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Forbes C, Nierkens S, Cornel AM. Thymic NK-Cells and Their Potential in Cancer Immunotherapy. Immunotargets Ther 2024; 13:183-194. [PMID: 38558927 PMCID: PMC10979679 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s441639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK)-cells are innate immune cells with potent anti-tumor capacity, capable of recognizing target cells without prior exposure. For this reason, NK-cells are recognized as a useful source of cell therapy. Although most NK-cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM), a separate developmental pathway in the thymus also exists, producing so-called thymic NK-cells. Unlike conventional NK-cells, thymic NK (tNK)-cells have a combined capacity for cytokine production and a natural ability to kill tumor cells in the presence of NK-cell receptor stimulatory ligands. Furthermore, tNK-cells are reported to express CD3 subunits intracellularly, without the presence of a rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR). This unique feature may enable harnessing of these cells with a TCR to combine NK- and T-cell effector properties in one cell type. The development, phenotype, and function of tNK-cells, and potential as a cell therapy is, however, poorly explored. In this review, we provide an overview of current literature on both murine and human tNK-cells in comparison to conventional BM-derived NK-cells, and discuss the potential applications of this cellular subset in the context of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Forbes
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annelisa M Cornel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Rafei-Shamsabadi DA, Klose CSN, Halim TYF, Tanriver Y, Jakob T. Context Dependent Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2591. [PMID: 31781103 PMCID: PMC6851052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) has profoundly influenced the understanding of innate and adaptive immune crosstalk in health and disease. ILC and T cells share developmental and functional characteristics such as the lineage-specifying transcription factors and effector cytokines, but importantly ILC do not display rearranged antigen-specific receptors. Similar to T cells ILC are subdivided into 3 different helper-like subtypes, namely ILC1-3, and a killer-like subtype comprising natural killer (NK) cells. Increasing evidence supports the physiological relevance of ILC, e.g., in wound healing and defense against parasites, as well as their pathogenic role in allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases or psoriasis. Group 2 ILC have been attributed to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases like asthma and atopic dermatitis. Other inflammatory skin diseases such as allergic contact dermatitis are profoundly shaped by inflammatory NK cells. This article reviews the role of ILC in allergic skin diseases with a major focus on ILC2. While group 2 ILC are suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 dominated inflammation as seen in atopic dermatitis, we have shown that lack of ILC2 in type 1 dominated contact hypersensitivity results in enhanced inflammation, suggesting a regulatory role of ILC2 in this context. We provide a concept of how ILC2 may influence context dependent the mutual counterbalance between type I and type II immune responses in allergic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rafei-Shamsabadi
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S. N. Klose
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Yakup Tanriver
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Experimental Dermatology and Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Bi J, Cui L, Yu G, Yang X, Chen Y, Wan X. NK Cells Alleviate Lung Inflammation by Negatively Regulating Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3336-3344. [PMID: 28275135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play an important role in orchestrating type II immune responses. However, the cellular mechanisms of group 2 innate lymphoid cell regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that activated NK cells inhibited the proliferation of, as well as IL-5 and IL-13 production by, ILC2s in vitro via IFN-γ. In addition, in a murine model of ILC2 expansion in the liver, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, an NK cell-activating agent, inhibited ILC2 proliferation, IL-5 and IL-13 production, and eosinophil recruitment. Such effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid were abrogated in NK cell-depleted mice and in IFN-γ-deficient mice. Adoptively transferring wild-type NK cells into NK cell-depleted mice resulted in fewer ILC2s induced by IL-33 compared with the transfer of IFN-γ-deficient NK cells. Importantly, during the early stage of papain- or bleomycin-induced lung inflammation, depletion of NK cells resulted in increased ILC2 numbers and enhanced cytokine production by ILC2s, as well as aggravated eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia. Collectively, these data show that NK cells negatively regulate ILC2s during the early stage of lung inflammation, which represents the novel cellular interaction between two family members of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lulu Cui
