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Tamura Y, Kawashima T, Ji R, Agata N, Itoh Y, Kawakami K. Histological and biochemical changes in lymphatic vessels after skeletal muscle injury induced by lengthening contraction in male mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15950. [PMID: 38355142 PMCID: PMC10866689 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are actively involved in the recovery process of inflamed tissues. However, the changes in intramuscular lymphatic vessels during inflammation caused by skeletal muscle injury remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the changes in lymphatic vessels after skeletal muscle injury. The left tibialis anterior muscles of male mice were subjected to lengthening contractions (LC) for inducing skeletal muscle injury, and samples were collected on Days 2, 4, and 7 for examining changes in both the skeletal muscles and intramuscular lymphatic vessels. With hematoxylin-eosin staining, the inflammatory response was observed in myofibers on Days 2 and 4 after LC, whereas regeneration of myofibers was found on Day 7 after LC. The number and area of intramuscular lymphatic vessels analyzed by immunohistochemical staining with an antibody against lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 were significantly increased only on Day 4 after LC. Based on the abovementioned results, intramuscular lymphatic vessels undergo morphological changes such as increase under the state of muscle inflammation. This study demonstrated that the morphology of intramuscular lymphatic vessels undergoes significant changes during the initial recovery phase following skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Tamura
- Physical Therapy Research Field, Graduate School of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
| | - Takafumi Kawashima
- Department of RehabilitationAkeno‐Central HospitalOitaJapan
- Faculty of Welfare and Health ScienceOita UniversityOitaJapan
| | - Rui‐Cheng Ji
- Physical Therapy Research Field, Graduate School of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
- Faculty of Welfare and Health ScienceOita UniversityOitaJapan
| | - Nobuhide Agata
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesTokoha UniversityHamamatsuJapan
| | - Yuta Itoh
- Faculty of Rehabilitation ScienceNagoya Gakuin UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Keisuke Kawakami
- Physical Therapy Research Field, Graduate School of MedicineOita UniversityYufuJapan
- Faculty of Welfare and Health ScienceOita UniversityOitaJapan
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Jaramillo-Rangel G, Chávez-Briones MDL, Ancer-Arellano A, Miranda-Maldonado I, Ortega-Martínez M. Back to the Basics: Usefulness of Naturally Aged Mouse Models and Immunohistochemical and Quantitative Morphologic Methods in Studying Mechanisms of Lung Aging and Associated Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2075. [PMID: 37509714 PMCID: PMC10377355 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-related molecular and cellular alterations in the lung contribute to an increased susceptibility of the elderly to devastating diseases. Although the study of the aging process in the lung may benefit from the use of genetically modified mouse models and omics techniques, these approaches are still not available to most researchers and produce complex results. In this article, we review works that used naturally aged mouse models, together with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative morphologic (QM) methods in the study of the mechanisms of the aging process in the lung and its most commonly associated disorders: cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and infectious diseases. The advantage of using naturally aged mice is that they present characteristics similar to those observed in human aging. The advantage of using IHC and QM methods lies in their simplicity, economic accessibility, and easy interpretation, in addition to the fact that they provide extremely important information. The study of the aging process in the lung and its associated diseases could allow the design of appropriate therapeutic strategies, which is extremely important considering that life expectancy and the number of elderly people continue to increase considerably worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Ancer-Arellano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Ivett Miranda-Maldonado
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Marta Ortega-Martínez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
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3
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Sopariwala DH, Rios AS, Park MK, Song MS, Kumar A, Narkar VA. Estrogen-related receptor alpha is an AMPK-regulated factor that promotes ischemic muscle revascularization and recovery in diet-induced obese mice. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:602-618. [PMID: 36089981 PMCID: PMC9447423 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type II diabetes are leading causes of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which is characterized by vascular insufficiency and ischemic damage in the limb skeletal muscle. Glycemic control is not sufficient to prevent progression of PAD, and molecular targets that can promote muscle neo-angiogenesis in obesity and diabetes remain poorly defined. Here, we have investigated whether nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) can promote ischemic revascularization in the skeletal muscles of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Using muscle-specific ERRα transgenic mice, we found that ERRα overexpression promotes revascularization, marked by increased capillary staining and muscle perfusion in DIO mice after hindlimb ischemic injury. Furthermore, ERRα facilitates repair and restoration of skeletal muscle myofiber size after limb ischemia in DIO mice. The ameliorative effects of ERRα overexpression did not involve the prevention of weight gain, hyperglycemia or glucose/insulin intolerance, suggesting a direct role for ERRα in promoting angiogenesis. Interestingly, levels of endogenous ERRα protein are suppressed in the skeletal muscles of DIO mice compared to lean controls, coinciding with the suppression of angiogenic gene expression, and reduced AMPK signaling in the DIO skeletal muscles. Upon further investigating the link between AMPK and ERRα, we found that AMPK activation increases the expression and recruitment of ERRα protein to specific angiogenic gene promoters in muscle cells. Further, the induction of angiogenic factors by AMPK activators in muscle cells is blocked by repressing ERRα. In summary, our results identify an AMPK/ERRα-dependent angiogenic gene program in the skeletal muscle, which is repressed by DIO, and demonstrate that forced ERRα activation can promote ischemic revascularization and muscle recovery in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danesh H. Sopariwala
