1
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Tan G, Spillane KM, Maher J. The Role and Regulation of the NKG2D/NKG2D Ligand System in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1079. [PMID: 37626965 PMCID: PMC10452210 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The family of human NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) consists of eight stress-induced molecules. Over 80% of human cancers express these ligands on the surface of tumour cells and/or associated stromal elements. In mice, NKG2D deficiency increases susceptibility to some types of cancer, implicating this system in immune surveillance for malignancy. However, NKG2DL can also be shed, released via exosomes and trapped intracellularly, leading to immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, NKG2D can enhance chronic inflammatory processes which themselves can increase cancer risk and progression. Indeed, tumours commonly deploy a range of countermeasures that can neutralise or even corrupt this surveillance system, tipping the balance away from immune control towards tumour progression. Consequently, the prognostic impact of NKG2DL expression in human cancer is variable. In this review, we consider the underlying biology and regulation of the NKG2D/NKG2DL system and its expression and role in a range of cancer types. We also consider the opportunities for pharmacological modulation of NKG2DL expression while cautioning that such interventions need to be carefully calibrated according to the biology of the specific cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tan
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | | | - John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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2
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D’Avola A, Kluckova K, Finch AJ, Riches JC. Spotlight on New Therapeutic Opportunities for MYC-Driven Cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:371-383. [PMID: 37309471 PMCID: PMC10257908 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s366627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC can be considered to be one of the most pressing and important targets for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. This is due to its frequent dysregulation in tumors and due to the wide-ranging impact this dysregulation has on gene expression and cellular behavior. As a result, there have been numerous attempts to target MYC over the last few decades, both directly and indirectly, with mixed results. This article reviews the biology of MYC in the context of cancers and drug development. It discusses strategies aimed at targeting MYC directly, including those aimed at reducing its expression and blocking its function. In addition, the impact of MYC dysregulation on cellular biology is outlined, and how understanding this can underpin the development of approaches aimed at molecules and pathways regulated by MYC. In particular, the review focuses on the role that MYC plays in the regulation of metabolism, and the therapeutic avenues offered by inhibiting the metabolic pathways that are essential for the survival of MYC-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa D’Avola
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Katarina Kluckova
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John C Riches
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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3
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Winkler R, Piskor EM, Kosan C. Lessons from Using Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of MYC-Induced Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010037. [PMID: 36611833 PMCID: PMC9818924 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic overexpression of MYC leads to the fatal deregulation of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, and cell growth. MYC rearrangements are found frequently among non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas enforcing MYC overexpression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) were developed to understand MYC-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Here, we highlight the advantages of using Eµ-Myc transgenic mice. We thoroughly compiled the available literature to discuss common challenges when using such mouse models. Furthermore, we give an overview of pathways affected by MYC based on knowledge gained from the use of GEMMs. We identified top regulators of MYC-induced lymphomagenesis, including some candidates that are not pharmacologically targeted yet.
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4
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Winkler R, Mägdefrau AS, Piskor EM, Kleemann M, Beyer M, Linke K, Hansen L, Schaffer AM, Hoffmann ME, Poepsel S, Heyd F, Beli P, Möröy T, Mahboobi S, Krämer OH, Kosan C. Targeting the MYC interaction network in B-cell lymphoma via histone deacetylase 6 inhibition. Oncogene 2022; 41:4560-4572. [PMID: 36068335 PMCID: PMC9525236 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of MYC is a genuine cancer driver in lymphomas and related to poor prognosis. However, therapeutic targeting of the transcription factor MYC remains challenging. Here, we show that inhibition of the histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) using the HDAC6 inhibitor Marbostat-100 (M-100) reduces oncogenic MYC levels and prevents lymphomagenesis in a mouse model of MYC-induced aggressive B-cell lymphoma. M-100 specifically alters protein-protein interactions by switching the acetylation state of HDAC6 substrates, such as tubulin. Tubulin facilitates nuclear import of MYC, and MYC-dependent B-cell lymphoma cells rely on continuous import of MYC due to its high turn-over. Acetylation of tubulin impairs this mechanism and enables proteasomal degradation of MYC. M-100 targets almost exclusively B-cell lymphoma cells with high levels of MYC whereas non-tumor cells are not affected. M-100 induces massive apoptosis in human and murine MYC-overexpressing B-cell lymphoma cells. We identified the heat-shock protein DNAJA3 as an interactor of tubulin in an acetylation-dependent manner and overexpression of DNAJA3 resulted in a pronounced degradation of MYC. We propose a mechanism by which DNAJA3 associates with hyperacetylated tubulin in the cytoplasm to control MYC turnover. Taken together, our data demonstrate a beneficial role of HDAC6 inhibition in MYC-dependent B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Winkler
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Spain
| | - Ann-Sophie Mägdefrau
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Piskor
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Markus Kleemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Mandy Beyer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Kevin Linke