- Division of Immunology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Guang Yu
- Division of Immunology, School of Fundamental Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
| | - Youhai Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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4
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Ghaedi M, Steer CA, Martinez-Gonzalez I, Halim TYF, Abraham N, Takei F. Common-Lymphoid-Progenitor-Independent Pathways of Innate and T Lymphocyte Development. Cell Rep 2016; 15:471-480. [PMID: 27068476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
All lymphocytes are thought to develop from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). However, lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors (LMPPs) are more efficient than CLPs in differentiating into T cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Here, we have divided LMPPs into CD127(-) (LMPP-s) and CD127(+) (LMPP+s) subsets and compared them with Ly6D(-) and Ly6D(+) CLPs. Adult LMPP+s differentiated into T cells and ILCs more rapidly and efficiently than other progenitors in transplantation assays. The development of T cells and ILC2s is highly active in the neonatal period. Neonatal CLPs are rare and, unlike prominent neonatal LMPP+s, do not efficiently differentiate into T cells and ILC2s. ILC2s generated in the neonatal period are long lived and persist in adult tissues. These results suggest that some ILCs and T cells may develop from LMPP+s via CLP-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghaedi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Catherine A Steer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Itziar Martinez-Gonzalez
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Timotheus Y F Halim
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Ninan Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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5
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Suzuki M, Morita R, Hirata Y, Shichita T, Yoshimura A. Spred1, a Suppressor of the Ras-ERK Pathway, Negatively Regulates Expansion and Function of Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1273-81. [PMID: 26116510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines from group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been implicated in acute allergic responses, such as papain-induced lung inflammation. However, the means of homeostatic regulation of ILC2s have not been established. In this study, we demonstrated that Spred1, a negative regulator of the Ras-ERK pathway, plays an important role in the proliferation and apoptosis of ILC2s and in cytokine secretion from ILC2s. Intranasal administration of papain stimulated IL-5 and IL-13 production in the lung, which was enhanced when Spred1 was deleted. In vitro, Spred1(-/-) ILC2s proliferated faster than wild type ILC2s did and produced higher levels of cytokines in response to IL-33. On the contrary, a MEK inhibitor suppressed ILC2 proliferation and cytokine production. Spred1 deficiency resulted in stabilization of GATA3, which has been shown to play essential roles in the maintenance and cytokine production of ILC2. These data suggest that Spred1 negatively regulates ILC2 development and functions through the suppression of the Ras-ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; and
| | - Rimpei Morita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; and
| | - Yasuko Hirata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Shichita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; and
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6
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Lim AWY, McKenzie ANJ. Deciphering the transcriptional switches of innate lymphoid cell programming: the right factors at the right time. Genes Immun 2015; 16:177-86. [PMID: 25611557 PMCID: PMC4409422 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are increasingly recognised as an innate immune counterpart of adaptive TH cells. In addition to their similar effector cytokine production, there is a strong parallel between the transcription factors that control the differentiation of TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells and ILC Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Here, we review the transcriptional circuit that specifies the development of a common ILC progenitor and its subsequent programming into distinct ILC groups. Notch, GATA-3, Nfil3 and Id2 are identified as early factors that suppress B and T cell potentials and are turned on in favour of ILC commitment. Natural killer cells, which are the cytotoxic ILCs, develop along a pathway distinct from the rest of the helper-like ILCs that are derived from a common progenitor to all helper-like innate lymphoid cells (CHILPs). PLZF− CHILPs give rise to lymphoid tissue inducer cells while PLZF+ CHILPs have multi-lineage potential and could give rise to ILCs 1, 2 and 3. Such lineage specificity is dictated by the controlled expression of T-bet, RORα, RORγt and AHR. In addition to the type of transcription factors, the developmental stages at which these factors are expressed are crucial in specifying the fate of the ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Y Lim
