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Guan X, Qin M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Shen B, Ren Z, Ding X, Dai W, Jiang Y. Safety and Efficacy of Megakaryocytes Induced from Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Murine and Nonhuman Primate Models. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:897-909. [PMID: 28297572 PMCID: PMC5442772 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of a lack of platelet supply and a U.S. Food and Drug Administration‐approved platelet growth factor, megakaryocytes have emerged as an effective substitute for alleviating thrombocytopenia. Here, we report the development of an efficient two‐stage culture system that is free of stroma, animal components, and genetic manipulations for the production of functional megakaryocytes from hematopoietic stem cells. Safety and functional studies were performed in murine and nonhuman primate models. One human cryopreserved cord blood CD34+ cell could be induced ex vivo to produce up to 1.0 × 104 megakaryocytes that included CD41a+ and CD42b+ cells at 82.4% ± 6.1% and 73.3% ± 8.5% (mean ± SD), respectively, yielding approximately 650‐fold higher cell numbers than reported previously. Induced human megakaryocytic cells were capable of engrafting and producing functional platelets in the murine xenotransplantation model. In the nonhuman primate model, transplantation of primate megakaryocytic progenitors increased platelet count nadir and enhanced hemostatic function with no adverse effects. In addition, primate platelets were released in vivo as early as 3 hours after transplantation with autologous or allogeneic mature megakaryocytes and lasted for more than 48 hours. These results strongly suggest that large‐scale induction of functional megakaryocytic cells is applicable for treating thrombocytopenic blood diseases in the clinic. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:897–909
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qin
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Biopharmagen Corp., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Shen
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Biopharmagen Corp., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Nanoscale Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Wei Dai
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Yongping Jiang
- Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Biopharmagen Corp., Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Fuhrmann J, Jouni R, Alex J, Zöllner H, Wesche J, Greinacher A, Bakchoul T. Assessment of human platelet survival in the NOD/SCID mouse model: technical considerations. Transfusion 2016; 56:1370-6. [PMID: 27086568 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NOD/SCID mouse model is a unique and sophisticated method to study the survival of human platelets (PLTs) in vivo. Meanwhile, several research groups adopted this model to analyze a wide range of PLT antibodies. Differences exist between the research groups regarding the method of PLT injection, the amount and route of antibody injection, and the preparation of blood samples collected from the animal, making it difficult to compare results between studies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We compared the survival of human PLTs infused into NOD/SCID mice via the tail vein or the retro-orbital plexus. The percentage of circulating human PLTs in the mouse circulation was determined by flow cytometry. Murine blood samples were prepared using two different methods: 1) direct fixation of whole blood samples and 2) isolation of PLTs by density gradient centrifugation. RESULTS Recovery of human PLTs after tail vein injection was comparable to retro-orbital injection (13% vs. 11% of all circulating PLTs, p = 0.401). However, the survival rate of tail vein-infused PLTs was higher than that of retro-orbitally injected PLTs (median PLT survival after 5 hr 84% vs. 56%, p = 0.025). Moreover, we observed that determination of circulating human PLTs in directly fixed murine whole blood samples shows better reproducibility compared to the density gradient centrifugation method. CONCLUSIONS Tail vein injection of human PLTs into the NOD/SCID mice is superior to retro-orbital injection in terms of human PLT survival. Direct fixation of whole blood samples allows better reproducibility of results compared to the density gradient centrifugation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fuhrmann
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rabie Jouni
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jenny Alex
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heike Zöllner
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Wesche
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Pineault N, Abu-Khader A. Advances in umbilical cord blood stem cell expansion and clinical translation. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:498-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dumont N, Boyer L, Émond H, Celebi-Saltik B, Pasha R, Bazin R, Mantovani D, Roy DC, Pineault N. Medium conditioned with mesenchymal stromal cell-derived osteoblasts improves the expansion and engraftment properties of cord blood progenitors. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:741-52.e1. [PMID: 24793546 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to enhance the expansion of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are crucial to enable their widespread application to adults and to overcome important limitations, such as delayed engraftment. Osteoblasts regulate HSPCs under steady-state and also under stress conditions, when HSPCs undergo numerous cycles of expansion. We hypothesized that osteoblasts could provide better stimulation for the expansion of multipotent HSPCs and subsequent hematopoietic recovery than mesenchymal stromal cells. Hence, we assessed the growth and engraftment modulatory activities of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived osteoblasts (M-OSTs) on hematopoietic progenitors. Mesenchymal stromal cells and M-OSTs favored the maintenance of CD34(+) cells. The expansion of cord blood CD34(+) cells and myeloid progenitors was highest in cultures supplemented with unfiltered M-OST-conditioned medium (M-OST CM). In addition, increased expression of cell surface receptors important for the homing of progenitors to the bone marrow, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1, was observed in CM-based cultures. Additionally, M-OST CM positively modulated the engraftment properties of expanded progenitors. Most notably, although human platelet levels remained steady in the first 2 weeks in mice transplanted with HSPCs expanded in standard medium, levels in mice transplanted with M-OST CM HSPCs rose continuously. Consistent with this, short-term human progenitor reconstitution was consistently greater in M-OST recipients. Finally, cytokine array-based profiling revealed increases in insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, chemokines, and myeloid stimulating cytokines in M-OST CM. In conclusion, this study suggests that M-OSTs represent a new underappreciated source of feeder cells for the expansion of HSPCs with enhanced thrombopoietic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nellie Dumont
- Héma-Québec, Research and Development, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Lucie Boyer
- Héma-Québec, Research and Development, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Hélène Émond
- Héma-Québec, Research and Development, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Betül Celebi-Saltik
- Héma-Québec, Research and Development, Quebec City, Canada; Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Mining-Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Roya Pasha
- Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma-Québec, Research and Development, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Diego Mantovani
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Mining-Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Héma-Québec, Research and Development, Quebec City, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; Canadian Blood Services, Center for Innovation, Ottawa, Canada.