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Lisa Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Schaffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Simon Poepsel
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Florian Heyd
- Laboratory of RNA Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Tarik Möröy
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Siavosh Mahboobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry I, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93040, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Christian Kosan
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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PI(18:1/18:1) is a SCD1-derived lipokine that limits stress signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2982. [PMID: 35624087 PMCID: PMC9142606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic stress activates stress-activated kinases, initiates adaptive mechanisms, including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, and induces programmed cell death. Fatty acid unsaturation, controlled by stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)1, prevents cytotoxic stress but the mechanisms are diffuse. Here, we show that 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-myo-inositol) [PI(18:1/18:1)] is a SCD1-derived signaling lipid, which inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, counteracts UPR, endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation, and apoptosis, regulates autophagy, and maintains cell morphology and proliferation. SCD1 expression and the cellular PI(18:1/18:1) proportion decrease during the onset of cell death, thereby repressing protein phosphatase 2 A and enhancing stress signaling. This counter-regulation applies to mechanistically diverse death-inducing conditions and is found in multiple human and mouse cell lines and tissues of Scd1-defective mice. PI(18:1/18:1) ratios reflect stress tolerance in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, infection, high-fat diet, and immune aging. Together, PI(18:1/18:1) is a lipokine that links fatty acid unsaturation with stress responses, and its depletion evokes stress signaling. Fatty acid unsaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) protects against cellular stress through unclear mechanisms. Here the authors show 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-myo-inositol) is an SCD1-derived signaling lipid that regulates stress-adaption, protects against cell death and promotes proliferation.
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6
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Jones AB, Rocco A, Lamb LS, Friedman GK, Hjelmeland AB. Regulation of NKG2D Stress Ligands and Its Relevance in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2339. [PMID: 35565467 PMCID: PMC9105350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Under cellular distress, multiple facets of normal homeostatic signaling are altered or disrupted. In the context of the immune landscape, external and internal stressors normally promote the expression of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands that allow for the targeted recognition and killing of cells by NKG2D receptor-bearing effector populations. The presence or absence of NKG2D ligands can heavily influence disease progression and impact the accessibility of immunotherapy options. In cancer, tumor cells are known to have distinct regulatory mechanisms for NKG2D ligands that are directly associated with tumor progression and maintenance. Therefore, understanding the regulation of NKG2D ligands in cancer will allow for targeted therapeutic endeavors aimed at exploiting the stress response pathway. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms controlling the induction and repression of NKG2D ligands in cancer. Additionally, we highlight current therapeutic endeavors targeting NKG2D ligand expression and offer our perspective on considerations to further enhance the field of NKG2D ligand biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B. Jones
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Abbey Rocco
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (A.R.); (G.K.F.)
| | | | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (A.R.); (G.K.F.)
| | - Anita B. Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
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7
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D’Avola A, Legrave N, Tajan M, Chakravarty P, Shearer RL, King HW, Kluckova K, Cheung EC, Clear AJ, Gunawan AS, Zhang L, James LK, MacRae JI, Gribben JG, Calado DP, Vousden KH, Riches JC. PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC-driven lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e153436. [PMID: 35316216 PMCID: PMC9057607 DOI: 10.1172/jci153436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of serine from glucose is a key metabolic pathway supporting cellular proliferation in healthy and malignant cells. Despite this, the role that this aspect of metabolism plays in germinal center biology and pathology is not known. Here, we performed a comprehensive characterization of the role of the serine synthesis pathway in germinal center B cells and lymphomas derived from these cells. We demonstrate that upregulation of a functional serine synthesis pathway is a metabolic hallmark of B cell activation and the germinal center reaction. Inhibition of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway, led to defective germinal formation and impaired high-affinity antibody production. In addition, overexpression of enzymes involved in serine synthesis was a characteristic of germinal center B cell-derived lymphomas, with high levels of expression being predictive of reduced overall survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Inhibition of PHGDH induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells, reducing disease progression. These findings establish PHGDH as a critical player in humoral immunity and a clinically relevant target in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mylène Tajan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Hamish W. King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James I. MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - John C. Riches
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, and
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8