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - A N J McKenzie
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Halim TYF, Steer CA, Mathä L, Gold MJ, Martinez-Gonzalez I, McNagny KM, McKenzie ANJ, Takei F. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are critical for the initiation of adaptive T helper 2 cell-mediated allergic lung inflammation. Immunity 2014; 40:425-35. [PMID: 24613091 PMCID: PMC4210641 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cell differentiation into distinct subsets of T helper (Th) cells is a pivotal process in the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Allergens predominantly stimulate Th2 cells, causing allergic inflammation. However, why allergens induce Th2 cell differentiation is not well understood. Here we show that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are required to mount a robust Th2 cell response to the protease-allergen papain. Intranasal administration of papain stimulated ILC2s and Th2 cells, causing allergic lung inflammation and elevated immunoglobulin E titers. This process was severely impaired in ILC2-deficient mice. Whereas interleukin-4 (IL-4) was dispensable for papain-induced Th2 cell differentiation, ILC2-derived IL-13 was critical as it promoted migration of activated lung dendritic cells into the draining lymph node where they primed naive T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells. Papain-induced ILC2 activation and Th2 cell differentiation was IL-33-dependent, suggesting a common pathway in the initiation of Th2 cell responses to allergen. ILC2-deficient mice have impaired Th2 cell responses to allergen Allergen-induced Th2 cell differentiation is dependent on ILC2-derived IL-13 ILC2 activation by allergen requires IL-33 from epithelial cells ILC2-derived IL-13 promotes DC migration to lymph node
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotheus Y F Halim
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada; Genetics Graduate Program, College for Interdisciplinary Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada; Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Catherine A Steer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Laura Mathä
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Matthew J Gold
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Itziar Martinez-Gonzalez
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada.
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8
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Crotta S, Gkioka A, Male V, Duarte JH, Davidson S, Nisoli I, Brady HJM, Wack A. The transcription factor E4BP4 is not required for extramedullary pathways of NK cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2677-88. [PMID: 24534532 PMCID: PMC3948112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NK cells contribute to antitumor and antiviral immunosurveillance. Their development in the bone marrow (BM) requires the transcription factor E4BP4/NFIL3, but requirements in other organs are less well defined. In this study, we show that CD3−NK1.1+NKp46+CD122+ NK cells of immature phenotype and expressing low eomesodermin levels are found in thymus, spleen, and liver of E4BP4-deficient mice, whereas numbers of mature, eomesoderminhigh conventional NK cells are drastically reduced. E4BP4-deficient CD44+CD25− double-negative 1 thymocytes efficiently develop in vitro into NK cells with kinetics, phenotype, and functionality similar to wild-type controls, whereas no NK cells develop from E4BP4-deficient BM precursors. In E4BP4/Rag-1 double-deficient (DKO) mice, NK cells resembling those in Rag-1–deficient controls are found in similar numbers in the thymus and liver. However, NK precursors are reduced in DKO BM, and no NK cells develop from DKO BM progenitors in vitro. DKO thymocyte precursors readily develop into NK cells, but DKO BM transfers into nude recipients and NK cells in E4BP4/Rag-1/IL-7 triple-KO mice indicated thymus-independent NK cell development. In the presence of T cells or E4BP4-sufficient NK cells, DKO NK cells have a selective disadvantage, and thymic and hepatic DKO NK cells show reduced survival when adoptively transferred into lymphopenic hosts. This correlates with higher apoptosis rates and lower responsiveness to IL-15 in vitro. In conclusion, we demonstrate E4BP4-independent development of NK cells of immature phenotype, reduced fitness, short t1/2, and potential extramedullary origin. Our data identify E4BP4-independent NK cell developmental pathways and a role for E4BP4 in NK cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Crotta
- Division of Immunoregulation, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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9
