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Genomic Alterations, Gene Expression Profiles and Functional Enrichment of Normal-Karyotype Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Based on Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051386. [PMID: 36900179 PMCID: PMC10000176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterising genomic variants is paramount in understanding the pathogenesis and heterogeneity of normal-karyotype acute myeloid leukaemia (AML-NK). In this study, clinically significant genomic biomarkers were ascertained using targeted DNA sequencing and RNA sequencing on eight AML-NK patients' samples collected at disease presentation and after complete remission. In silico and Sanger sequencing validations were performed to validate variants of interest, and they were followed by the performance of functional and pathway enrichment analyses for overrepresentation analysis of genes with somatic variants. Somatic variants involving 26 genes were identified and classified as follows: 18/42 (42.9%) as pathogenic, 4/42 (9.5%) as likely pathogenic, 4/42 (9.5%) as variants of unknown significance, 7/42 (16.7%) as likely benign and 9/42 (21.4%) as benign. Nine novel somatic variants were discovered, of which three were likely pathogenic, in the CEBPA gene with significant association with its upregulation. Transcription misregulation in cancer tops the affected pathways involving upstream genes (CEBPA and RUNX1) that were deregulated in most patients during disease presentation and were closely related to the most enriched molecular function gene ontology category, DNA-binding transcription activator activity RNA polymerase II-specific (GO:0001228). In summary, this study elucidated putative variants and their gene expression profiles along with functional and pathway enrichment in AML-NK patients.
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2
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Ai H, Mi RH, Chen L, Ji X, Yin QS, Wei XD, Song YP. [The clinical safety and efficacy of the patients of acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-ITD positive treated with sorafenib in combination with venetoclax and azactitidine regimen]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2022; 43:956-959. [PMID: 36709189 PMCID: PMC9808861 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ai
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - R H Mi
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - L Chen
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - X Ji
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Q S Yin
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - X D Wei
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Y P Song
- Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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3
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Corley EM, Mustafa Ali MK, Alharthy H, Kline KAF, Sewell D, Law JY, Lee ST, Niyongere S, Duong VH, Baer MR, Emadi A. Impact of FLT3-ITD Insertion Length on Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Propensity Score-Adjusted Cohort Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060916. [PMID: 35741439 PMCID: PMC9219926 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of the length of internal tandem duplication (ITD) insertions in mutant FLT3 genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is controversial. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the correlation between the ITD base-pair (bp) insertion length and clinical outcomes. The mutational status of the FLT3 gene was evaluated in 402 of 467 consecutive AML patients treated at the University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center between 2013 and 2020; 77 had FLT3-ITD mutations. Patients were divided into three cohorts based on bp insertion length (<30 (0−33rd percentile), 30−53 (34th−66th percentile),and >53 (>66th percentile)). The median overall survival (OS) of patients was 16.5 months (confidence interval (CI) 7.3-NA), 18.5 months (CI 7.3-NA), and 21.9 months (CI 19.1-NA) (p = 0.03) for the <30, 30−53, and >53 bp insertion length cohorts, respectively. The adjusted median event-free survival (EFS) for the ITD insertion lengths >30, 30−53, and >53 bp was 11.1 months (CI 2.8−16.5), 5.2 months (CI 2.9−12.6), and 9.1 months (CI 5.4-NA) (p = 0.5), respectively. Complete remission (CR) rates were 64% (<30 inserted bp), 55% (30−53 inserted bp), and 79% (>53 inserted bp) (p = 0.23). For patients treated with gilteritinib and midostaurin, the unadjusted median OS was not statistically significantly different between cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moaath K. Mustafa Ali
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Hanan Alharthy
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Kathryn A. F. Kline
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Danielle Sewell
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Jennie Y. Law
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Sandrine Niyongere
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Vu H. Duong
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Maria R. Baer
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Ashkan Emadi
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (M.K.M.A.); (K.A.F.K.); (J.Y.L.); (S.T.L.); (S.N.); (V.H.D.); (M.R.B.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Translational Genomics Laboratory, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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4
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Cucchi DGJ, Vonk CM, Rijken M, Kavelaars FG, Merle PA, Verhoef E, Venniker-Punt B, Kwidama ZJ, Gradowska P, Löwenberg B, Janssen JJWM, Cloos J, Valk PJM. DNA vs cDNA FLT3-ITD allelic ratio and length measurements in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4476-4479. [PMID: 34525176 PMCID: PMC8579262 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David G. J. Cucchi
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Christian M. Vonk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Rijken
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - François G. Kavelaars
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline A. Merle
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Elvira Verhoef
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Bianca Venniker-Punt
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Zinia J. Kwidama
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Patrycja Gradowska
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Löwenberg
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. W. M. Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Peter J. M. Valk
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Castaño-Bonilla T, Alonso-Dominguez JM, Barragán E, Rodríguez-Veiga R, Sargas C, Gil C, Chillón C, Vidriales MB, García R, Martínez-López J, Ayala R, Larrayoz MJ, Anguita E, Cuello R, Cantalapiedra A, Carrillo E, Soria-Saldise E, Labrador J, Recio I, Algarra L, Rodríguez-Medina C, Bilbao-Syeiro C, López-López JA, Serrano J, De Cabo E, Sayas MJ, Olave MT, Sánchez-García J, Mateos M, Blas C, López-Lorenzo JL, Lainez-Gonzalez D, Serrano J, Martínez-Cuadrón D, Sanz MA, Montesinos P. Prognostic significance of FLT3-ITD length in AML patients treated with intensive regimens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20745. [PMID: 34671057 PMCID: PMC8528825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FLT3-ITD mutations are detected in approximately 25% of newly diagnosed adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and confer an adverse prognosis. The FLT3-ITD allelic ratio has clear prognostic value. Nevertheless, there are numerous manuscripts with contradictory results regarding the prognostic relevance of the length and insertion site (IS) of the FLT3-ITD fragment. We aimed to assess the prognostic impact of these variables on the complete remission (CR) rates, overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) of AML patients with FLT3-ITDmutations. We studied the FLT3-ITD length of 362 adult AML patients included in the PETHEMA AML registry. We tried to validate the thresholds of ITD length previously published (i.e., 39 bp and 70 bp) in intensively treated AML patients (n = 161). We also analyzed the mutational profile of 118 FLT3-ITD AML patients with an NGS panel of 39 genes and correlated mutational status with the length and IS of ITD. The AUC of the ROC curve of the ITD length for OS prediction was 0.504, and no differences were found when applying any of the thresholds for OS, RFS or CR rate. Only four out of 106 patients had ITD IS in the TKD1 domain. Our results, alongside previous publications, confirm that FLT3-ITD length lacks prognostic value and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Castaño-Bonilla
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-FJD), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Alonso-Dominguez
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-FJD), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva Barragán
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Sargas
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Gil
- Hematology Department, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmen Chillón
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María B Vidriales