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Nguyen-Khac F. "Double-Hit" Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Involving the TP53 and MYC Genes. Front Oncol 2022; 11:826245. [PMID: 35096627 PMCID: PMC8793848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.826245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the 17p deletion [del(17p)] is rare in cases of treatment-naive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), its frequency is higher in refractory/relapsed CLL – particularly in patients undergoing chemo(immuno)therapy. TP53 disruption (deletion and/or mutation) is the strongest prognostic factor for refractoriness to chemotherapy; the use of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors and BCL2 inhibitors is then indicated. Rare cases of CLL can also harbor translocation or gain of the MYC oncogene. “Double-hit CLL” (with del(17p) and MYC gain) is associated with a very poor prognosis. The prognostic impact of TP53 disruption with MYC aberrations in patients receiving targeted therapies must now be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nguyen-Khac
- Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
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9
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Apollonio B, Ioannou N, Papazoglou D, Ramsay AG. Understanding the Immune-Stroma Microenvironment in B Cell Malignancies for Effective Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626818. [PMID: 33842331 PMCID: PMC8027510 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers, including lymphomas, develop in complex tissue environments where malignant cells actively promote the creation of a pro-tumoral niche that suppresses effective anti-tumor effector T cell responses. Research is revealing that the tumor microenvironment (TME) differs between different types of lymphoma, covering inflamed environments, as exemplified by Hodgkin lymphoma, to non-inflamed TMEs as seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this review we consider how T cells and interferon-driven inflammatory signaling contribute to the regulation of anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. We discuss tumor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms critical to anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to immunotherapies, before adding an additional layer of complexity within the TME: the immunoregulatory role of non-hematopoietic stromal cells that co-evolve with tumors. Studying the intricate interactions between the immune-stroma lymphoma TME should help to design next-generation immunotherapies and combination treatment strategies to overcome complex TME-driven immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Apollonio
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Papazoglou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan G Ramsay
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Abstract
Recent findings from our laboratory provide the first indication that overexpression of Bcl-2 in Eµ-myc transgenic cells enhances tumor immunosurveillance by inducing NKG2D ligands. Initial evidence suggests that this model is relevant to human patients. Thus, antitumor therapies that target Bcl-2 harbor the risk of reducing tumor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Putz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department for Biomedical Sciences; Veterinary University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
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11
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Bisso A, Sabò A, Amati B. MYC in Germinal Center-derived lymphomas: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:178-197. [PMID: 30874346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rearrangement of immunoglobulin loci during the germinal center reaction is associated with an increased risk of chromosomal translocations that activate oncogenes such as MYC, BCL2 or BCL6, thus contributing to the development of B-cell lymphomas. MYC and BCL2 activation are initiating events in Burkitt's (BL) and Follicular Lymphoma (FL), respectively, but can occur at later stages in other subtypes such as Diffuse Large-B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). MYC can also be activated during the progression of FL to the transformed stage. Thus, either DLBCL or FL can give rise to aggressive double-hit lymphomas (DHL) with concurrent activation of MYC and BCL2. Research over the last three decades has improved our understanding of the functions of these oncogenes and the basis for their cooperative action in lymphomagenesis. MYC, in particular, is a transcription factor that contributes to cell activation, growth and proliferation, while concomitantly sensitizing cells to apoptosis, the latter being blocked by BCL2. Here, we review our current knowledge about the role of MYC in germinal center B-cells and lymphomas, discuss MYC-induced dependencies that can sensitize cancer cells to select pharmacological inhibitors, and illustrate their therapeutic potential in aggressive lymphomas-and in particular in DHL, in combination with BCL2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bisso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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12
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Filip D, Mraz M. The role of MYC in the transformation and aggressiveness of ‘indolent’ B-cell malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:510-524. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1675877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Filip
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Mraz
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Tuzlak S, Haschka MD, Mokina A, Rülicke T, Cory S, Labi V, Villunger A. Differential effects of Vav-promoter-driven overexpression of BCLX and BFL1 on lymphocyte survival and B cell lymphomagenesis. FEBS J 2018; 285:1403-1418. [PMID: 29498802 PMCID: PMC5947286 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of BCLX and BFL1/A1 has been reported in various human malignancies and is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance, identifying these prosurvival BCL2 family members as putative drug targets. We have generated transgenic mice that express human BFL1 or human BCLX protein throughout the haematopoietic system under the control of the Vav gene promoter. Haematopoiesis is normal in both the Vav-BFL1 and Vav-BCLX transgenic (TG) mice and susceptibility to spontaneous haematopoietic malignancies is not increased. Lymphoid cells from Vav-BCLX TG mice exhibit increased resistance to apoptosis in vitro while most blood cell types form Vav-BFL1 TG mice were poorly protected. Both transgenes significantly accelerated lymphomagenesis in Eμ-MYC TG mice and, surprisingly, the Vav-BFL1 transgene was the more potent. Unexpectedly, expression of transgenic BFL1 RNA and protein is significantly elevated in B lymphoid cells of Vav-BFL1/Eμ-MYC double-transgenic compared to Vav-BFL1 mice, even during the preleukaemic phase, providing a rationale for the potent synergy. In contrast, Vav-BCLX expression was not notably different. These mouse models of BFL1 and BCLX overexpression in lymphomas should be useful tools for the testing the efficacy of novel human BFL1- and BCLX-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Tuzlak