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Halim TYF, MacLaren A, Romanish MT, Gold MJ, McNagny KM, Takei F. Retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor alpha is required for natural helper cell development and allergic inflammation. Immunity 2012; 37:463-74. [PMID: 22981535 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural helper (NH) cells are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that produce T helper-2 (Th2)-cell-type cytokines in the lung- and gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Currently, the lineage relationship between NH cells in different tissues and between NH cells and interleukin-22 (IL-22)-producing retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt-positive ILCs is unclear. Here, we report that NH cells express RORα, but not RORγt. RORα-deficient, but not RORγt-deficient, mice lacked NH cells in all tissues, whereas all other lymphocytes, including RORγt(+) ILCs, were unaffected. NH-cell-deficient mice generated by RORα-deficient bone-marrow transplantation had normal Th2 cell responses but failed to develop acute lung inflammation in response to protease allergen, thus confirming the essential role of NH cells in allergic lung inflammation. We have also identified RORα-dependent NH cell progenitors in the bone marrow. Thus, all NH cells belong to a unique RORα-dependent cell lineage separate from other lymphoid cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotheus Y F Halim
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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10
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Guo L, Junttila IS, Paul WE. Cytokine-induced cytokine production by conventional and innate lymphoid cells. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:598-606. [PMID: 22959641 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune and differentiated T cells produce signature cytokines in response to cytokine stimulation. Optimal production requires stimulation by an NF-κB inducer, most commonly an interleukin (IL)-1 family member, and a STAT activator. Usually, there is linkage between the IL-1 family member, the activated STAT and the cytokines produced: IFNγ producers respond to the IL-1 family member, IL-18 and IL-12, a STAT4 activator; IL-13 producers respond to IL-33 (although for ILC2 cells this may be replaced by IL-25) and STAT5 activators; for cells producing IL-17A or IL-22, the combination is IL-1 and a STAT3 inducer. Cytokine-induced cytokine production may have broad significance in orchestrating innate responses to distinct infectious agents and in maintaining inflammatory responses after elimination of the inciting antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Guo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Halim TYF, Krauss RH, Sun AC, Takei F. Lung natural helper cells are a critical source of Th2 cell-type cytokines in protease allergen-induced airway inflammation. Immunity 2012; 36:451-63. [PMID: 22425247 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of cytokines by T helper 2 (Th2) cells in the lung is thought to be a cause of asthma. Here we report that innate lymphocytes termed lung natural helper (LNH) cells are a T cell-independent source of Th2 cell-type cytokines in protease allergen-treated lungs. LNH (Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+/lo)CD25(+)CD127(+)) cells, when stimulated by IL-33 plus IL-2, IL-7, or thymic stroma lymphopoietin (TSLP), produced large amounts of IL-5 and IL-13. Intranasal administration of protease allergen papain induced eosinophil infiltration and mucus hyperproduction in the lung of wild-type and Rag1(-/-) mice, but not in Rag2(-/-)Il2rg(-/-) mice that lack LNH cells. LNH cell depletion inhibited papain-induced airway inflammation in Rag1(-/-) mice whereas adoptive transfer of LNH cells enabled Rag2(-/-)Il2rg(-/-) mice to respond to papain. Treatment of lung explants with papain induced IL-33 and TSLP production by stroma cells and IL-5 and IL-13 production by LNH cells. Thus, LNH cells are critical for protease allergen-induced airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotheus Y F Halim
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
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12
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Warner K, Luther C, Takei F. Lymphoid progenitors in normal mouse lymph nodes develop into NK cells and T cells in vitro and in vivo. Exp Hematol 2012; 40:401-6. [PMID: 22269116 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a population of normal mouse LN cells, termed LN lymphoid progenitor (LNLP), resembling common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) in the bone marrow. LNLPs lack lineage markers and express CD127, low levels of CD117 (c-Kit), and Sca-1, but lack fms-related tyrosine kinase 3. They efficiently differentiate in vitro into natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, but not mature B cells. LNLPs injected into nonirradiated lymphopenic mice that have no LN develop into mostly splenic T cells with low numbers of NK cells and B cells. When injected into irradiated mice, they generate NK cells and T cells, but not B cells, in the LN. By contrast, bone marrow CLPs develop into mostly B cells with very small numbers of T and NK cells in recipients' spleen and LN. LNLPs have NK and T-cell potentials, but little B-cell potential, and they can develop into NK cells within the LN of normal mice, but their contribution to the T-cell lineage is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Warner