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Platelet gene therapy corrects the hemophilic phenotype in immunocompromised hemophilia A mice transplanted with genetically manipulated human cord blood stem cells. Blood 2013; 123:395-403. [PMID: 24269957 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-520478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have demonstrated that platelet FVIII (2bF8) gene therapy can improve hemostasis in hemophilia A mice, even in the presence of inhibitory antibodies, but none of our studies has targeted human cells. Here, we evaluated the feasibility for lentivirus (LV)-mediated human platelet gene therapy of hemophilia A. Human platelet FVIII expression was introduced by 2bF8LV-mediated transduction of human cord blood (hCB) CD34(+) cells followed by xenotransplantation into immunocompromised NSG mice or NSG mice in an FVIII(null) background (NSGF8KO). Platelet FVIII was detected in all recipients that received 2bF8LV-transduced hCB cells as long as human platelet chimerism persisted. All NSGF8KO recipients (n = 7) that received 2bF8LV-transduced hCB cells survived tail clipping if animals had greater than 2% of platelets derived from 2bF8LV-transduced hCB cells, whereas 5 of 7 survived when human platelets were 0.3% to 2%. Whole blood clotting time analysis confirmed that hemostasis was improved in NSGF8KO mice that received 2bF8LV-transduced hCB cells. We demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of 2bF8LV gene delivery to human hematopoietic stem cells to introduce FVIII expression in human platelets and that human platelet-derived FVIII can improve hemostasis in hemophilia A.
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Émond H, Boyer L, Roy DC, Pineault N. Cotransplantation of Ex Vivo Expanded Progenitors with Nonexpanded Cord Blood Cells Improves Platelet Recovery. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3209-19. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Émond
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Université Laval, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Lucie Boyer
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Province of Québec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Université Laval, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
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Chi X, Zhi L, Gelderman MP, Vostal JG. Host platelets and, in part, neutrophils mediate lung accumulation of transfused UVB-irradiated human platelets in a mouse model of acute lung injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44829. [PMID: 23028636 PMCID: PMC3446987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that ultraviolet light B (UVB)-treated human platelets (hPLTs) can cause acute lung injury (ALI) in a two-event SCID mouse model in which the predisposing event was Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and the second event was infusion of UVB-treated hPLTs. To delineate contributions of host mouse platelets (mPLTs) and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ALI in this mouse model, we depleted mPLTs or neutrophils and measured hPLT accumulation in the lung. We also assessed lung injury by protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). LPS injection followed by infusion of UVB-treated hPLTs resulted in sequestration of both mPLTs and hPLTs in the lungs of SCID mice, although the numbers of neutrophils in the lung were not significantly different from the control group. Depletion of mouse neutrophils caused only a mild reduction in UVB-hPLTs accumulation in the lungs and a mild reduction in protein content in BALF. In comparison, depletion of mPLTs almost completely abolished hPLTs accumulation in the lung and significantly reduced protein content in BALF. UVB-treated hPLTs bound to host mPLTs, but did not bind to neutrophils in the lung. Aspirin treatment of hPLTs in vitro abolished hPLT accumulation in the lung and protected mice from lung injury. Our data indicate that host mPLTs accumulated in the lungs in response to an inflammatory challenge and subsequently mediated the attachment of transfused UVB-hPLTs. Neutrophils also recruited a small percentage of platelets to the lung. These findings may help develop therapeutic strategies for ALI which could potentially result from transfusion of UV illuminated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaroslav G. Vostal
- Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Division of Hematology, OBRR, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Although platelets are the smallest cells in the blood, they are implied in various processes ranging from immunology and oncology to thrombosis and hemostasis. Many large-scale screening programs, genome-wide association, and "omics" studies have generated lists of genes and loci that are probably involved in the formation or physiology of platelets under normal and pathologic conditions. This creates an increasing demand for new and improved model systems that allow functional assessment of the corresponding gene products in vivo. Such animal models not only render invaluable insight in the platelet biology, but in addition, provide improved test systems for the validation of newly developed anti-thrombotics. This review summarizes the most important models to generate transgenic platelets and to study their influence on platelet physiology in vivo. Here we focus on the zebrafish morpholino oligonucleotide technology, the (platelet-specific) knockout mouse, and the transplantation of genetically modified human or murine platelet progenitor cells in myelo-conditioned mice. The various strengths and pitfalls of these animal models are illustrated by recent examples from the platelet field. Finally, we highlight the latest developments in genetic engineering techniques and their possible application in platelet research.