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raimundo García
- Hematology Department, Hospital General de Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Complutense University, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Ayala
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Complutense University, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Larrayoz
- Molecular Biology Department, Cimalab Diagnosis, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anguita
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Medicine Department, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Cuello
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Estrella Carrillo
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CISC/CIBERON), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Soria-Saldise
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS/CISC/CIBERON), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jorge Labrador
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Isabel Recio
- Hematology Department, Hospital Ntra. Sra. de Sonsoles de Ávila-Complejo Asistencial Ávila, Ávila, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Algarra
- Hematology Department, Hospital General de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodríguez-Medina
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Cristina Bilbao-Syeiro
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Josefina Serrano
- UGC de Hematologia, Hospital U. Reina Sofia, IMIBIC, UCO, Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Erik De Cabo
- Hematology Department, Hospital Comarcal del Bierzo, León, Spain
| | - María J Sayas
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - María T Olave
- Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Mamen Mateos
- Hematology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Carlos Blas
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-FJD), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L López-Lorenzo
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-FJD), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lainez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-FJD), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Serrano
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-FJD), Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Sanz
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Engen C, Hellesøy M, Grob T, Al Hinai A, Brendehaug A, Wergeland L, Bedringaas SL, Hovland R, Valk PJM, Gjertsen BT. FLT3-ITD mutations in acute myeloid leukaemia - molecular characteristics, distribution and numerical variation. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2300-2317. [PMID: 33817952 PMCID: PMC8410560 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent somatic internal tandem duplications (ITD) in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene characterise approximately one third of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and FLT3-ITD mutation status guides risk-adapted treatment strategies. The aim of this work was to characterise FLT3-ITD variant distribution in relation to molecular and clinical features, and overall survival in adult AML patients. We performed two parallel retrospective cohort studies investigating FLT3-ITD length and expression by cDNA fragment analysis, followed by Sanger sequencing in a subset of samples. In the two cohorts, a total of 139 and 172 mutant alleles were identified in 111 and 123 patients, respectively, with 22% and 28% of patients presenting with more than one mutated allele. Further, 15% and 32% of samples had a FLT3-ITD total variant allele frequency (VAF) < 0.3, while 24% and 16% had a total VAF ≥ 0.7. Most of the assessed clinical features did not significantly correlate to FLT3-ITD numerical variation nor VAF. Low VAF was, however, associated with lower white blood cell count, while increasing VAF correlated with inferior overall survival in one of the cohorts. In the other cohort, ITD length above 50 bp was identified to correlate with inferior overall survival. Our report corroborates the poor prognostic association with high FLT3-ITD disease burden, as well as extensive inter- and intrapatient heterogeneity in the molecular features of FLT3-ITD. We suggest that future use of FLT3-targeted therapy could be accompanied with thorough molecular diagnostics and follow-up to better predict optimal therapy responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Engen
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Monica Hellesøy
- Haematology Section, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Helse Bergen HF, Norway
| | - Tim Grob
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adil Al Hinai
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Atle Brendehaug
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Helse Bergen HF, Norway
| | - Line Wergeland
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Siv Lise Bedringaas
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Randi Hovland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Helse Bergen HF, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter J M Valk
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn T Gjertsen
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Norway.,Haematology Section, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Helse Bergen HF, Norway
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7
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Alarbeed IF, Wafa A, Moassass F, Al-Halabi B, Al-Achkar W, Liehr T, Aboukhamis I. De novo adult acute myeloid leukemia with two new mutations in juxtatransmembrane domain of the FLT3 gene: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:22. [PMID: 33494808 PMCID: PMC7836474 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 30% of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) acquire within fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene (FLT3) internal tandem duplications (FLT3/ITDs) in their juxtamembrane domain (JMD). FLT3/ITDs range in size from three to hundreds of nucleotides, and confer an adverse prognosis. Studies on a possible relationship between of FLT3/ITDs length and clinical outcomes in those AML patients were inconclusive, yet. Case presentation Here we report a 54-year-old Arab male diagnosed with AML who had two FLT3-ITD mutations in addition to NPM1 mutation. Cytogenetic approaches (banding cytogenetics) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes to detect translocations t(8;21), t(15;17), t(16;16), t(12;21), and deletion del(13q)) were applied to exclude chromosomal abnormalities. Molecular genetic approaches (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the Sanger sequencing) identified a yet unreported combination of two new mutations in FLT3-ITDs. The first mutation induced a frameshift in JMD, and the second led to a homozygous substitution of c.1836T>A (p.F612L) also in JMD. Additionally a NPM1 type A mutation was detected. The first chemotherapeutic treatment was successful, but 1 month after the initial diagnosis, the patient experienced a relapse and unfortunately died. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, a combination of two FLT3-ITD mutations in JMD together with an NPM1 type A mutation were not previously reported in adult AML. Further studies are necessary to prove or rule out whether the size of these FLT3-ITDs mutations and potential other double mutations in FLT3-ITD are correlated with the observed adverse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael F Alarbeed
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Ministry of High Education, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Abdulsamad Wafa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
| | - Faten Moassass
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
| | - Bassel Al-Halabi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
| | - Walid Al-Achkar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Human Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Commission, Damascus, Syria.,Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Imad Aboukhamis
- Department of Microbiology, Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Ministry of High Education, Damascus, Syria
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8
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Abou Dalle I, Ghorab A, Patel K, Wang X, Hwang H, Cortes J, Issa GC, Yalniz F, Sasaki K, Chihara D, Price A, Kadia T, Pemmaraju N, Daver N, DiNardo C, Ravandi F, Kantarjian HM, Borthakur G. Impact of numerical variation, allele burden, mutation length and co-occurring mutations on the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in newly diagnosed FLT3- mutant acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:48. [PMID: 32366841 PMCID: PMC7198530 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-0318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