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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13
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Gonzaga R, Matzinger P, Perez-Diez A. Resident peritoneal NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:6235-42. [PMID: 22079985 PMCID: PMC3237802 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a new population of NK cells that reside in the normal, uninflamed peritoneal cavity. Phenotypically, they share some similarities with the small population of CD49b(-), CD27(+) immature splenic NK cells, as well as liver NK cells, but they differ in their expression of CD62L, TRAIL, and EOMES. Functionally, the peritoneal NK cells resemble the immature splenic NK cells in their production of IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF-α and in the killing of YAC-1 target cells. We also found that the peritoneum induces different behavior in mature and immature splenic NK cells. When transferred i.v. into RAGγc knockout mice, both populations undergo homeostatic proliferation in the spleen, but only the immature splenic NK cells are able to reach the peritoneum. When transferred directly into the peritoneum, the mature NK cells survive but do not divide, whereas the immature NK cells proliferate profusely. These data suggest that the peritoneum is not only home to a new subset of tissue-resident NK cells, but that it differentially regulates the migration and homeostatic proliferation of immature versus mature NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Gonzaga
- Ghost Lab, T Cell Memory and Tolerance Section, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Polly Matzinger
- Ghost Lab, T Cell Memory and Tolerance Section, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ainhoa Perez-Diez
- Ghost Lab, T Cell Memory and Tolerance Section, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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14
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Sitnicka E. Early cellular pathways of mouse natural killer cell development. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:329-36. [PMID: 21447931 DOI: 10.1159/000323925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that are components of the innate immune system. These cells are key players in the defense against viral and other microbial infections and cancer and have an important function during pregnancy, autoimmunity and allergy. Furthermore, NK cells play important roles in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation by providing the graft versus leukemia effect and preventing the development of graft versus host disease. Thus, understanding the developmental pathway(s) from multipotent HSCs to the NK cell lineage-restricted progenitors is of significant clinical value. However, despite extensive progress in the delineation of mature blood cell development, including the B- and T-cell lineages, the early stages of NK cell lineage commitment and development have been less well established and characterized. Here, I review the progress made thus far in dissecting the developmental stages, from HSCs in the bone marrow to the lineage-committed NK cells in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sitnicka
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Lund Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Stem Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Unique progenitors in mouse lymph node develop into CD127+ NK cells: thymus-dependent and thymus-independent pathways. Blood 2011; 117:4012-21. [PMID: 21355093 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-298901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of natural killer (NK) cells in normal mouse lymph node (LN) expresses CD127 (IL-7 receptor-α chain) and is thought to derive from the thymus. However, CD127(+) NK cells are found in the LN of athymic mice. Therefore, the origin of CD127(+) NK cells in the LN is unclear. Here, we have identified unique NK-cell progenitors (NKPs) in the LN that express the pan-NK cell marker CD49b and CD127 but lack CD122 and lineage markers. The LN NKPs develop in vitro into CD127(+) NK cells that display natural cytotoxicity and cytokine production capacity. They also become CD127(+) NK cells in lymphopenic mice that received a transplant. LN NKPs can be divided into stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1)(hi) and Sca-1(lo) subsets. The latter comprise ∼ 60% of LN NKPs in normal mouse and < 10% of athymic mouse LN NKPs. Whereas both Sca-1(hi) and Sca-1(lo) NKPs develop into CD127(+) NK cells in vitro, only those derived from Sca-1(lo) LN NKPs have rearranged TCRγ genes. Thus, CD127(+) NK cells in the LN seem to be generated, at least in part, from both thymus-dependent Sca-1(lo) and thymus-independent Sca-1(hi) LN NKPs.