- Center for Metabolic & Degenerative DiseasesInstitute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical SchoolHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Andrea S. Rios
- Center for Metabolic & Degenerative DiseasesInstitute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical SchoolHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Min Sup Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Vihang A. Narkar
- Center for Metabolic & Degenerative DiseasesInstitute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical SchoolHoustonTexasUSA
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4
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Goldberg EJ, Schmidt CA, Green TD, Karnekar R, Yamaguchi DJ, Spangenberg EE, McClung JM. Temporal Association Between Ischemic Muscle Perfusion Recovery and the Restoration of Muscle Contractile Function After Hindlimb Ischemia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:804. [PMID: 31316393 PMCID: PMC6611152 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During incomplete skeletal muscle recovery from ischemia, such as that occurs with critical limb ischemia, the temporal relationship between recovery of muscle capillary perfusion and contractile function is poorly defined. We examined this relationship in BALB/cJ mice (N = 24) following unilateral hindlimb ischemia (HLI), which pre-clinically mimics the myopathy observed in critical limb ischemia patients. Specifically, we examined this relationship in two phenotypically distinct muscles (i.e., "oxidative" soleus - Sol and "glycolytic" extensor digitorum longus - EDL) 14- or 56-days after HLI. Although overall limb blood flow (LDPI) reached its' recovery peak (48% of control) by HLI d14, the capillary networks in both the Sol and EDL (whole mount confocal imaging) were disrupted and competent muscle capillary perfusion (perfused lectin+μm2/muscle μm2) remained reduced. Interestingly, both Sol and EDL muscles recovered their distinct capillary structures and perfusion (Con Sol; 0.056 ± 0.02 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2, and Con EDL; 0.039 ± 0.005 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2) by HLI d56 (Sol; 0.062 ± 0.011 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2 and EDL; 0.0035 ± 0.005 lectin+μm2/muscle μm2), despite no further improvement in limb blood flow (LDPI). Both muscles suffered severe myopathy, indicated by loss of dystrophin positive immunostaining and the absence of stimulation induced isometric force production at HLI d14. Dystrophin immunofluorescence returned at HLI d56, although neither myofiber CSA (μm2) nor isometric force production (58 and 28% sustained deficits, Sol and EDL, respectively) recovered completely in either muscle. In summary, we reveal that the temporal relationship between the restoration of muscle capillary perfusion and functional ischemic skeletal muscle regeneration favors competent muscle capillary perfusion recovery in BALB/c mice in a phenotypically non-distinct manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Goldberg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - T D Green
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - R Karnekar
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - D J Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Division of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - E E Spangenberg
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina Heart Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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5
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Yin X, Lin X, Ren X, Yu B, Liu L, Ye Z, Chen Q, Lee C, Lu W, Yu D, Li X. Novel multi-targeted inhibitors suppress ocular neovascularization by regulating unique gene sets. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104277. [PMID: 31112749 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neovascular diseases, such as many cancers and ocular disorders, are life threatening and devastating. Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) therapy is available, many patients are not responsive and drug resistance can develop. To try to overcome these problems, combination therapy targeting VEGF-A and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) was tested. However, one obvious drawback was that the other VEGF and PDGF family members were not inhibited and therefore could compensate. Indeed, this was, at least to some extent, demonstrated by the disappointing outcomes. To this end, we designed novel multi-targeted inhibitors that can block most of the VEGF and PDGF family members simultaneously by making a fusion protein containing the ligand-binding domains of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ), which can therefore act as a decoy blocker for most of the VEGF and PDGF family members. Indeed, in cultured cells, the novel inhibitors suppressed the migration and proliferation of both vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and abolished VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ activation. Importantly, in a choroidal neovascularization model in vivo, the novel inhibitor inhibited ocular neovascularization more efficiently than the mono-inhibitors against VEGFR or PDGFR alone respectively. Mechanistically, a genome-wide microarray analysis unveiled that the novel inhibitor regulated unique sets of genes that were not regulated by the mono-inhibitors, further demonstrating the functional uniqueness and superiority of the novel inhibitor. Together, we show that the multi-targeted inhibitors that can block VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ simultaneously suppress pathological angiogenesis more efficiently than monotherapy, and may therefore have promising therapeutic value for the treatment of neovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangke Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Xianchai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Xiangrong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Bo Yu
- Larix Bioscience LLC, 1230 Bordeaux Drive, Sunnyvale, CA, 94089, USA
| | - Lixian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Qishan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| | - Dechao Yu
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, PR China.