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Pineault N, Boyer L. Cellular-based therapies to prevent or reduce thrombocytopenia. Transfusion 2011; 51 Suppl 4:72S-81S. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Myosin-II inhibition and soft 2D matrix maximize multinucleation and cellular projections typical of platelet-producing megakaryocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11458-63. [PMID: 21709232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017474108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division, membrane rigidity, and strong adhesion to a rigid matrix are all promoted by myosin-II, and so multinucleated cells with distended membranes--typical of megakaryocytes (MKs)--seem predictable for low myosin activity in cells on soft matrices. Paradoxically, myosin mutations lead to defects in MKs and platelets. Here, reversible inhibition of myosin-II is sustained over several cell cycles to produce 3- to 10-fold increases in polyploid MK and a number of other cell types. Even brief inhibition generates highly distensible, proplatelet-like projections that fragment readily under shear, as seen in platelet generation from MKs in vivo. The effects are maximized with collagenous matrices that are soft and 2D, like the perivascular niches in marrow rather than 3D or rigid, like bone. Although multinucleation of other primary hematopoietic lineages helps to generalize a failure-to-fission mechanism, lineage-specific signaling with increased polyploidy proves possible and novel with phospho-regulation of myosin-II heavy chain. Label-free mass spectrometry quantitation of the MK proteome uses a unique proportional peak fingerprint (ProPF) analysis to also show upregulation of the cytoskeletal and adhesion machinery critical to platelet function. Myosin-inhibited MKs generate more platelets in vitro and also in vivo from the marrows of xenografted mice, while agonist stimulation activates platelet spreading and integrin αIIbβ3. Myosin-II thus seems a central, matrix-regulated node for MK-poiesis and platelet generation.
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Abstract
Platelets play a central role in maintaining hemostasis mainly by binding to subendothelial collagen exposed upon vascular injury, thereby initiating thrombus formation. Platelets can bind directly to the exposed collagen through two major receptors i.e. the integrin a2b1 and glycoprotein (GP) VI. However, under high shear conditions the GPIb-V-IX receptor complex and its main ligand von Willebrand Factor are additionally needed for firm platelet adhesion to the vessel wall. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the individual roles and structure-function relationships of these main platelet adhesion receptors.
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Pineault N, Cortin V, Boyer L, Garnier A, Robert A, Thérien C, Roy DC. Individual and synergistic cytokine effects controlling the expansion of cord blood CD34(+) cells and megakaryocyte progenitors in culture. Cytotherapy 2010; 13:467-80. [PMID: 21090916 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.530651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Expansion of hematopoietic progenitors ex vivo is currently investigated as a means of reducing cytopenia following stem cell transplantation. The principal objective of this study was to develop a new cytokine cocktail that would maximize the expansion of megakaryocyte (Mk) progenitors that could be used to reduce periods of thrombocytopenia. METHODS We measured the individual and synergistic effects of six cytokines [stem cell factor (SCF), FLT-3 ligand (FL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-9 and IL-11] commonly used to expand cord blood (CB) CD34(+) cells on the expansion of CB Mk progenitors and major myeloid populations by factorial design. RESULTS These results revealed an elaborate array of cytokine individual effects complemented by a large number of synergistic and antagonistic interaction effects. Notably, strong interactions with SCF were observed with most cytokines and its concentration level was the most influential factor for the expansion and differentiation kinetics of CB CD34(+) cells. A response surface methodology was then applied to optimize the concentrations of the selected cytokines. The newly developed cocktail composed of SCF, thrombopoietin (TPO) and FL increased the expansion of Mk progenitors and maintained efficient expansion of clonogenic progenitors and CD34(+) cells. CB cells expanded with the new cocktail were shown to provide good short- and long-term human platelet recovery and lymphomyeloid reconstitution in NOD/SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results define a complex cytokine network that regulates the growth and differentiation of immature and committed hematopoietic cells in culture, and confirm that cytokine interactions have major influences on the fate of hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pineault
- Héma-Québec, Département de Recherche et Développement, Québec City, PQ, Canada.
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Thijs T, Nuyttens BP, Deckmyn H, Broos K. Platelet physiology and antiplatelet agents. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48 Suppl 1:S3-13. [PMID: 21054192 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Apart from the central beneficial role platelets play in hemostasis, they are also involved in atherothrombotic diseases. Here, we review the current knowledge of platelet intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in platelet adhesion, activation, amplification of the activation signal and aggregation, as well as pathways limiting platelet aggregation. A thorough understanding of these pathways allows explanation of the mechanism of action of existing antiplatelet agents, but also helps to identify targets for novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Thijs
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven campus Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
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Becker RC. A time-tested ex vivo model of thrombosis: from pathophysiology to drug development and disease application. Thromb Res 2010; 126:363-4. [PMID: 20864148 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cheson BD. Targeted treatment and new agents in follicular lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:5-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ready to analyze genetically modified human platelets. Blood 2009; 114:4915-6. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-10-243873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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