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16
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Zhang H, Zhu Z, Meadows GG. Chronic alcohol consumption decreases the percentage and number of NK cells in the peripheral lymph nodes and exacerbates B16BL6 melanoma metastasis into the draining lymph nodes. Cell Immunol 2010; 266:172-9. [PMID: 20974468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
NK cells in the lymph nodes play important roles in inhibiting tumor metastasis into draining lymph nodes. Previously, we reported that chronic alcohol consumption interferes with NK cell trafficking from the bone marrow to the spleen. Herein, we found that alcohol consumption decreases the numbers of NK cells in lymph nodes. Adoptive transfer experiments indicated that continued exposure of donor splenocytes to alcohol inhibits NK but not T cell trafficking to lymph nodes. Alcohol did not negatively affect CCR7(+) and CXCR3(+) NK cells, but decreased the percentage and number of CD62L(+) NK cells in the spleen, which are an important source of NK cell trafficking into the lymph nodes. These data suggest that modulation of the microenvironment associated with alcohol consumption impairs the trafficking of NK cells to lymph nodes. The decreased number of NK cells in the lymph nodes was associated with increased melanoma metastasis into the draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6534, United States
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17
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Ribeiro VSG, Hasan M, Wilson A, Boucontet L, Pereira P, Lesjean-Pottier S, Satoh-Takayama N, Di Santo JP, Vosshenrich CAJ. Cutting edge: Thymic NK cells develop independently from T cell precursors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4993-7. [PMID: 20889548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although NK cells in the mouse are thought to develop in the bone marrow, a small population of NK cells in the thymus has been shown to derive from a GATA3-dependent pathway. Characteristically, thymic NK cells express CD127 and few Ly49 molecules and lack CD11b. Because these NK cells develop in the thymus, the question of their relationship to the T cell lineage has been raised. Using several different mouse models, we find that unlike T cells, thymic NK cells are not the progeny of Rorc-expressing progenitors and do not express Rag2 or rearrange the TCRγ locus. We further demonstrate that thymic NK cells develop independently of the Notch signaling pathway, supporting the idea that thymic NK cells represent bona fide NK cells that can develop independently of all T cell precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S G Ribeiro
- Unité d'Immunité Innée, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U668, Paris, France
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18
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Satoh-Takayama N, Lesjean-Pottier S, Vieira P, Sawa S, Eberl G, Vosshenrich CA, Di Santo JP. IL-7 and IL-15 independently program the differentiation of intestinal CD3-NKp46+ cell subsets from Id2-dependent precursors. J Exp Med 2010; 207:273-80. [PMID: 20142427 PMCID: PMC2822619 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46 (encoded by Ncr1) was recently shown to identify a subset of noncytotoxic, Rag-independent gut lymphocytes that express the transcription factor Rorc, produce interleukin (IL)-22, and provide innate immune protection at the intestinal mucosa. Intestinal CD3(-)NKp46(+) cells are phenotypically heterogeneous, comprising a minority subset that resembles classical mature splenic natural killer (NK) cells (NK1.1(+), Ly49(+)) but also a large CD127(+)NK1.1(-) subset of lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)-like Rorc(+) cells that has been proposed to include NK cell precursors. We investigated the developmental relationships between these intestinal CD3(-)NKp46(+) subsets. Gut CD3(-)NKp46(+) cells were related to LTi and NK cells in requiring the transcriptional inhibitor Id2 for normal development. Overexpression of IL-15 in intestinal epithelial cells expanded NK1.1(+) cells within the gut but had no effect on absolute numbers of the CD127(+)NK1.1(-)Rorc(+) subset of CD3(-)NKp46(+) cells. In contrast, IL-7 deficiency strongly reduced the overall numbers of CD3(-)NKp46(+)NK1.1(-) cells that express Rorc and produce IL-22 but failed to restrict homeostasis of classical intestinal NK1.1(+) cells. Finally, in vivo fate-mapping experiments demonstrated that intestinal NK1.1(+)CD127(-) cells are not the progeny of Rorc-expressing progenitors, indicating that CD127(+)NK1.1(-)Rorc(+) cells are not canonical NK cell precursors. These studies highlight the independent cytokine regulation of functionally diverse intestinal NKp46(+) cell subsets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/immunology
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/immunology
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/immunology
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-7/immunology
- Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphoid Progenitor Cells/cytology
- Lymphoid Progenitor Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Satoh-Takayama
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Lymphocyte Development Unit, and Lymphoid Tissue Development Group, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lesjean-Pottier
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Lymphocyte Development Unit, and Lymphoid Tissue Development Group, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Paulo Vieira
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Lymphocyte Development Unit, and Lymphoid Tissue Development Group, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Lymphocyte Development Unit, and Lymphoid Tissue Development Group, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Lymphocyte Development Unit, and Lymphoid Tissue Development Group, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Christian A.J. Vosshenrich