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
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Merentie M, Rissanen R, Lottonen-Raikaslehto L, Huusko J, Gurzeler E, Turunen MP, Holappa L, Mäkinen P, Ylä-Herttuala S. Doxycycline modulates VEGF-A expression: Failure of doxycycline-inducible lentivirus shRNA vector to knockdown VEGF-A expression in transgenic mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190981. [PMID: 29351307 PMCID: PMC5774698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is the master regulator of angiogenesis, vascular permeability and growth. However, its role in mature blood vessels is still not well understood. To better understand the role of VEGF-A in the adult vasculature, we generated a VEGF-A knockdown mouse model carrying a doxycycline (dox)-regulatable short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transgene, which silences VEGF-A. The aim was to find the critical level of VEGF-A reduction for vascular well-being in vivo. In vitro, the dox-inducible lentiviral shRNA vector decreased VEGF-A expression efficiently and dose-dependently in mouse endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. In the generated transgenic mice plasma VEGF-A levels decreased shortly after the dox treatment but returned back to normal after two weeks. VEGF-A expression decreased shortly after the dox treatment only in some tissues. Surprisingly, increasing the dox exposure time and dose led to elevated VEGF-A expression in some tissues of both wildtype and knockdown mice, suggesting that dox itself has an effect on VEGF-A expression. When the effect of dox on VEGF-A levels was further tested in naïve/non-transduced cells, the dox administration led to a decreased VEGF-A expression in endothelial cells but to an increased expression in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, the VEGF-A knockdown was achieved in a dox-regulatable fashion with a VEGF-A shRNA vector in vitro, but not in the knockdown mouse model in vivo. Dox itself was found to regulate VEGF-A expression explaining the unexpected results in mice. The effect of dox on VEGF-A levels might at least partly explain its previously reported beneficial effects on myocardial and brain ischemia. Also, this effect on VEGF-A should be taken into account in all studies using dox-regulated vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Merentie
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riina Rissanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Line Lottonen-Raikaslehto
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Huusko
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erika Gurzeler
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko P. Turunen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lari Holappa
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Mäkinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Ashok A, Kanwar JR, Krishnan UM, Kanwar RK. SurR9C84A protects and recovers human cardiomyocytes from hypoxia induced apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2016; 350:19-31. [PMID: 27816606 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Survivin, as an anti-apoptotic protein and a cell cycle regulator, is recently gaining importance for its regenerative potential in salvaging injured hypoxic cells of vital organs such as heart. Different strategies are being employed to upregulate survivin expression in dying hypoxic cardiomyocytes. We investigated the cardioprotective potential of a cell permeable survivin mutant protein SurR9C84A, for the management of hypoxia mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, in a novel and clinically relevant model employing primary human cardiomyocytes (HCM). The aim of this research work was to study the efficacy and mechanism of SurR9C84A facilitated cardioprotection and regeneration in hypoxic HCM. To mimic hypoxic microenvironment in vitro, well characterized HCM were treated with 100µm (48h) cobalt chloride to induce hypoxia. Hypoxia induced (HI) HCM were further treated with SurR9C84A (1µg/mL) in order to analyse its cardioprotective efficacy. Confocal microscopy showed rapid internalization of SurR9C84A and scanning electron microscopy revealed the reinstatement of cytoskeleton projections in HI HCM. SurR9C84A treatment increased cell viability, reduced cell death via, apoptosis (Annexin-V assay), and downregulated free cardiac troponin T and MMP-9 expression. SurR9C84A also upregulated the expression of proliferation markers (PCNA and Ki-67) and downregulated mitochondrial depolarization and ROS levels thereby, impeding cell death. Human Apoptosis Array further revealed that SurR9C84A downregulated expression of pro-apoptotic markers and augmented expression of HSPs and HTRA2/Omi. SurR9C84A treatment led to enhanced levels of survivin, VEGF, PI3K and pAkt. SurR9C84A proved non-toxic to normoxic HCM, as validated through unaltered cell proliferation and other marker levels. Its pre-treatment exhibited lesser susceptibility to hypoxia/damage. SurR9C84A holds a promising clinical potential for human cardiomyocyte survival and proliferation following hypoxic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Ashok