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Manuel D. Haschka
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna‐Maria Mokina
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceUniversity of Veterinary Medicine ViennaAustria
| | - Suzanne Cory
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer DivisionThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Verena Labi
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental ImmunologyBiocenterMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
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14
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Wellenstein MD, de Visser KE. Cancer-Cell-Intrinsic Mechanisms Shaping the Tumor Immune Landscape. Immunity 2018; 48:399-416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Hilmenyuk T, Ruckstuhl CA, Hayoz M, Berchtold C, Nuoffer JM, Solanki S, Keun HC, Beavis PA, Riether C, Ochsenbein AF. T cell inhibitory mechanisms in a model of aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1365997. [PMID: 29296517 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1365997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduced immune surveillance due to immune deficiency or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs is associated with a higher risk to develop aggressive Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Nevertheless, NHL also develops in immunocompetent patients indicating an escape from the immune system. T cell function in advanced aggressive lymphoma is not well characterized and the molecular mechanisms how malignant B cells influence T cell function are ill-defined. We therefore studied T cell function in Eμ-myc transgenic mice that develop an aggressive B cell lymphoma with some similarities to human Burkitt-lymphoma (BL). In advanced lymphoma, the number of T cells was severely reduced and the remaining CD4+ and CD8+ T cells lost the capacity to produce effector cytokines and expand upon re-stimulation. T cells in lymphoma-bearing mice were characterized by the expression of the immune inhibitory molecules programmed death (PD)-1, 2B4 and lymphocyte activation protein (LAG)-3. The proto-oncogene c-Myc not only drives cell proliferation and disease progression but also induces apoptosis of the malignant cells. We found that apoptotic lymphoma cells release purine metabolites that inhibit T cell function. Taken together, our data document that the characteristic high cell turnover and apoptotic rate in aggressive NHL induce a severe T cell dysfunction mediated by several immune-inhibitory mechanisms including ligation of inhibitory ligands and purine metabolites. Blocking a single mechanism only partially restored T cell function and did not increase survival of lymphoma mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Hilmenyuk
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carla A Ruckstuhl
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hayoz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Berchtold
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shyam Solanki
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Hector C Keun
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carsten Riether
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian F Ochsenbein
- Tumor Immunology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Hassani SN, Rezaeeyan H, Ghodsi A, Saki N. Restoration of natural killer cell cytotoxicity in the suppressive tumor microenvironment: novel approaches to treat AML. J Hematop 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-017-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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17
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Kastenhuber ER, Lowe SW. Putting p53 in Context. Cell 2017; 170:1062-1078. [PMID: 28886379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1184] [Impact Index Per Article: 169.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. Functionally, p53 is activated by a host of stress stimuli and, in turn, governs an exquisitely complex anti-proliferative transcriptional program that touches upon a bewildering array of biological responses. Despite the many unveiled facets of the p53 network, a clear appreciation of how and in what contexts p53 exerts its diverse effects remains unclear. How can we interpret p53's disparate activities and the consequences of its dysfunction to understand how cell type, mutation profile, and epigenetic cell state dictate outcomes, and how might we restore its tumor-suppressive activities in cancer?
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Kastenhuber
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Sorafenib combined with HER-2 targeted vaccination can promote effective T cell immunity in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 46:112-123. [PMID: 28282575 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is established and maintained through complex interactions between tumor cells and host stromal elements. Therefore, therapies that target multiple cellular components of the tumor may be most effective. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, alters signaling pathways in both tumor cells and host stromal cells. Thus, we explored the potential immune-modulating effects of sorafenib in a murine HER-2-(neu) overexpressing breast tumor model alone and in combination with a HER-2 targeted granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting vaccine (3T3neuGM). In vitro, sorafenib inhibited the growth of HER-2 overexpressing NT2.5 tumor cells, inducing apoptosis. Sorafenib also interfered with ERK MAPK, p38 MAPK, and STAT3 signaling, as well as cyclin D expression, but did not affect HER-2 or AKT signaling. In vivo, single agent sorafenib disrupted the tumor-associated vasculature and induced tumor cell apoptosis, effectively inducing the regression of established NT2.5 tumors in immune competent FVB/N mice. Immune depletion studies demonstrated that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required for tumor regression. Sorafenib treatment did not impact the rate of tumor clearance induced by vaccination with 3T3neuGM in tumor-bearing FVB/N mice relative to either sorafenib treatment or vaccination alone. In vivo studies further demonstrated that sorafenib enhanced the accumulation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the TME of vaccinated mice. Together, these findings suggest that GM-CSF-secreting cellular immunotherapy may be integrated with sorafenib without impairing vaccine-based immune responses.
