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Xiong Y, Wang F, Mu H, Zhang A, Zhao Y, Han K, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ma J, Wei R, Luan X. hPMSCs prevent erythrocytes dysfunction caused by graft versus host disease via promoting GSH synthesis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112689. [PMID: 39029234 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is increased in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) recipients and leads to the development of graft versus host disease (GVHD). Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can ameliorate GVHD by regulating the function of T cells. However, whether MSCs can modulate erythrocyte antioxidant metabolism and thus reduce GVHD is not known. METHODS Forty female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to four groups: the control, GVHDhigh, hPMSC, and PBS groups. A hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system was used to steadily and gradually produce superoxide in an in vitro experiment. A scanning microscope was used to examine the ultrastructure of erythrocytes. Laser diffraction analyses were used to analyze erythrocyte deformability. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton proteins Band 3 and β-Spectrin. Corresponding kits were used to assess the levels of oxidative damage and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. RESULTS Morphological and deformability defects were significantly increased in erythrocytes from GVHD patients. Band 3 and β-Spectrin expression was also reduced in GVHD patients and model mice. Furthermore, we observed significantly increased oxidative stress-induce injury and decreased antioxidant capability in erythrocytes from both GVHD patients and model mice. Subsequent research showed that human placenta-derived MSC (hPMSC) therapy decreased the GVHD-induced redox imbalance in erythrocytes. Furthermore, our findings suggested that upregulating glucose metabolism promoted both the de novo synthesis and recycling of GSH, which is the primary mechanism by which hPMSCs mediate the increase in antioxidant capacity in erythrocytes. CONCLUSION Together, our findings suggest that hPMSCs can increase antioxidant capacity by increasing erythrocyte GSH production and thus ameliorate GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlian Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Huanmei Mu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yaxuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Kaiyue Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Jiashen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Hengchao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Zhuoya Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, PR China
| | - Rongxia Wei
- Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264000, PR China.
| | - Xiying Luan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
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2
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Dutta S, Bose D, Ghosh S, Chakrabarti A. Spectrin: an alternate target for cytoskeletal drugs. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35994328 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal drugs having enormous therapeutic potential act on the cytoskeletal components like actin, tubulin either by promoting polymerization or destabilizing the same. Here we present the interaction of the popular cytoskeletal drugs such as taxol, latrunculin and cytochalasin with spectrin, a huge protein with multi domains that forms the cytoskeletal network. Particularly, the actin binding domain of spectrin regulates the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton. We followed the binding of these drugs to its actin binding domain and intact spectrin as well. These drugs bind with moderate affinity (Kb ∼ 104 M-1) and the interaction with actin binding domain is entropy driven and hydrophobic in nature as determined by Van't Hoff plot. The docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations further corroborate the experimental findings. Particularly the higher binding constants in the case of latrunculin and cytochalasin to the actin binding domain of spectrin suggest the binding sites are presumably located in its actin binding domain.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sansa Dutta
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipayan Bose
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Semanti Ghosh
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Chakrabarti
- Crystallography and Molecular Biology Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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3
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Barbarino F, Wäschenbach L, Cavalho-Lemos V, Dillenberger M, Becker K, Gohlke H, Cortese-Krott MM. Targeting spectrin redox switches to regulate the mechanoproperties of red blood cells. Biol Chem 2020; 402:317-331. [PMID: 33544503 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) are fundamental for their physiological role as gas transporters. RBC flexibility and elasticity allow them to survive the hemodynamic changes in the different regions of the vascular tree, to dynamically contribute to the flow thereby decreasing vascular resistance, and to deform during the passage through narrower vessels. RBC mechanoproperties are conferred mainly by the structural characteristics of their cytoskeleton, which consists predominantly of a spectrin scaffold connected to the membrane via nodes of actin, ankyrin and adducin. Changes in redox state and treatment with thiol-targeting molecules decrease the deformability of RBCs and affect the structure and stability of the spectrin cytoskeleton, indicating that the spectrin cytoskeleton may contain redox switches. In this perspective review, we revise current knowledge about the structural and functional characterization of spectrin cysteine redox switches and discuss the current lines of research aiming to understand the role of redox regulation on RBC mechanical properties. These studies may provide novel functional targets to modulate RBC function, blood viscosity and flow, and tissue perfusion in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Barbarino
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Wäschenbach
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Virginia Cavalho-Lemos
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melissa Dillenberger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Calcium modulates the domain flexibility and function of an α-actinin similar to the ancestral α-actinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22101-22112. [PMID: 32848067 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917269117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton, a dynamic network of actin filaments and associated F-actin-binding proteins, is fundamentally important in eukaryotes. α-Actinins are major F-actin bundlers that are inhibited by Ca2+ in nonmuscle cells. Here we report the mechanism of Ca2+-mediated regulation of Entamoeba histolytica α-actinin-2 (EhActn2) with features expected for the common ancestor of Entamoeba and higher eukaryotic α-actinins. Crystal structures of Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound EhActn2 reveal a calmodulin-like domain (CaMD) uniquely inserted within the rod domain. Integrative studies reveal an exceptionally high affinity of the EhActn2 CaMD for Ca2+, binding of which can only be regulated in the presence of physiological concentrations of Mg2+ Ca2+ binding triggers an increase in protein multidomain rigidity, reducing conformational flexibility of F-actin-binding domains via interdomain cross-talk and consequently inhibiting F-actin bundling. In vivo studies uncover that EhActn2 plays an important role in phagocytic cup formation and might constitute a new drug target for amoebic dysentery.