FLT3-ITD mutations in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are associated with worse overall survival (OS). FLT3-ITD diversity can further influence clinical outcomes. Addition of FLT3 inhibitors to standard chemotherapy has improved OS. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic impact of FLT3 diversity and identify predictors of efficacy of FLT3 inhibitors. We reviewed prospectively collected data from 395 patients with newly diagnosed FLT3-ITD mutant AML. 156 (39%) patients received FLT3 inhibitors combined with either high or low intensity chemotherapy. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical outcomes among patients treated with FLT3 inhibitors based on FLT3 numerical variation (p = 0.85), mutation length (p = 0.67). Overall, the addition of FLT3 inhibitor to intensive chemotherapy was associated with an improved OS (HR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.24-0.5, p = 0.0005), but not in combination with lower intensity chemotherapy (HR = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.7-1.36, p = 0.85). A differential effect of FLT3 inhibitor on OS was more pronounced in younger patients with FLT3 allelic ratio ≥0.5 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.25-0.66, p < 0.001), single ITD mutation (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34-0.88, p = 0.01), diploid cytogenetics (HR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35-0.76, p = 0.001), NPM1 co-mutation (HR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19-0.67, p = 0.001). Our analysis identifies predictors of survival among diverse FLT3 related variables in patients treated with FLT3 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Abou Dalle
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ahmad Ghorab
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keyur Patel
- Department of hemopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Hwang
- Department of biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ghayas C Issa
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fevzi Yalniz
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Koji Sasaki
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dai Chihara
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allyson Price
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tapan Kadia
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naveen Pemmaraju
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naval Daver
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney DiNardo
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hagop M Kantarjian
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- Department of leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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9
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Liu SB, Qiu QC, Bao XB, Ma X, Li HZ, Liu YJ, Chen SN, Song YH, Wu DP, Xue SL. Pattern and prognostic value of FLT3-ITD mutations in Chinese de novo adult acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3981-3992. [PMID: 30320942 PMCID: PMC6272103 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is one of the most frequently mutated genes in hematological malignancies. FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3‐ITD) mutations located in juxtamembrane domain (JMD) and tyrosine kinase domain 1 (TKD1) regions account for two‐thirds of all FLT3 mutations. The outcome of patients remains unsatisfactory, with low survival rates. It is not yet known whether the different mutations within the FLT3 gene are all associated with patient outcome. In addition, the cause of FLT3‐ITD in‐frame duplication events remains unknown. Although there are some published studies investigating the FLT3‐ITD mutation and its clinical implications in Chinese acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, sample sizes tend to be small and detailed molecular profiles of FLT3 mutations are lacking in these studies. In our study, 227 FLT3‐ITD sequences were analyzed from 227 Chinese de novo AML patients. ITD were next classified into 3 types based on molecular profiles of insertion DNA sequences: DNA complete duplication (type I), DNA partial duplication (type II) and complete random sequence (type III). From the 154 patients, we confirmed that high ITD allelic ratio (≥.5) and allogeneic stem cell transplant treatment under CR1 are independent prognostic factors. We also presented evidence that ITD integration sites in the hinge region or beta1‐sheet region are an unfavorable prognostic factor in adult AML patients with FLT3‐ITD mutations. These findings may help to decipher the mechanisms of FLT3‐ITD in‐frame duplication events and stratify patients when considering different therapeutic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Bai Liu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Cheng Qiu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xie-Bing Bao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yue-Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Su-Ning Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yao-Hua Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - De-Pei Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Li Xue
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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10
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Kayser S, Levis MJ. Clinical implications of molecular markers in acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2018; 102:20-35. [PMID: 30203623 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The recently updated World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of myeloid neoplasms and leukemia reflects the fact that research in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has led to remarkable advances in our understanding of the disease. Gene mutations now allow us to explore the enormous diversity among cytogenetically defined subsets of AML, particularly the large subset of cytogenetically normal AML. Despite the progress in unraveling the tumor genome, only a small number of recurrent mutations have been incorporated into risk-stratification schemes and have been proven to be clinically relevant, targetable lesions. We here discuss the utility of molecular markers in AML in prognostication and treatment decision making, specifically highlighting the aberrations included in the current WHO classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kayser
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark J Levis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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11
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Liu SB, Dong HJ, Bao XB, Qiu QC, Li HZ, Shen HJ, Ding ZX, Wang C, Chu XL, Yu JQ, Tao T, Li Z, Tang XW, Chen SN, Wu DP, Li L, Xue SL. Impact of FLT3-ITD length on prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2018; 104:e9-e12. [PMID: 30076182 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.191809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Song-Bai Liu
- Suzhou Key laboratory for medical biotechnology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao-Jie Dong
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xie-Bing Bao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Cheng Qiu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Jie Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Ding
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Chu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing-Qiu Yu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Tang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Su-Ning Chen
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - De-Pei Wu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Hematological Malignancies Translational Science, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Sheng-Li Xue
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China .,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Clonal heterogeneity of FLT3-ITD detected by high-throughput amplicon sequencing correlates with adverse prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30128-30145. [PMID: 30046393 PMCID: PMC6059024 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of FLT3 are frequent mutations associated with unfavorable prognosis. At diagnosis, the FLT3-ITD status is routinely assessed by fragment analysis, providing information about the length but not the position and sequence of the ITD. To overcome this limitation, we performed cDNA-based high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS) in 250 FLT3-ITD positive AML patients, treated on German AML Cooperative Group (AMLCG) trials. FLT3-ITD status determined by routine diagnostics was confirmed by HTAS in 242 out of 250 patients (97%). The total number of ITDs detected by HTAS was higher than in routine diagnostics (n = 312 vs. n = 274). In particular, HTAS detected a higher number of ITDs per patient compared to fragment analysis, indicating higher sensitivity for subclonal ITDs. Patients with more than one ITD according to HTAS had a significantly shorter overall and relapse free survival. There was a close correlation between FLT3-ITD mRNA levels in fragment analysis and variant allele frequency in HTAS. However, the abundance of long ITDs (≥75nt) was underestimated by HTAS, as the size of the ITD affected the mappability of the corresponding sequence reads. In summary, this study demonstrates that HTAS is a feasible approach for FLT3-ITD detection in AML patients, delivering length, position, sequence and mutational burden of this alteration in a single assay with high sensitivity. Our findings provide insights into the clonal architecture of FLT3-ITD positive AML and have clinical implications.