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19
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Bauer E, Schlederer M, Scheicher R, Horvath J, Aigner P, Schiefer AI, Kain R, Regele H, Hoermann G, Steiner G, Kenner L, Sexl V, Villunger A, Moriggl R, Stoiber D. Cooperation of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 enhances immunoglobulin production and accelerates glomerulonephritis in transgenic mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:12191-205. [PMID: 26919255 PMCID: PMC4914278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(12;21) translocation generating the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene represents the most frequent chromosomal rearrangement in childhood leukemia. Presence of ETV6/RUNX1 alone is usually not sufficient for leukemia onset, and additional genetic alterations have to occur in ETV6/RUNX1-positive cells to cause transformation. We have previously generated an ETV6/RUNX1 transgenic mouse model where the expression of the fusion gene is restricted to CD19-positive B cells. Since BCL2 family members have been proposed to play a role in leukemogenesis, we investigated combined effects of ETV6/RUNX1 with exogenous expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 by crossing ETV6/RUNX1 transgenic animals with Vav-BCL2 transgenic mice. Strikingly, co-expression of ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 resulted in significantly shorter disease latency in mice, indicating oncogene cooperativity. This was associated with faster development of follicular B cell lymphoma and exacerbated immune complex glomerulonephritis. ETV6/RUNX1-BCL2 double transgenic animals displayed increased B cell numbers and immunoglobulin titers compared to Vav-BCL2 transgenic mice. This led to pronounced deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli followed by accelerated development of immune complex glomerulonephritis. Thus, our study reveals a previously unrecognized synergism between ETV6/RUNX1 and BCL2 impacting on malignant disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bauer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jaqueline Horvath
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Aigner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Regele
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Steiner
- Cluster Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Schiefer AI, Kornauth C, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Skrabs C, Masel EK, Streubel B, Vanura K, Walter K, Migschitz B, Stoiber D, Sexl V, Raderer M, Chott A, da Silva MG, Cabecadas J, Müllauer L, Jäger U, Porpaczy E. Impact of Single or Combined Genomic Alterations of TP53, MYC, and BCL2 on Survival of Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2388. [PMID: 26717387 PMCID: PMC5291628 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC and BCL2 translocations as well as TP53 deletion/mutation are known risk factors in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) but their interplay is not well understood.In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated the combined prognostic impact of TP53 deletion and mutation status, MYC and BCL2 genomic breaks in tumor samples of 101 DLBCL patients. The cohort included 53 cases with MYC rearrangements (MYC+).TP53 deletions/mutations (TP53+) were found in 32 of 101 lymphomas and were equally distributed between MYC+ and MYC- cases (35.8% vs. 27.1%). TP53+ lymphomas had lower responses to treatment than TP53- (complete remission 34.4% vs. 60.9%; P = 0.01). TP53 alteration was the dominant independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P = 0.01). Overall survival (OS) varied considerably between subgroups with different genomic alterations: Patients with sole MYC translocation, and interestingly, with triple MYC+/BCL2+/TP53+ aberration had favorable outcomes (median OS not reached) similar to patients without genomic alterations (median OS 65 months). In contrast, patients with MYC+/BCL2+/TP53- double-hit lymphomas (DHL) (28 months), MYC+/BCL2-/TP53+ lymphomas (10 months) or sole TP53 mutation/deletion (12 months) had a poor median OS. Our findings demonstrate differences in OS of DLBCL patients depending on absence or presence of single or combined genetic alterations of MYC, BCL2, and TP53. Cooccurrence of TP53 and BCL2 aberrations ameliorated the poor prognostic impact of single TP53+ or BCL2+ in MYC positive patients.This pilot study generates evidence for the complex interplay between the alterations of genetic pathways in DLBCL, which goes beyond the concept of DHL. The variable survival of DLBCL patients dependent on single or combined alterations in the TP53, MYC, and BCL2 genes indicates the need for comprehensive genomic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Iris Schiefer
- From the Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (A-IS, CK, IS-K, BS, KW, BM, LM); Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (CS, KV, UJ, EP); Division of Palliative Care, Department of Internal Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (EKM); Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (DS); Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria (DS); Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (VS); Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (MR); Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria (AC); Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Haematology Unit, Lisbon, Portugal (MGdS); and Portuguese Institute of Anatomical Pathology, Lisbon, Portugal (JC)
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21