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5
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Delalande O, Czogalla A, Hubert JF, Sikorski A, Le Rumeur E. Dystrophin and Spectrin, Two Highly Dissimilar Sisters of the Same Family. Subcell Biochem 2017; 82:373-403. [PMID: 28101868 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49674-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophin and Spectrin are two proteins essential for the organization of the cytoskeleton and for the stabilization of membrane cells. The comparison of these two sister proteins, and with the dystrophin homologue utrophin, enables us to emphasise that, despite a similar topology with common subdomains and a common structural basis of a three-helix coiled-coil, they show a large range of dissimilarities in terms of genetics, cell expression and higher level structural organisation. Interactions with cellular partners, including proteins and membrane phospholipids, also show both strikingly similar and very different behaviours. The differences between dystrophin and spectrin are also illustrated by the large variety of pathological anomalies emerging from the dysfunction or the absence of these proteins, showing that they are keystones in their function of providing a scaffold that sustains cell structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Delalande
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- Biotechnology Faculty, Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jean-François Hubert
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Aleksander Sikorski
- Biotechnology Faculty, Department of Cytobiochemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elisabeth Le Rumeur
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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6
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Drmota Prebil S, Slapšak U, Pavšič M, Ilc G, Puž V, de Almeida Ribeiro E, Anrather D, Hartl M, Backman L, Plavec J, Lenarčič B, Djinović-Carugo K. Structure and calcium-binding studies of calmodulin-like domain of human non-muscle α-actinin-1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27383. [PMID: 27272015 PMCID: PMC4895382 DOI: 10.1038/srep27383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of several cytosolic proteins critically depends on the concentration of calcium ions. One important intracellular calcium-sensing protein is α-actinin-1, the major actin crosslinking protein in focal adhesions and stress fibers. The actin crosslinking activity of α-actinin-1 has been proposed to be negatively regulated by calcium, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. To address this, we determined the first high-resolution NMR structure of its functional calmodulin-like domain (CaMD) in calcium-bound and calcium-free form. These structures reveal that in the absence of calcium, CaMD displays a conformationally flexible ensemble that undergoes a structural change upon calcium binding, leading to limited rotation of the N- and C-terminal lobes around the connecting linker and consequent stabilization of the calcium-loaded structure. Mutagenesis experiments, coupled with mass-spectrometry and isothermal calorimetry data designed to validate the calcium binding stoichiometry and binding site, showed that human non-muscle α-actinin-1 binds a single calcium ion within the N-terminal lobe. Finally, based on our structural data and analogy with other α-actinins, we provide a structural model of regulation of the actin crosslinking activity of α-actinin-1 where calcium induced structural stabilisation causes fastening of the juxtaposed actin binding domain, leading to impaired capacity to crosslink actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Drmota Prebil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Slapšak
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Ilc
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Puž
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Euripedes de Almeida Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorothea Anrather
- Mass Spectrometry Service Facility, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hartl
- Mass Spectrometry Service Facility, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Backman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 10, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Janez Plavec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Trg Osvobodilne fronte 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Lenarčič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39,SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Malaria Parasite Proteins and Their Role in Alteration of the Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 91:1-86. [PMID: 27015947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., continues to be a major threat to human health and a significant cause of socioeconomic hardship in many countries. Almost half of the world's population live in malaria-endemic regions and many of them suffer one or more, often life-threatening episodes of malaria every year, the symptoms of which are attributable to replication of the parasite within red blood cells (RBCs). In the case of Plasmodium falciparum, the species responsible for most malaria-related deaths, parasite replication within RBCs is accompanied by striking alterations to the morphological, biochemical and biophysical properties of the host cell that are essential for the parasites' survival. To achieve this, the parasite establishes a unique and extensive protein export network in the infected RBC, dedicating at least 6% of its genome to the process. Understanding the full gamut of proteins involved in this process and the mechanisms by which P. falciparum alters the structure and function of RBCs is important both for a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of malaria and for development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat this devastating disease. This review focuses on what is currently known about exported parasite proteins, their interactions with the RBC and their likely pathophysiological consequences.