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13
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RNA-based FLT3-ITD allelic ratio is associated with outcome and ex vivo response to FLT3 inhibitors in pediatric AML. Blood 2018; 131:2485-2489. [PMID: 29669779 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-12-819508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy exists whether internal tandem duplication of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-internal tandem duplication [ITD]) allelic ratio (AR) and/or length of the ITD should be taken into account for risk stratification of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and whether it should be measured on RNA or DNA. Moreover, the ITD status may be of relevance for selecting patients eligible for FLT3 inhibitors. Here, we included 172 pediatric AML patients, of whom 36 (21%) harbored FLT3-ITD as determined on both RNA and DNA. Although there was a good correlation between both parameters ARspearman = 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.87) and ITDlengthspearman = 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.00), only AR ≥ 0.5 and length ≥48 base pairs (bps) based on RNA measurements were significantly associated with overall survival (AR: Plogrank = .008; ITDlength: Plogrank = .011). In large ITDs (>156 bp on DNA) a remarkable 90-bp difference exists between DNA and RNA, including intron 14, which is spliced out in RNA. Ex vivo exposure (n = 30) to FLT3 inhibitors, in particular to the FLT3-specific inhibitor gilteritinib, showed that colony-forming capacity was significantly more reduced in FLT3-ITD-AR ≥ 0.5 compared with ITD-AR-low and ITD- patient samples (P < .001). RNA-based FLT3-ITD measurements are recommended for risk stratification, and the relevance of AR regarding eligibility for FLT3-targeted therapy warrants further study.
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14
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de Arruda VYN, Matsuzaki LN, Chauffaille MDL. FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD): a villain among others. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2017; 39:283-284. [PMID: 28830612 PMCID: PMC5568589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjhh.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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15
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Lagunas-Rangel FA, Chávez-Valencia V. FLT3–ITD and its current role in acute myeloid leukaemia. Med Oncol 2017; 34:114. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Ai H, Wei XD, Zhang Y, Yin QS, Wang P, Mi RH, Yuan FF, Chen L, Song YP. [The clinical efficacy of the patients of acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-ITD positive treated with sorafenib in combin ation with CHAG regimen]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2016; 37:419-21. [PMID: 27210879 PMCID: PMC7348308 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ai
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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17
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Ziai JM, Siddon AJ. Pathology Consultation on Gene Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:539-54. [PMID: 26386075 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp77zfpuqgygwy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly fatal disease without the use of aggressive chemotherapy regimens. Cytogenetic and molecular studies are commonly used to classify types of AML based on prognosis, as well as to determine therapeutic regimens. METHODS Although there are several AML classifications determined by particular translocations, cytogenetically normal AML represents a molecularly, as well as clinically, heterogeneous group of diseases. Laboratory evaluation of AML will become increasingly important as new mutations with both prognostic and therapeutic implications are being recognized. Moreover, because many patients with AML are being treated more effectively, these mutations may become increasingly useful as markers of minimal residual disease, which can be interpreted in an individualized approach. RESULTS Current laboratory studies of gene mutations in AML include analysis of NPM1, FLT3, CEBPA, and KIT. In addition to these genes, many other genes are emerging as potentially useful in determining patients' prognosis, therapy, and disease course. CONCLUSIONS This article briefly reviews the current most clinically relevant gene mutations and their clinical and immunophenotypic features, prognostic information, and methods used for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexa J. Siddon
- Departments of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT
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18
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Ding S, Shen H, Chen Z, Chen S, Cen J, Ding Z, He J. [ITD mutation burden for the prognosis in FLT3-ITD positive acute myeloid leukemia patients]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2015; 36:449-54. [PMID: 26134006 PMCID: PMC7343068 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the impact of ITD mutation characteristics on the overall survival (OS) and complete remission duration (CRD) in FLT3-ITD positive non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Capillary electrophoresis was used to detect the FLT3-ITD characteristics after PCR amplication. Single or multiple mutations were identified by the numbers of peak. FLT3-ITD mutation burden was calculated by the peak area of mutant divided by the wild-type and mutant peak areas. Clinical data was collected and followed up in the FLT3-ITD mutation patients. RESULTS Multiple ITD mutations were common in patients aged 60 and above. Patients with single ITD mutation had higher percentage of blasts in bone marrow than multiple ITD mutations (0.758 vs 0.638, P=0.028). The numbers and length of FLT3-ITD mutation had no impact on prognosis. Patients with less than 10% of ITD mutation burden showed no difference with the intermediate-risk c-kit group in OS and CRD, but the two groups had longer OS and CRD than ITD mutation burden above 10% (OS: undefined, undefined, 9.9 months, P<0.05; CRD: undefined, undefined, 6.7 months, P<0.05). In patients with ITD mutation burden above 10%, cases with NPM1 or CEBPA mutation alone had markedly longer CRD than ITD mutation alone (25.0 vs 5.1 months, P=0.003), while OS were similar (11.4 vs 8.0 months, P>0.05). CONCLUSION Non-M3 AML patients with less than 10% FLT3-ITD mutation burden had a better prognosis than those above 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hongjie Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zixing Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Suning Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiannong Cen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zixuan Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jun He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou 215006, China
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19
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Differential impact of allelic ratio and insertion site in FLT3-ITD-positive AML with respect to allogeneic transplantation. Blood 2014; 124:3441-9. [PMID: 25270908 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-578070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the prognostic and predictive impact of allelic ratio and insertion site (IS) of internal tandem duplications (ITDs), as well as concurrent gene mutations, with regard to postremission therapy in 323 patients with FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Increasing FLT3-ITD allelic ratio (P = .004) and IS in the tyrosine kinase domain 1 (TKD1, P = .06) were associated with low complete remission (CR) rates. After postremission therapy including intensive chemotherapy (n = 121) or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT, n = 17), an allelic ratio ≥ 0.51 was associated with an unfavorable relapse-free (RFS, P = .0008) and overall survival (OS, P = .004); after allogeneic HSCT (n = 93), outcome was significantly improved in patients with a high allelic ratio (RFS, P = .02; OS, P = .03), whereas no benefit was seen in patients with a low allelic ratio (RFS, P = .38; OS, P = .64). Multivariable analyses revealed a high allelic ratio as a predictive factor for the beneficial effect of allogeneic HSCT; ITD IS in TKD1 remained an unfavorable factor, whereas no prognostic impact of concurrent gene mutations was observed. The clinical trials described herein were previously published or are registered as follows: AMLHD93 and AMLHD98A, previously published; AML SG 07-04, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier #NCT00151242.