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Rd. WRB 5128, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Jagat Rakesh Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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McClung JM, Reinardy JL, Mueller SB, McCord TJ, Kontos CD, Brown DA, Hussain SNA, Schmidt CA, Ryan TE, Green TD. Muscle cell derived angiopoietin-1 contributes to both myogenesis and angiogenesis in the ischemic environment. Front Physiol 2015; 6:161. [PMID: 26042050 PMCID: PMC4436568 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent strategies to treat peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have focused on stem cell based therapies, which are believed to result in local secretion of vascular growth factors. Little is known, however, about the role of ischemic endogenous cells in this context. We hypothesized that ischemic muscle cells (MC) are capable of secreting growth factors that act as potent effectors of the local cellular regenerative environment. Both muscle and endothelial cells (ECs) were subjected to experimental ischemia, and conditioned medium (CM) from each was collected and analyzed to assess myogenic and/or angiogenic potential. In muscle progenitors, mRNA expression of VEGF and its cognate receptors (Nrp1, Flt, Flk) was present and decreased during myotube formation in vitro, and EC CM or VEGF increased myoblast proliferation. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), Tie1, and Tie2 mRNA increased during MC differentiation in vitro. Exogenous Ang-1 enhanced myogenic (MyoD and Myogenin) mRNA in differentiating myoblasts and increased myosin heavy chain protein. Myotube formation was enhanced by MC CM and inhibited by EC CM. Ang-1 protein was present in CM from MCs isolated from both the genetically ischemia-susceptible BALB/c and ischemia-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strains, and chimeric Tie2 receptor trapping in situ ablated Ang-1's myogenic effects in vitro. Ang-1 or MC CM enhanced myotube formation in a mixed isolate of muscle progenitors as well as a myoblast co-culture with pluripotent mesenchymal cells (10T1/2) and this effect was abrogated by viral expression of the extracellular domain of Tie2 (AdsTie2). Furthermore, mesh/tube formation by HUVECs was enhanced by Ang-1 or MC CM and abrogated by Tie2 chimeric receptor trapping. Our results demonstrate the ability of muscle and endothelial cell-derived vascular growth factors, particularly Ang-1, to serve as multi-functional stimuli regulating crosstalk between blood vessels and muscle cells during regeneration from ischemic myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M McClung
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jessica L Reinardy
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah B Mueller
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC, USA ; Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC, USA
| | - Timothy J McCord
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher D Kontos
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC, USA ; Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, NC, USA ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Sabah N A Hussain
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Department of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cameron A Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Terence E Ryan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Tom D Green
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA ; Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC, USA
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9
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Veeranki S, Givvimani S, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC. Hyperhomocysteinemia attenuates angiogenesis through reduction of HIF-1α and PGC-1α levels in muscle fibers during hindlimb ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1116-27. [PMID: 24585779 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00003.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is associated with elderly frailty, skeletal muscle injury and malfunction, reduced vascular integrity and function, and mortality. Although HHcy has been implicated in the impairment of angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia in murine models, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. We hypothesized that HHcy compromises skeletal muscle perfusion, collateral formation, and arteriogenesis by diminishing postischemic vasculogenic responses in muscle fibers. To test this hypothesis, we created femoral artery ligation in wild-type and heterozygous cystathionine β-synthase (CBS(+/-)) mice (a model for HHcy) and assessed tissue perfusion, collateral vessel formation, and skeletal muscle function using laser-Doppler perfusion imaging, barium angiography, and fatigue tests. In addition, we assessed postischemic levels of VEGF and levels of its muscle-specific regulators: hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α. The observations indicated dysregulation of VEGF, HIF-1α, and PGC-1α levels in ischemic skeletal muscles of CBS(+/-) mice. Concomitant with the reduced ischemic angiogenic responses, we also observed diminished leptin expression and attenuated Akt signaling in ischemic muscle fibers of CBS(+/-) mice. Moreover, there was enhanced atrogene, ubiquitin ligases that conjugate proteins for degradation during muscle atrophy, transcription, and reduced muscle function after ischemia in CBS(+/-) mice. These results suggest that HHcy adversely affects muscle-specific ischemic responses and contributes to muscle frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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10