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8
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Anatomy of the red cell membrane skeleton: unanswered questions. Blood 2015; 127:187-99. [PMID: 26537302 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-512772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The red cell membrane skeleton is a pseudohexagonal meshwork of spectrin, actin, protein 4.1R, ankyrin, and actin-associated proteins that laminates the inner membrane surface and attaches to the overlying lipid bilayer via band 3-containing multiprotein complexes at the ankyrin- and actin-binding ends of spectrin. The membrane skeleton strengthens the lipid bilayer and endows the membrane with the durability and flexibility to survive in the circulation. In the 36 years since the first primitive model of the red cell skeleton was proposed, many additional proteins have been discovered, and their structures and interactions have been defined. However, almost nothing is known of the skeleton's physiology, and myriad questions about its structure remain, including questions concerning the structure of spectrin in situ, the way spectrin and other proteins bind to actin, how the membrane is assembled, the dynamics of the skeleton when the membrane is deformed or perturbed by parasites, the role lipids play, and variations in membrane structure in unique regions like lipid rafts. This knowledge is important because the red cell membrane skeleton is the model for spectrin-based membrane skeletons in all cells, and because defects in the red cell membrane skeleton underlie multiple hemolytic anemias.
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9
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Song JG, Kostan J, Drepper F, Knapp B, de Almeida Ribeiro E, Konarev PV, Grishkovskaya I, Wiche G, Gregor M, Svergun DI, Warscheid B, Djinović-Carugo K. Structural insights into Ca2+-calmodulin regulation of Plectin 1a-integrin β4 interaction in hemidesmosomes. Structure 2015; 23:558-570. [PMID: 25703379 PMCID: PMC4353693 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical stability of epithelial cells, which protect organisms from harmful external factors, is maintained by hemidesmosomes via the interaction between plectin 1a (P1a) and integrin α6β4. Binding of calcium-calmodulin (Ca(2+)-CaM) to P1a together with phosphorylation of integrin β4 disrupts this complex, resulting in disassembly of hemidesmosomes. We present structures of the P1a actin binding domain either in complex with the N-ter lobe of Ca(2+)-CaM or with the first pair of integrin β4 fibronectin domains. Ca(2+)-CaM binds to the N-ter isoform-specific tail of P1a in a unique manner, via its N-ter lobe in an extended conformation. Structural, cell biology, and biochemical studies suggest the following model: binding of Ca(2+)-CaM to an intrinsically disordered N-ter segment of plectin converts it to an α helix, which repositions calmodulin to displace integrin β4 by steric repulsion. This model could serve as a blueprint for studies aimed at understanding how Ca(2+)-CaM or EF-hand motifs regulate F-actin-based cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Geun Song
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julius Kostan
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedel Drepper
- Department of Functional Proteomics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology II and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Knapp
- Department of Functional Proteomics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology II and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Euripedes de Almeida Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr V Konarev
- EMBL-Hamburg c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irina Grishkovskaya
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gregor
- Department of Integrative Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4 CZ-14220, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- EMBL-Hamburg c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Department of Functional Proteomics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology II and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Ribeiro EDA, Pinotsis N, Ghisleni A, Salmazo A, Konarev PV, Kostan J, Sjöblom B, Schreiner C, Polyansky AA, Gkougkoulia EA, Holt MR, Aachmann FL, Zagrović B, Bordignon E, Pirker KF, Svergun DI, Gautel M, Djinović-Carugo K. The structure and regulation of human muscle α-actinin. Cell 2014; 159:1447-60. [PMID: 25433700 PMCID: PMC4259493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spectrin superfamily of proteins plays key roles in assembling the actin cytoskeleton in various cell types, crosslinks actin filaments, and acts as scaffolds for the assembly of large protein complexes involved in structural integrity and mechanosensation, as well as cell signaling. α-actinins in particular are the major actin crosslinkers in muscle Z-disks, focal adhesions, and actin stress fibers. We report a complete high-resolution structure of the 200 kDa α-actinin-2 dimer from striated muscle and explore its functional implications on the biochemical and cellular level. The structure provides insight into the phosphoinositide-based mechanism controlling its interaction with sarcomeric proteins such as titin, lays a foundation for studying the impact of pathogenic mutations at molecular resolution, and is likely to be broadly relevant for the regulation of spectrin-like proteins. Structure of human α-actinin-2 in an autoinhibited closed conformation Facilitation of PIP2-induced allosteric modulation for opening and titin binding Essentiality of structural flexibility for crosslinking antiparallel F-actin Relevance for the intramolecular pseudoligand regulation mechanism of the spectrin family
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Affiliation(s)
- Euripedes de Almeida Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikos Pinotsis
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ghisleni
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anita Salmazo
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr V Konarev
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julius Kostan
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Björn Sjöblom
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Schreiner
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton A Polyansky
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria; M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Eirini A Gkougkoulia
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark R Holt