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20
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Annesley CE, Brown P. The Biology and Targeting of FLT3 in Pediatric Leukemia. Front Oncol 2014; 4:263. [PMID: 25295230 PMCID: PMC4172015 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite remarkable improvement in treatment outcomes in pediatric leukemia over the past several decades, the prognosis for high-risk groups of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), as well as for relapsed leukemia, remains poor. Intensification of chemotherapy regimens for those at highest risk has improved success rates, but at the cost of significantly increased morbidity and long-term adverse effects. With the success of imatinib in Philadelphia-chromosome-positive leukemia and all-trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia, the quest to find additional molecularly targeted therapies has generated much excitement over recent years. Another such possible target in pediatric acute leukemia is FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). FLT3 aberrations are among the most frequently identified transforming events in AML, and have significant clinical implications in both high-risk pediatric AML and in certain high-risk groups of pediatric ALL. Therefore, the successful targeting of FLT3 has tremendous potential to improve outcomes in these subsets of patients. This article will give an overview of the molecular function and signaling of the FLT3 receptor, as well as its pathogenic role in leukemia. We review the discovery of targeting FLT3, discuss currently available FLT3 inhibitors in pediatric leukemia and results of clinical trials to date, and finally, consider the future promise and challenges of FLT3 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. Annesley
- Oncology and Pediatrics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Brown
- Oncology and Pediatrics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Al-Hussaini M, DiPersio JF. Small molecule inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia: from the bench to the clinic. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:439-64. [PMID: 25025370 PMCID: PMC4283573 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.932687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many patients with acute myeloid leukemia will eventually develop refractory or relapsed disease. In the absence of standard therapy for this population, there is currently an urgent unmet need for novel therapeutic agents. Targeted therapy with small molecule inhibitors represents a new therapeutic intervention that has been successful for the treatment of multiple tumors (e.g., gastrointestinal stromal tumors, chronic myelogenous leukemia). Hence, there has been great interest in generating selective small molecule inhibitors targeting critical pathways of proliferation and survival in acute myeloid leukemia. This review highlights a selective group of intriguing therapeutic agents and their presumed targets in both preclinical models and in early human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneera Al-Hussaini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Missouri
| | - John F. DiPersio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Missouri
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis Missouri
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22
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Liersch R, Müller-Tidow C, Berdel WE, Krug U. Prognostic factors for acute myeloid leukaemia in adults - biological significance and clinical use. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:17-38. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Liersch
- Department of Haematology and Oncology; Internal Medicine III; Clemenshospital Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Medicine A - Haematology and Oncology; University Hospital of Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Berdel
- Department of Medicine A - Haematology and Oncology; University Hospital of Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - Utz Krug
- Department of Medicine A - Haematology and Oncology; University Hospital of Muenster; Muenster Germany
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23
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FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Koszarska M, Meggyesi N, Bors A, Batai A, Csacsovszki O, Lehoczky E, Adam E, Kozma A, Lovas N, Sipos A, Krahling T, Dolgos J, Remenyi P, Fekete S, Masszi T, Tordai A, Andrikovics H. Medium-sizedFLT3internal tandem duplications confer worse prognosis than short and long duplications in a non-elderly acute myeloid leukemia cohort. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:1510-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.850163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Fontanelli G, Rocco M, Caracciolo F, Benedetti E, Buda G, Orciuolo E, Carulli G, Galimberti S, Azzarà A, Petrini M. Sorafenib as monotherapy or in association with cytarabine and clofarabine for the treatment of relapsed/refractory FLT3 ITD-positive advanced acute myeloid leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 14:e13-7. [PMID: 24144836 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fontanelli
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Melania Rocco
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Caracciolo
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Benedetti
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buda
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrico Orciuolo
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carulli
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Azzarà
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Petrini
- U.O. Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Detection of minor clones with internal tandem duplication mutations of FLT3 gene in acute myeloid leukemia using delta-PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 22:1-9. [PMID: 23370424 DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e31825d81f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations of the FLT3 gene have been associated with inferior prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Detection of minor clones or minimal residual clones with ITD mutations is desirable, but is challenging when the mutant signal determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and capillary electrophoresis is weak. In this study, we applied delta-PCR, which is a triple-primer strategy, to ensure PCR specificity and improve the sensitivity to 0.1% leukemic cells with ITD mutation. We also applied a reference peak to calculate ITD allelic burdens of <2% threshold of technical limitation for evaluating the relative ratio of 2 signals by capillary electrophoresis. Delta-PCR was able to detect single or multiple ITD mutations with an allelic burden (peak height ratio of mutant allele and wild-type allele) ranging from 0.4% to >100% among all 31 cases with previous documented ITD mutations. In one of the 3 cases with previously reported negative ITD mutation in the initial diagnostic specimen and ITD-positive results in the follow-up specimens, an ITD of 0.04% allele burden was retrospectively detected in the initial diagnosis specimen using delta-PCR. We also demonstrated that minor ITD mutant clones with an allelic burden of <1% present at diagnosis may become a dominant clone at the later refractory status, suggesting that detection of leukemic clones with allelic burdens of <1% may be clinically significant. Delta-PCR can detect ITD mutations with improved sensitivity and specificity and may be useful for the detection of minimal residual leukemia.