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A meta-analysis of the relationship between lymphatic microvessel density and clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer. Bull Cancer 2013; 100:1-10. [DOI: 10.1684/bdc.2013.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Heikura T, Nieminen T, Roschier MM, Karvinen H, Kaikkonen MU, Mähönen AJ, Lesch HP, Rissanen TT, Laitinen OH, Airenne KJ, Ylä-Herttuala S. Baculovirus-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor-D(ΔNΔC) gene transfer induces angiogenesis in rabbit skeletal muscle. J Gene Med 2012; 14:35-43. [PMID: 22162149 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occluded arteries and ischemic tissues cannot always be treated by angioplasty, stenting or by-pass-surgery. Under such circumstances, viral gene therapy may be useful in inducing increased blood supply to ischemic area. There is evidence of improved blood flow in ischemic skeletal muscle and myocardium in both animal and human studies using adenoviral vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene therapy. However, the expression is transient and repeated gene transfers with the same vector are inefficient due to immune responses. METHODS Different baculoviral vectors pseudotyped with or without vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) and/or carrying woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (Wpre) were tested both in vitro and in vivo. VEGF-D(ΔNΔC) was used as therapeutic transgene and lacZ as a control. In vivo efficacy was evaluated as capillary enlargement and transgene expression in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit skeletal muscle. RESULTS A statistically significant capillary enlargement was detected 6 days after gene transfer in transduced areas compared to the control gene transfers with baculovirus and adenovirus encoding β-galactosidase (lacZ). Substantially improved gene transfer efficiency was achieved with a modified baculovirus pseudotyped with VSV-G and carrying Wpre. Dose escalation experiments revealed that either too large volume or too many virus particles caused inflammation and necrosis in the target tissue, whereas 10(9) plaque forming units injected in multiple aliquots resulted in transgene expression with only mild immune reactions. CONCLUSIONS We show the first evidence of biologically significant baculoviral gene transfer in skeletal muscle of NZW rabbits using VEGF-D(ΔNΔC) as a therapeutic transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Heikura
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, AI Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Kotimaa AA, Zainana AM, Pulkkinen E, Huusko J, Heinonen SE, Kholová I, Stedt H, Lesch HP, Ylä-Herttuala S. Endothelium-specific overexpression of human vascular endothelial growth factor-D in mice leads to increased tumor frequency and a reduced lifespan. J Gene Med 2012; 14:182-90. [PMID: 22287362 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are central mediators in vascular development and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-D contributes to the growth and formation of blood and lymphatic vessels, although its biological role is still somewhat unclear. METHODS Transgenic mice, which express the mature form of human VEGF-D under endothelium-specific Tie1 promoter, were produced by the lentiviral perivitelline-injection method. The mice were followed up to generation F(5) and the effect of the transgene was analyzed. RESULTS Transgenic mice had a high expression of human (h)VEGF-D in the endothelium in several tissues, such as kidney, liver, lung and spleen. However, transgenic mice developed tumors in lungs, kidneys, liver, mammary glands and lymph nodes upon aging and their mortality was also increased as a result of other pathological conditions. Hind limb ischemia was surgically induced in these mice and they were analyzed 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the ischemia operation. No significant differences were found in hVEGF-D mRNA expression, the number of capillaries or tissue repair between ischemic transgenic mice and transgene negative littermates. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that targeted unregulated long-term expression of hVEGF-D in endothelium may not be useful and reduces the life span of transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti A Kotimaa
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Li X, Kumar A, Zhang F, Lee C, Tang Z. Complicated life, complicated VEGF-B. Trends Mol Med 2011; 18:119-27. [PMID: 22178229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