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A phosphodiesterase 4B-dependent interplay between tumor cells and the microenvironment regulates angiogenesis in B-cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2015; 30:617-626. [PMID: 26503641 PMCID: PMC4775385 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis associates with poor outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), but the contribution of the lymphoma cells to this process remains unclear. Addressing this knowledge gap may uncover unsuspecting proangiogenic signaling nodes and highlight alternative antiangiogenic therapies. Here we identify the second messenger cyclic-AMP (cAMP) and the enzyme that terminates its activity, phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), as regulators of B-cell lymphoma angiogenesis. We first show that cAMP, in a PDE4B-dependent manner, suppresses PI3K/AKT signals to down-modulate VEGF secretion and vessel formation in vitro. Next, we create a novel mouse model that combines the lymphomagenic Myc transgene with germline deletion of Pde4b. We show that lymphomas developing in a Pde4b-null background display significantly lower microvessel density in association with lower VEGF levels and PI3K/AKT activity. We recapitulate these observations by treating lymphoma-bearing mice with the FDA-approved PDE4 inhibitor Roflumilast. Lastly, we show that primary human DLBCLs with high PDE4B expression display significantly higher microvessel density. Here, we defined an unsuspected signaling circuitry in which the cAMP generated in lymphoma cells downmodulates PI3K/AKT and VEGF secretion to negatively influence vessel development in the microenvironment. These data identify PDE4 as an actionable antiangiogenic target in DLBCL.
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22
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Haney SL, Hlady RA, Opavska J, Klinkebiel D, Pirruccello SJ, Dutta S, Datta K, Simpson MA, Wu L, Opavsky R. Methylation-independent repression of Dnmt3b contributes to oncogenic activity of Dnmt3a in mouse MYC-induced T-cell lymphomagenesis. Oncogene 2015; 34:5436-5446. [PMID: 25639876 PMCID: PMC4533871 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) catalyzes cytosine methylation of mammalian genomic DNA. In addition to myeloid malignancies, mutations in DNMT3A have been recently reported in T-cell lymphoma and leukemia, implying a possible involvement in the pathogenesis of human diseases. However, the role of Dnmt3a in T-cell transformation in vivo is poorly understood. Here we analyzed the functional consequences of Dnmt3a inactivation in a mouse model of MYC-induced T-cell lymphomagenesis (MTCL). Loss of Dnmt3a delayed tumorigenesis by suppressing cellular proliferation during disease progression. Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis identified upregulation of 17 putative tumor suppressor genes, including DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3b, in Dnmt3a-deficient lymphomas as molecular events potentially responsible for the delayed lymphomagenesis in Dnmt3a(Δ/Δ) mice. Interestingly, promoter and gene body methylation of these genes was not substantially changed between control and Dnmt3a-deficient lymphomas, suggesting that Dnmt3a may inhibit their expression in a methylation-independent manner. Re-expression of both wild type and catalytically inactive Dnmt3a in Dnmt3a(Δ/Δ) lymphoma cells in vitro inhibited Dnmt3b expression, indicating that Dnmt3b upregulation may be directly repressed by Dnmt3a. Importantly, genetic inactivation of Dnmt3b accelerated lymphomagenesis in Dnmt3a(Δ/Δ) mice, demonstrating that upregulation of Dnmt3b is a relevant molecular change in Dnmt3a-deficient lymphomas that inhibits disease progression. Collectively, our data demonstrate an unexpected oncogenic role for Dnmt3a in MTCL through methylation-independent repression of Dnmt3b and possibly other tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L. Haney
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ryan A. Hlady
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jana Opavska
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - David Klinkebiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Samuel J. Pirruccello
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Samikshan Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Melanie A. Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lizhao Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School-Cancer Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Rene Opavsky
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Center for Lymphoma and Leukemia Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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23
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BCR-signaling-induced cell death demonstrates dependency on multiple BH3-only proteins in a murine model of B-cell lymphoma. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:303-12. [PMID: 26184912 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic recombination during B-cell development regularly results in the generation of autoreactive, potentially pathogenic B-cell receptors (BCRs). Consequently, multiple mechanisms link inappropriate BCR specificity to clonal deletion. Similar pathways remain in malignant B cells, offering the potential for targeting BCR signaling. Recently, small molecule inhibitors have realized this potential and, therefore, a deeper understanding of BCR-induced signaling networks in malignant cells is vital. The BH3-only protein Bim has a key role in BCR-induced apoptosis, but it has long been proposed that additional BH3-only proteins also contribute, although conclusive proof has been lacking. Here, we comprehensively characterized the mechanism of BCR-induced apoptosis in Eμ-Myc murine lymphoma cells. We demonstrate the upregulation of Bim, Bik, and Noxa during BCR signaling in vitro and that intrinsic apoptosis has a prominent role in anti-BCR antibody therapy in vivo. Furthermore, lymphomas deficient in these individual BH3-only proteins display significant protection from BCR-induced cell death, whereas combined loss of Noxa and Bim offers enhanced protection in comparison with loss of Bim alone. Some but not all of these effects were reversed upon inhibition of Syk or MEK. These observations indicate that BCR signaling elicits maximal cell death through upregulation of multiple BH3-only proteins; namely Bim, Bik, and Noxa.