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Kayser S, Levis MJ. FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia: clinical implications and limitations. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:243-55. [PMID: 23631653 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.800198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Internal tandem duplications of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene are one of the most frequent gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with poor clinical outcome. The remission rate is high with intensive chemotherapy, but most patients eventually relapse. During the last decade, FLT3 mutations have emerged as an attractive target for a molecularly specific treatment strategy. Targeting FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinases in AML has shown encouraging results in the treatment of FLT3 mutated AML, but in most patients responses are incomplete and not sustained. Newer, more specific compounds seem to have a higher potency and selectivity against FLT3. During therapy with FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) the induction of acquired resistance has emerged as a clinical problem. Therefore, optimization of the targeted therapy and potential treatment options to overcome resistance is currently the focus of clinical research. In this review we discuss the use and limitations of TKIs as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of FLT3 mutated AML, including mechanisms of resistance to TKIs as well as possible novel strategies to improve FLT3 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kayser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm , Germany
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Blau O, Berenstein R, Sindram A, Blau IW. Molecular analysis of different FLT3-ITD mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:145-52. [PMID: 22721497 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.704999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) gene occurs with a frequency of 20-25% in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Different studies have reported conflicting results, stating the importance of the length, position and number of internal tandem duplications (ITDs) for prognostic significance. In the present study, FLT3-ITD mutations were found in 51 (23%) of 218 patients with AML. Using sequence analysis we categorized ITD integration sites according to functional regions of the FLT3 receptor. Median ITD size was 61 bp. The insertion site was strongly correlated with ITD size: more C-terminal located inserted fragments were significantly bigger. Our data confirm that FLT3-ITD mutations identify a subset of young patients with AML with normal cytogenetics but with inferior outcome. Patients with AML with mutation localization outside the juxtamembrane domain showed no correlation with worse prognosis. A high mutant/wild-type ratio appears to have a major impact on the prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Blau
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Bhatt PK, Abdel-Wahab O. Refining the prognostic importance of the diversity ofFLT3internal tandem duplications. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:3-4. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.710332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Singh H, Werner LL, Asali S, DeAngelo DJ, Ballen KK, Amrein PC, Wadleigh M, Galinsky I, Wolpin B, Pidala J, Neuberg DS, Fox EA, Stone RM, Attar EC. Comparison of autologous stem cell transplantation versus consolidation chemotherapy for patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) and FLT3ITD. Am J Hematol 2011; 86:625-7. [PMID: 21681787 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.22041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshabad Singh
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Abstract
Mutations within the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene on chromosome 13q12 have been detected in up to 35% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and represent one of the most frequently identified genetic alterations in AML. Over the last years, FLT3 has emerged as a promising molecular target in therapy of AML. Here, we review results of clinical trials and of correlative laboratory studies using small molecule FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in AML patients. We also review mechanisms of primary and secondary drug resistance to FLT3-TKI, and from the data currently available we summarize lessons learned from FLT3-TKI monotherapy. Finally, for using FLT3 as a molecular target, we discuss novel strategies to overcome treatment failure and to improve FLT3 inhibitor therapy.
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Goemans BF, Zwaan CM, Cloos J, de Lange D, Loonen AH, Reinhardt D, Hählen K, Gibson BES, Creutzig U, Kaspers GJL. FLT3 and KIT mutated pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples are sensitive in vitro to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU11657. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1302-7. [PMID: 20435347 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New treatment strategies to improve the outcome of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are required as 40% of children diagnosed with AML do not survive. Around 30% of pediatric AML patients harbour a mutation in the tyrosine kinases FLT3 (+/-20%) or KIT (+/-10%). In this study we investigated whether pediatric AML samples (N=61) were sensitive to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU11657 (similar to the clinically available drug sunitinib) in vitro, and whether sensitivity was related to expression of, and mutations in, FLT3 and KIT. Overall, SU11657 showed only moderate cytotoxicity. A FLT3 mutation was detected in 35% and a KIT mutation in 8% of the samples. FLT3 and KIT mutated samples were significantly more sensitive to SU11657 than WT KIT and FLT3 samples. Samples without KIT or FLT3 mutations, but with a high wild-type (WT) KIT expression were significantly more sensitive to SU11657 than samples with low KIT expression. Further clinical evaluation of SU11657 and sunitinib combined with chemotherapy would be of interest. Inclusion in clinical trials should not be restricted to patients with FLT3 or KIT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca F Goemans
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ravandi F, Cortes JE, Jones D, Faderl S, Garcia-Manero G, Konopleva MY, O'Brien S, Estrov Z, Borthakur G, Thomas D, Pierce SR, Brandt M, Byrd A, Bekele BN, Pratz K, Luthra R, Levis M, Andreeff M, Kantarjian HM. Phase I/II study of combination therapy with sorafenib, idarubicin, and cytarabine in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1856-62. [PMID: 20212254 PMCID: PMC2930809 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.25.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of sorafenib, cytarabine, and idarubicin in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) younger than age 65 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the phase I part of the study, 10 patients with relapsed AML were treated with escalating doses of sorafenib with chemotherapy to establish the feasibility of the combination. We then treated 51 patients (median age, 53 years; range, 18 to 65 years) who had previously untreated AML with cytarabine at 1.5 g/m(2) by continuous intravenous (IV) infusion daily for 4 days (3 days if > 60 years of age), idarubicin at 12 mg/m(2) IV daily for 3 days, and sorafenib at 400 mg orally twice daily for 7 days. RESULTS Overall, 38 (75%) patients have achieved a complete remission (CR), including 14 (93%) of 15 patients with mutated FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3; the 15th patient had complete remission with incomplete platelet recovery [CRp]) and 24 (66%) of 36 patients with FLT3 wild-type (WT) disease (three additional FLT3-WT patients had CRp). FLT3-mutated patients were more likely to achieve a CR than FLT3-WT patients (P = .033). With a median follow-up of 54 weeks (range, 8 to 87 weeks), the probability of survival at 1 year is 74%. Among the FLT3-mutated patients, 10 have relapsed and five remain in CR with a median follow-up of 62 weeks (range, 10 to 76 weeks). Plasma inhibitory assay demonstrated an on-target effect on FLT3 kinase activity. CONCLUSION Sorafenib can be safely combined with chemotherapy, produces a high CR rate in FLT3-mutated patients, and inhibits FLT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ravandi
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD.,Corresponding author: Farhad Ravandi, MD, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 428, Houston, TX 77030; e-mail:
| | - Jorge E. Cortes
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel Jones
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stefan Faderl
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Guillermo Garcia-Manero
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marina Y. Konopleva
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan O'Brien
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zeev Estrov
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gautam Borthakur
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Deborah Thomas