No other member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) family has been as mysterious as VEGF-B. Notwithstanding its name, VEGF-B can hardly be regarded as a growth factor because growth occurs fairly normally in Vegf-b deficient mice. Moreover, VEGF-B is barely angiogenic under most conditions, although it was expected to be an angiogenic factor for a long time. Under certain conditions, VEGF-B has been shown to be involved in blood vessel growth. Under other conditions, however, VEGF-B can act to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis. Given these contradictory findings, the biological function of VEGF-B appears enigmatic. In this review, we summarize recent advances in VEGF-B biology and discuss its multifaceted roles, the underlying mechanisms, and the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuri Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Gredes T, Kunert-Keil C, Dominiak M, Gedrange T, Wróbel-Kwiatkowska M, Szopa J. The influence of biocomposites containing genetically modified flax fibers on gene expression in rat skeletal muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 55:323-9. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2010.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Functional muscle regeneration with combined delivery of angiogenesis and myogenesis factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:3287-92. [PMID: 19966309 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903875106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative efforts typically focus on the delivery of single factors, but it is likely that multiple factors regulating distinct aspects of the regenerative process (e.g., vascularization and stem cell activation) can be used in parallel to affect regeneration of functional tissues. This possibility was addressed in the context of ischemic muscle injury, which typically leads to necrosis and loss of tissue and function. The role of sustained delivery, via injectable gel, of a combination of VEGF to promote angiogenesis and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) to directly promote muscle regeneration and the return of muscle function in ischemic rodent hindlimbs was investigated. Sustained VEGF delivery alone led to neoangiogenesis in ischemic limbs, with complete return of tissue perfusion to normal levels by 3 weeks, as well as protection from hypoxia and tissue necrosis, leading to an improvement in muscle contractility. Sustained IGF1 delivery alone was found to enhance muscle fiber regeneration and protected cells from apoptosis. However, the combined delivery of VEGF and IGF1 led to parallel angiogenesis, reinnervation, and myogenesis; as satellite cell activation and proliferation was stimulated, cells were protected from apoptosis, the inflammatory response was muted, and highly functional muscle tissue was formed. In contrast, bolus delivery of factors did not have any benefit in terms of neoangiogenesis and perfusion and had minimal effect on muscle regeneration. These results support the utility of simultaneously targeting distinct aspects of the regenerative process.
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Li X, Lee C, Tang Z, Zhang F, Arjunan P, Li Y, Hou X, Kumar A, Dong L. VEGF-B: a survival, or an angiogenic factor? Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:322-7. [PMID: 19684473 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.4.9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its early discovery and high sequence homology to the other VEGF family members, the biological function of VEGF-B remained debatable for a long time, and VEGF-B has received little attention from the field thus far. Recently, we and others have found that (1) VEGF-B is a potent survival factor for different types of cells by inhibiting apoptosis via suppressing the expression of BH3-only protein and other apoptotic/cell death-related genes. (2) VEGF-B has a negligible role in inducing blood vessel growth in most organs. Instead, it is critically required for blood vessel survival. VEGF-B targeting inhibited pathological angiogenesis by abolishing blood vessel survival in different animal models. (3) Using different types of neuro-injury and neurodegenerative disease models, VEGF-B treatment protected endangered neurons from apoptosis without inducing undesired blood vessel growth or permeability. Thus, VEGF-B is the first member of the VEGF family that has a potent survival/anti-apoptotic effect, while lacking a general angiogenic activity. Our work thus advocates that the major function of VEGF-B is to act as a "survival", rather than an "angiogenic" factor and implicates a therapeutic potential of VEGF-B in treating different types of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuri Li
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Variegation and silencing in a lentiviral-based murine transgenic model. Transgenic Res 2009; 19:399-414. [PMID: 19701794 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral based constructs represent a recent development in the generation of transgenic animals. The ease of use, and the fact that the same backbone vectors can be used to down-modulate endogenous gene expression and to produce transgenic animals overexpressing a gene of interest, have fuelled growing interest in this technology. In this study, we have used a lentiviral delivery system to generate transgenic mice expressing altered levels (up or downregulated) of a gene of interest. Although this lentiviral-based approach led to high levels of transgenesis and germ line transmission, a wide variation in transgene expression was observed in most first and second generation mouse lines. In particular, despite the segregation of integrants into single-copy expressing mouse lines, transgene expression appeared to be the target of epigenetic regulatory mechanism, often causing the coexistence of high and low transgene expressing cells within a given tissue such as blood peripheral lymphocytes. The establishment and analysis of large number of mouse lines may therefore be required to select a stable transgenic line with pancellular expression of a gene of interest using this lentiviral-based approach.
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