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bojan Zagrović
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrica Bordignon
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina F Pirker
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gautel
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Kristina Djinović-Carugo
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Genetic studies of spectrin in the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for a novel lipid uptake apparatus. Genetics 2013; 195:871-81. [PMID: 24037266 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.155192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrin cytoskeleton defects produce a host of phenotypes affecting the plasma membrane, cell polarity, and secretory membrane traffic. However, many of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unexplained by prevailing models. Here we used the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model system to further elucidate mechanisms of αβ-spectrin function. The results provide unexpected new insights into spectrin function as well as mechanisms of dietary fat uptake and storage. We show that loss of α- or β-spectrin in the fat body eliminated a population of small cortical lipid droplets and altered plasma membrane architecture, but did not affect viability of the organism. We present a novel model in which αβ-spectrin directly couples lipid uptake at the plasma membrane to lipid droplet growth in the cytoplasm. In contrast, strong overexpression of β-spectrin caused fat body atrophy and larval lethality. Overexpression of β-spectrin also perturbed transport of dietary fat from the midgut to the fat body. This hypermorphic phenotype appears to be the result of blocking secretion of the lipid carrier lipophorin from fat cells. However, this midgut phenotype was never seen with spectrin loss of function, suggesting that spectrin is not normally required for lipophorin secretion or function. The β-spectrin hypermorphic phenotype was ameliorated by co-overexpression of α-spectrin. Based on the overexpression results here, we propose that β-spectrin family members may be prone to hypermorphic effects (including effects on secretion) if their activity is not properly regulated.
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Machnicka B, Czogalla A, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Bogusławska DM, Grochowalska R, Heger E, Sikorski AF. Spectrins: a structural platform for stabilization and activation of membrane channels, receptors and transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:620-34. [PMID: 23673272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on structure and functions of spectrin as a major component of the membrane skeleton. Recent advances on spectrin function as an interface for signal transduction mediation and a number of data concerning interaction of spectrin with membrane channels, adhesion molecules, receptors and transporters draw a picture of multifaceted protein. Here, we attempted to show the current depiction of multitask role of spectrin in cell physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Machnicka
- University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Elżbieta Heger
- University of Zielona Góra, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Poland
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Fowler VM. The human erythrocyte plasma membrane: a Rosetta Stone for decoding membrane-cytoskeleton structure. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:39-88. [PMID: 24210427 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian erythrocyte, or red blood cell (RBC), is a unique experiment of nature: a cell with no intracellular organelles, nucleus or transcellular cytoskeleton, and a plasma membrane with uniform structure across its entire surface. By virtue of these specialized properties, the RBC membrane has provided a template for discovery of the fundamental actin filament network machine of the membrane skeleton, now known to confer mechanical resilience, anchor membrane proteins, and organize membrane domains in all cells. This chapter provides a historical perspective and critical analysis of the biochemistry, structure, and physiological functions of this actin filament network in RBCs. The core units of this network are nodes of ~35-37 nm-long actin filaments, interconnected by long strands of (α1β1)₂-spectrin tetramers, forming a 2D isotropic lattice with quasi-hexagonal symmetry. Actin filament length and stability is critical for network formation, relying upon filament capping at both ends: tropomodulin-1 at pointed ends and αβ-adducin at barbed ends. Tropomodulin-1 capping is essential for precise filament lengths, and is enhanced by tropomyosin, which binds along the short actin filaments. αβ-adducin capping recruits spectrins to sites near barbed ends, promoting network formation. Accessory proteins, 4.1R and dematin, also promote spectrin binding to actin and, with αβ-adducin, link to membrane proteins, targeting actin nodes to the membrane. Dissection of the molecular organization within the RBC membrane skeleton is one of the paramount achievements of cell biological research in the past century. Future studies will reveal the structure and dynamics of actin filament capping, mechanisms of precise length regulation, and spectrin-actin lattice symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia M Fowler
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Suozzi KC, Wu X, Fuchs E. Spectraplakins: master orchestrators of cytoskeletal dynamics. J Cell Biol 2012; 197:465-75. [PMID: 22584905 PMCID: PMC3352950 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of different cytoskeletal networks are coordinated to bring about many fundamental cellular processes, from neuronal pathfinding to cell division. Increasing evidence points to the importance of spectraplakins in integrating cytoskeletal networks. Spectraplakins are evolutionarily conserved giant cytoskeletal cross-linkers, which belong to the spectrin superfamily. Their genes consist of multiple promoters and many exons, yielding a vast array of differential splice forms with distinct functions. Spectraplakins are also unique in their ability to associate with all three elements of the cytoskeleton: F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Recent studies have begun to unveil their role in a wide range of processes, from cell migration to tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Suozzi
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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