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sherry R. Pierce
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark Brandt
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anna Byrd
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - B. Nebiyou Bekele
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keith Pratz
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mark Levis
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael Andreeff
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hagop M. Kantarjian
- From the Departments of Leukemia, Hematopathology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, and Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and Division of Hematological Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
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Seedhouse CH, Pallis M, Grundy M, Shang S, Russell NH. FLT3-ITD expression levels and their effect on STAT5 in AML with and without NPM mutations. Br J Haematol 2009; 147:653-61. [PMID: 19775300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations are heterogeneous with regards to length and proportion of DNA harbouring the mutation and the expression level of FLT3 also varies widely, however very little is known about the biological effects of these variables. We studied FLT3-associated biological parameters in 322 acute myeloid leukaemia samples to establish their importance. Expression of total FLT3 transcripts was shown to be significantly higher in the FLT3-ITD cohort (n = 121) compared to the wild-type cohort (P = 0.004). Whilst phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (phospho-STAT5) was not confined to FLT3-ITD samples, within the FLT3-ITD group phosphorylation correlated with adjusted FLT3-ITD levels assessed by determining the total transcripts and proportion of FLT3-ITD within a sample. Expression of the STAT5 downstream target Bcl-xl (an isoform of BCL2L1) was strongly correlated with FLT3 total and adjusted FLT3-ITD levels in FLT3-ITD samples (P < 0.001), however there was no association between Bcl-xl and phospho-STAT5 levels suggesting that STAT5 is not the sole regulator of Bcl-xl in FLT3-ITD cells. We further stratified our cohort by the presence/absence of a cytoplasmic nucleophosmin NPMc+ mutation. Samples co-expressing NPMc+ had longer FLT3-ITD mutations (P = 0.01) and there was a high occurrence of NPMc+ in samples that had >1 FLT3-ITD mutation. Phospho-STAT5 levels were reduced in the FLT3-ITD/NPMc+ group (P = 0.04) suggesting that NPMc+ may oppose the FLT3-ITD-dependent activation of STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Seedhouse
- Department of Academic Haematology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Insertion of FLT3 internal tandem duplication in the tyrosine kinase domain-1 is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and inferior outcome. Blood 2009; 114:2386-92. [PMID: 19602710 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-209999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate internal tandem duplication (ITD) insertion sites and length as well as their clinical impact in younger adult patients with FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML), sequencing after DNA-based amplification was performed in diagnostic samples from 241 FLT3-ITD-mutated patients. All patients were treated on 3 German-Austrian AML Study Group protocols. Thirty-four of the 241 patients had more than 1 ITD, leading to a total of 282 ITDs; the median ITD length was 48 nucleotides (range, 15-180 nucleotides). ITD integration sites were categorized according to functional regions of the FLT3 receptor: juxtamembrane domain (JMD), n = 148; JMD hinge region, n = 48; beta1-sheet of the tyrosine kinase domain-1 (TKD1), n = 73; remaining TKD1 region, n = 13. ITD length was strongly correlated with functional regions (P < .001). In multivariable analyses, ITD integration site in the beta1-sheet was identified as an unfavorable prognostic factor for achievement of a complete remission (odds ratio, 0.22; P = .01), relapse-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.86; P < .001), and overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.59; P = .008). ITD insertion site in the beta1-sheet appears to be an important unfavorable prognostic factor in young adult patients with FLT3-ITD-positive AML. The clinical trials described herein have been registered as follows: AML HD93 (already published in 2003), AML HD98A (NCT00146120; http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov), and AMLSG 07-04 (NCT00151242; http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Vallet S, Palumbo A, Raje N, Boccadoro M, Anderson KC. Thalidomide and lenalidomide: Mechanism-based potential drug combinations. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49:1238-45. [PMID: 18452080 DOI: 10.1080/10428190802005191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thalidomide and its analogue lenalidomide are potent anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and immunomodulatory drugs, successfully used for the treatment of hematological cancers, in particular multiple myeloma (MM). Both drugs reveal a dual mechanism of action: they target tumour cells by direct cytotoxicity and, indirectly, by interfering with several components of the bone marrow microenvironment. Lenalidomide and thalidomide are versatile drugs with a broad range of activities that potentiate the anti-MM effects of conventional and novel agents. Here, we review the mechanism of action of these drugs, providing a rationale for combination studies in order to improve patient outcome and reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vallet
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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37
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Pineda-Roman M, Zangari M, van Rhee F, Anaissie E, Szymonifka J, Hoering A, Petty N, Crowley J, Shaughnessy J, Epstein J, Barlogie B. VTD combination therapy with bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is highly effective in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008; 22:1419-27. [PMID: 18432260 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bortezomib (V) was combined with thalidomide (T) and dexamethasone (D) in a phase I/II trial to determine dose-limiting toxicities (DLT's) and clinical activity of the VTD regimen in 85 patients with advanced and refractory myeloma. The starting dose of V was 1.0 mg/m(2) (days 1, 4, 8, 11, every 21 day) with T added from cycle 2 at 50 mg/day, with 50 mg increments per 10 patient cohorts, to a maximum dose of 200 mg. In the absence of DLT's, the same reiteration of T dose increases was applied with a higher dose of V=1.3 mg/m(2). D was added with cycle 4 in the absence of partial response (PR). Ninety-two percent had prior autotransplants, 74% had prior T and 76% abnormal cytogenetics. MTD was reached at V=1.3 mg/m(2) and T=150 mg. Minor response (MR) was recorded in 79%, and 63% achieved PR including 22% who qualified for near-complete remission. At 4 years, 6% remain event-free and 23% alive. Both OS and EFS were significantly longer in the absence of prior T exposure and when at least MR status was attained. The MMSET/FGFR3 molecular subtype was prognostically favorable, a finding since reported for a VTD-incorporating tandem transplant trial (Total Therapy 3) for untreated patients with myeloma (BJH 2008).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pineda-Roman
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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The impact of FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutant level, number, size, and interaction with NPM1 mutations in a large cohort of young adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008; 111:2776-84. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-109090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An internal tandem duplication in the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 gene (FLT3/ITD) is associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the impact of mutant level, size, and interaction with nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutations remains controversial. We evaluated these characteristics in a large cohort of young adult AML patients. There was a highly significant trend for worsening in relapse risk (RR) and overall survival (OS) with increasing FLT3/ITD mutant level (P < .001 for both), and even in the low level mutant group (1%-24% of total FLT3 alleles), RR was significantly worse than in the FLT3 wild-type (WT) group (P < .001). In multivariate analysis, mutant level was the most powerful prognostic factor for RR. Mutant size and number had no significant impact on outcome. The beneficial impact of an NPM1 mutation on RR and OS was seen in FLT3/ITD+ as well as FLT3/WT patients; both markers were highly significant independent predictors of outcome (P < .001). Stratification using both markers identified 3 prognostic groups: good (FLT3/ITD−NPM1+), intermediate (FLT3/ITD−NPM1− or FLT3/ITD+NPM1+), and poor (FLT3/ITD+NPM1−). Patients with high FLT3/ITD mutant level (greater than 50%) or FLT3/ITD+ in the absence of an NPM1 mutation may be good candidates for more experimental therapeutic approaches.