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24
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Clipson A, Barrans S, Zeng N, Crouch S, Grigoropoulos NF, Liu H, Kocialkowski S, Wang M, Huang Y, Worrillow L, Goodlad J, Buxton J, Neat M, Fields P, Wilkins B, Grant JW, Wright P, Ei-Daly H, Follows GA, Roman E, Watkins AJ, Johnson PWM, Jack A, Du MQ. The prognosis of MYC translocation positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma depends on the second hit. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2015; 1:125-133. [PMID: 27347428 PMCID: PMC4915334 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of MYC translocation positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCL) harbour a BCL2 and/or BCL6 translocation, known as double‐hit DLBCL, and are clinically aggressive. It is unknown whether there are other genetic abnormalities that cooperate with MYC translocation and form double‐hit DLBCL, and whether there is a difference in clinical outcome between the double‐hit DLBCL and those with an isolated MYC translocation. We investigated TP53 gene mutations along with BCL2 and BCL6 translocations in a total of 234 cases of DLBCL, including 81 with MYC translocation. TP53 mutations were investigated by PCR and sequencing, while BCL2 and BCL6 translocation was studied by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. The majority of MYC translocation positive DLBCLs (60/81 = 74%) had at least one additional genetic hit. In MYC translocation positive DLBCL treated by R‐CHOP (n = 67), TP53 mutation and BCL2, but not BCL6 translocation had an adverse effect on patient overall survival. In comparison with DLBCL with an isolated MYC translocation, cases with MYC/TP53 double‐hits had the worst overall survival, followed by those with MYC/BCL2 double‐hits. In MYC translocation negative DLBCL treated by R‐CHOP (n = 101), TP53 mutation, BCL2 and BCL6 translocation had no impact on patient survival. The prognosis of MYC translocation positive DLBCL critically depends on the second hit, with TP53 mutations and BCL2 translocation contributing to an adverse prognosis. It is pivotal to investigate both TP53 mutations and BCL2 translocations in MYC translocation positive DLBCL, and to distinguish double‐hit DLBCLs from those with an isolated MYC translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Clipson
- Division of Molecular Histopathology Department of Pathology University of Cambridge UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service St. James's Institute of Oncology Leeds UK
| | - Naiyan Zeng
- Division of Molecular Histopathology Department of Pathology University of Cambridge UK
| | - Simon Crouch
- Department of Health Sciences Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group University of York York UK
| | - Nicholas F Grigoropoulos
- Division of Molecular HistopathologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeUK; Department of HaematologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Hongxiang Liu
- Department of Histopathology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Sylvia Kocialkowski
- Division of Molecular Histopathology Department of Pathology University of Cambridge UK
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology Department of Pathology University of Cambridge UK
| | - Yuanxue Huang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology Department of Pathology University of Cambridge UK
| | - Lisa Worrillow
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service St. James's Institute of Oncology Leeds UK
| | - John Goodlad
- Department of Pathology Western General Hospital Edinburgh UK
| | - Jenny Buxton
- Department of Haematology Western General Hospital Edinburgh UK
| | - Michael Neat
- Department of Haematology and Department of Cytogenetics GSTS Pathology Guy's and St. Thomas NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Paul Fields
- Department of Haematology GSST Kings Health Partners London UK
| | - Bridget Wilkins
- Histopathology Department St Thomas' Hospital and King's College London UK
| | - John W Grant
- Department of Histopathology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Penny Wright
- Department of Histopathology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Hesham Ei-Daly
- Department of Haematology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - George A Follows
- Department of Haematology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Department of Health Sciences Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group University of York York UK
| | - A James Watkins
- Department of Haematology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Jack
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service St. James's Institute of Oncology Leeds UK
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular HistopathologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeUK; Department of HistopathologyAddenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
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25