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Lymphocyte Development Unit, and Lymphoid Tissue Development Group, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, 75724 Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Lymphocyte Development Unit, and Lymphoid Tissue Development Group, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U668, 75724 Paris, France
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19
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Miazek A, Macha K, Łaszkiewicz A, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Kisielow P. Peripheral Thy1+ lymphocytes rearranging TCR-gammadelta genes in LAT-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2596-605. [PMID: 19701892 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is an adaptor molecule indispensable for development of alphabeta and gammadelta T lymphocytes. Surprisingly, using a new model of LAT-deficient mice we found that despite arrested thymic development, a discrete population of cells with active Lat promoter, expressing Thy1 molecules, accumulated in peripheral lymphoid organs of homozygous (Lat(Inv/Inv)) mutant mice. By measuring frequencies of TCR gene rearrangements in conjunction with a panel of cell surface Ag, we dissected two subsets of these Thy1(+) cells. Thy1(dull) cells expressed markers of NK lymphocytes and contained low frequency of TCR-gamma gene rearrangements without detectable TCR-delta rearrangements. Thy1(high) cells resembled immature CD44(+)CD25(+) thymocytes and contained high frequency of non-productive TCR-gamma and TCR-delta rearrangements, indicating that cells displaying molecular signatures of commitment toward gammadelta T-cell lineage can develop and populate lymphoid tissues of LAT-deficient mice. Phenotypically similar Thy1(high) cells were also found in lymph nodes of lymphocyte-deficient (Rag2(-/-)) mice but not in T lymphocyte proficient, heterozygous Lat(+/Inv) mice suggesting that Thy1(high) cells of LAT-deficient mice identified in this study accumulate in peripheral lymphoid organs as a result of congenital lymphopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Miazek
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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20
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Alcón VL, Luther C, Balce D, Takei F. B-cell co-receptor CD72 is expressed on NK cells and inhibits IFN-gamma production but not cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:826-32. [PMID: 19197938 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
NK cells have two main functions, namely cell-mediated cytotoxicity and production of cytokines. Multiple inhibitory receptors that regulate NK-cell cytotoxicity have been characterized whereas little is known about receptors regulating cytokine production. Here we report that CD72, which is considered to be an important co-receptor regulating B-cell activation, is also expressed on mouse NK cells. NK cells expressing high levels of CD72, upon stimulation with IL-12 and IL-18 or target cells, produce significantly less IFN-gamma than those expressing low levels of CD72, whereas both subsets are equally cytotoxic. Ectopic expression of CD72 in the murine NK-cell line KY2 inhibits cytokine-induced IFN-gamma production, and the inhibitory effect is diminished by mutations in the inhibitory motifs in the intracellular domain or replacement of the extracellular domain of CD72. Thus, CD72 is an inhibitory receptor on NK cells regulating cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria L Alcón
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Satoh-Takayama N, Vosshenrich CAJ, Lesjean-Pottier S, Sawa S, Lochner M, Rattis F, Mention JJ, Thiam K, Cerf-Bensussan N, Mandelboim O, Eberl G, Di Santo JP. Microbial flora drives interleukin 22 production in intestinal NKp46+ cells that provide innate mucosal immune defense. Immunity 2008; 29:958-70. [PMID: 19084435 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with spontaneous antitumor activity, and they produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) that primes immune responses. Whereas T helper cell subsets differentiate from naive T cells via specific transcription factors, evidence for NK cell diversification is limited. In this report, we characterized intestinal lymphocytes expressing the NK cell natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp46. Gut NKp46+ cells were distinguished from classical NK cells by limited IFN-gamma production and absence of perforin, whereas several subsets expressed the nuclear hormone receptor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor t (RORgammat) and interleukin-22 (IL-22). Intestinal NKp46+IL-22+ cells were generated via a local process that was conditioned by commensal bacteria and required RORgammat. Mice lacking IL-22-producing NKp46+ cells showed heightened susceptibility to the pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, consistent with a role for intestinal NKp46+ cells in immune protection. RORgammat-driven diversification of intestinal NKp46+ cells thereby specifies an innate cellular defense mechanism that operates at mucosal surfaces.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/immunology
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Citrobacter rodentium/immunology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestines/immunology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/immunology
- Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Perforin/immunology
- Perforin/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/immunology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Satoh-Takayama
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75724, France
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