocyte adhesion and cell-cell contact. Here we show that Cybr mRNA and protein levels are increased upon T cell receptor engagement. Cybr expression then influences T cell receptor-dependent signaling events, such as nuclear factor of activated T cells and AP-1 transcriptional activity. In addition, expression of Cybr results in increased T cell receptor-mediated activation of the Rho/Rac exchange factor Vav and of the JNK-p38 MAPK signaling pathway. The effects of Cybr on nuclear factor of activated T cells and AP-1 are dependent on MAPK activation, and enhanced activation of this cascade results in cooperation between the two transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression. These findings provide the first evidence that the adaptor protein Cybr not only regulates lymphocyte adhesion and cell-cell interaction but also contributes to the regulation of the signaling cascade and of the genetic program downstream of the T cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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Abstract
The Vav family proteins (Vav1, Vav2, Vav3) are cytoplasmic guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho-family GTPases. T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav proteins and hence their activation. Results from mice deficient in one or more Vav proteins has shown that they play critical roles in T-cell development and activation. Vav1 is required for TCR-induced calcium flux, activation of the ERK MAP kinase pathway, activation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor, inside-out activation of the integrin LFA-1, TCR clustering, and polarisation of the T cell. Although many of these processes may require the GEF activity of Vav1, it is possible that Vav1 also has adaptor-like functions. Recent evidence suggests that Vav1 might also function in the nucleus, where it undergoes arginine methylation. An emerging theme is that Vav proteins may have important functions downstream of receptors other than the TCR, such as integrins and chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L J Tybulewicz
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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Hedtjärn M, Mallard C, Hagberg H. Inflammatory gene profiling in the developing mouse brain after hypoxia-ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:1333-51. [PMID: 15625408 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000141559.17620.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain ischemia triggers an inflammatory reaction that progresses for days to weeks and seems to have a role in secondary progression of injury. Inflammation induces a complex pattern of signaling molecules with partly contradictory actions, and the responses may be different in the immature and adult brain. The authors characterized the global inflammatory gene expression in the developing brain as a first step toward understanding the protective and deleterious effects of inflammation after hypoxia-ischemia. Oligonucleotide arrays were used to investigate inflammatory genes in cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and striatum at 2, 8, 24, and 72 hours after hypoxia-ischemia, which was induced in 9-day-old mice by left carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia. After hypoxia-ischemia, 148 inflammatory genes were differentially expressed. More than 97% of the genes were upregulated and 93% had not previously been reported after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature brain. The results indicate that microglia/macrophages, T- and B-cells, NK-cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes may participate in the response to hypoxia-ischemia. In addition, novel cytokines/chemokines, complement-related, interferon-regulated, components of the TIR/nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, and a number of immunomodulatory genes were induced. Several of these genes may of pathophysiologic significance after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj Hedtjärn
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Göteborg, University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Quintana A, Griesemer D, Schwarz EC, Hoth M. Calcium-dependent activation of T-lymphocytes. Pflugers Arch 2004; 450:1-12. [PMID: 15806400 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-004-1364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T-lymphocytes requires stimulation of T-cell receptors (TCR) and co-stimulatory signals. Among different signalling cascades, TCR engagement induces Ca(2+) entry through plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels, which is an indispensable step for T-cells to expand clonally and to acquire effector functions. The Ca(2+) channels are activated by depletion of Ca(2+) stores and are called Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels. Ca(2+) influx through CRAC channels is also controlled, directly or indirectly, by K(+) channels, Ca(2+)-ATPases, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) buffers. We review the functional implications of these transporters, organelles and buffers and develop a model of Ca(2+) signal generation that depends mainly on their relative mutual localization. This model offers the possibility of controlling amplitude and kinetics of Ca(2+) signals in T-cells. Decoding of various Ca(2+) signals allows differential activation of the transcription factor families nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Variation of amplitude and kinetics of Ca(2+) signals thus is an important mechanism for modulating the specificity of T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Quintana
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Gebäude 58, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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