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of neoplastic disorders with great variability in clinical course and response to therapy, as well as in the genetic and molecular basis of the pathology. Major advances in the understanding of leukemogenesis have been made by the characterization and the study of acquired cytogenetic abnormalities, particularly reciprocal translocations observed in AML. Besides these major cytogenetic abnormalities, gene mutations also constitute key events in AML pathogenesis. In this review, we describe the contribution of known gene mutations to the understanding of AML pathogenesis and their clinical significance. To gain more insight in this understanding, we clustered these alterations in three groups: (1) mutations affecting genes that contribute to cell proliferation (FLT3, c-KIT, RAS, protein tyrosine standard phosphatase nonreceptor 11); (2) mutations affecting genes involved in myeloid differentiation (AML1 and CEBPA) and (3) mutations affecting genes implicated in cell cycle regulation or apoptosis (P53, NPM1). This nonexhaustive review aims to show how gene mutations interact with each other, how they contribute to refine prognosis and how they can be useful for risk-adapted therapeutic management of AML patients.
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Srikanth M, Davies FE, Morgan GJ. An update on drug combinations for treatment of myeloma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1-12. [PMID: 18095914 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is the second most common haematological malignancy. It is becoming increasingly manageable with conventional and high-dose chemotherapy but there remains a critical need to develop both new drugs and combinations to improve long-term outcomes. Novel biological therapies that specifically target myeloma cells and/or their microenvironmental interactions are being developed that are highly effective, both as single agents and as combinations. Chief among these new agents are the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, and the immunomodulatory agents, thalidomide and lenalidomide. These drugs show improved single agent activity that is enhanced in combination. However, many drugs that are being developed in this setting may only have limited single agent activity, but combination use with these and other agents represents a very exciting way of targeting important pathogenic pathways crucial in myeloma development. This represents a challenge for both drug development and clinical trial evaluation, which has the potential to revolutionise the clinical management of myeloma and a paradigm for drug development in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralikrishnan Srikanth
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Department of Haemato-Oncology, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE The pharmacology, clinical use, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and cost of lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) are reviewed. SUMMARY Lenalidomide is an analogue of thalidomide and has been shown to be more potent than thalidomide in the stimulation of T-cell, interleukin-2, and interferon-gamma production. Both drugs have direct cytotoxic effects on myeloma cells and are capable of inducing apoptosis. They are also capable of reducing angiogenesis through the inhibition of the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Inhibition of VEGF leads to alterations in the microvasculature of the bone marrow environment and inhibits myeloma cell growth and proliferation. Unlike thalidomide, lenalidomide has almost no sedative or constipative properties and induces only minimal neurotoxicity; however, there is concern about lenalidomide's teratogenic potential. Phase I, II, and III trials have been carried out with lenalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory MM, and the drug has shown impressive response rates in relapsed disease. The combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone has shown superior patient survival. Lenalidomide's efficacy in newly diagnosed MM is currently being studied. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were found to be the most common grade 3 or higher toxicities. Rates of these toxicities varied among trials and may have been affected by the setting in which lenalidomide was used (i.e., relapsed or refractory disease versus newly diagnosed MM). CONCLUSION Lenalidomide, a thalidomide analogue, has produced good results when used with dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory MM. Lenalidomide is associated with hematologic toxicities, and participation in a restricted-distribution program is required of prescribers, pharmacies, and patients because of the drug's teratogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi V Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Hospitals and Clinics, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.
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Vempati S, Reindl C, Kaza SK, Kern R, Malamoussi T, Dugas M, Mellert G, Schnittger S, Hiddemann W, Spiekermann K. Arginine 595 is duplicated in patients with acute leukemias carrying internal tandem duplications of FLT3 and modulates its transforming potential. Blood 2007; 110:686-94. [PMID: 17387224 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-053181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
FLT3–internal tandem duplications (FLT3-ITDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of mutations in patients with acute leukemias that are prognostically important. To characterize the mechanism of transformation by FLT3-ITDs, we sequenced the juxtamembrane region (JM) of FLT3 from 284 patients with acute leukemias. The length of FLT3-ITDs varied from 2 to 42 amino acids (AAs) with a median of 17 AAs. The analysis of duplicated AAs showed that in the majority of patients, the duplications localize between AAs 591 to 599 (YVDFREYEY). Arginine 595 (R595) within this region is duplicated in 77% of patients. Single duplication of R595 in FLT3 conferred factor-independent growth to Ba/F3 cells and activated STAT5. Moreover, deletion or substitution of the duplicated R595 in 2 FLT3-ITD constructs as well as the deletion of wild-type R595 in FLT3-ITD substantially reduced the transforming potential and STAT5 activation, pointing to a critical role of the positive charge of R595 in stabilizing the active confirmation of FLT3-ITDs. Deletion of R595 in FLT3-WT nearly abrogated the ligand-dependent activation of FLT3-WT. Our data provide important insights into the molecular mechanism of transformation by FLT3-ITDs and show that duplication of R595 is important for the leukemic potential of FLT3-ITDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Vempati
- Clinical Cooperative Group Leukemia, GSF (National Research Center for Environment and Health), Munich, Germany
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Ponziani V, Gianfaldoni G, Mannelli F, Leoni F, Ciolli S, Guglielmelli P, Antonioli E, Longo G, Bosi A, Vannucchi AM. The size of duplication does not add to the prognostic significance of FLT3 internal tandem duplication in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Leukemia 2006; 20:2074-6. [PMID: 16990788 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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