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Mizutani T, Neugebauer N, Putz EM, Moritz N, Simma O, Zebedin-Brandl E, Gotthardt D, Warsch W, Eckelhart E, Kantner HP, Kalinke U, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Strobl B, Müller M, Sexl V, Stoiber D. Conditional IFNAR1 ablation reveals distinct requirements of Type I IFN signaling for NK cell maturation and tumor surveillance. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1027-1037. [PMID: 23170251 PMCID: PMC3494617 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with an impaired Type I interferon (IFN) signaling (IFNAR1- and IFNβ-deficient mice) display an increased susceptibility toward v-ABL-induced B-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The enhanced leukemogenesis in the absence of an intact Type I IFN signaling is caused by alterations within the tumor environment. Deletion of Ifnar1 in tumor cells (as obtained in Ifnar1f/f CD19-Cre mice) failed to impact on disease latency or type. In line with this observation, the initial transformation and proliferative capacity of tumor cells were unaltered irrespective of whether the cells expressed IFNAR1 or not. v-ABL-induced leukemogenesis is mainly subjected to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated tumor surveillance. Thus, we concentrated on NK cell functions in IFNAR1 deficient animals. Ifnar1-/- NK cells displayed maturation defects as well as an impaired cytolytic activity. When we deleted Ifnar1 selectively in mature NK cells (by crossing Ncr1-iCre mice to Ifnar1f/f animals), maturation was not altered. However, NK cells derived from Ifnar1f/f Ncr1-iCre mice showed a significant cytolytic defect in vitro against the hematopoietic cell lines YAC-1 and RMA-S, but not against the melanoma cell line B16F10. Interestingly, this defect was not related to an in vivo phenotype as v-ABL-induced leukemogenesis was unaltered in Ifnar1f/f Ncr1-iCre compared with Ifnar1f/f control mice. Moreover, the ability of Ifnar1f/f Ncr1-iCre NK cells to kill B16F10 melanoma cells was unaltered, both in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that despite the necessity for Type I IFN in NK cell maturation the expression of IFNAR1 on mature murine NK cells is not required for efficient tumor surveillance.
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26
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Putz EM, Gotthardt D, Hoermann G, Csiszar A, Wirth S, Berger A, Straka E, Rigler D, Wallner B, Jamieson AM, Pickl WF, Zebedin-Brandl EM, Müller M, Decker T, Sexl V. CDK8-mediated STAT1-S727 phosphorylation restrains NK cell cytotoxicity and tumor surveillance. Cell Rep 2013; 4:437-44. [PMID: 23933255 PMCID: PMC3748339 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT1 is important in natural killer (NK) cells, which provide immediate defense against tumor and virally infected cells. We show that mutation of a single phosphorylation site (Stat1-S727A) enhances NK cell cytotoxicity against a range of tumor cells, accompanied by increased expression of perforin and granzyme B. Stat1-S727A mice display significantly delayed disease onset in NK cell-surveilled tumor models including melanoma, leukemia, and metastasizing breast cancer. Constitutive phosphorylation of S727 depends on cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8). Inhibition of CDK8-mediated STAT1-S727 phosphorylation may thus represent a therapeutic strategy for stimulating NK cell-mediated tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Putz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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27
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van der Weyden L, Adams DJ. Cancer of mice and men: old twists and new tails. J Pathol 2013; 230:4-16. [PMID: 23436574 DOI: 10.1002/path.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review we set out to celebrate the contribution that mouse models of human cancer have made to our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms driving tumourigenesis. We take the opportunity to look forward to how the mouse will be used to model cancer and the tools and technologies that will be applied, and indulge in looking back at the key advances the mouse has made possible.
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Machaczka M, Klimkowska M, Chiang SCC, Meeths M, Müller ML, Gustafsson B, Henter JI, Bryceson YT. Development of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in an adult with biallelic STXBP2 mutations. Haematologica 2012; 98:760-4. [PMID: 23100279 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.073098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental model systems have delineated an important role for cytotoxic lymphocytes in the immunosurveillance of cancer. In humans, perforin-deficiency has been associated with occurrence of hematologic malignancies. Here, we describe an Epstein-Barr virus-positive classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient harboring biallelic mutations in STXBP2, a gene required for exocytosis of perforin-containing lytic granules and associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were found infiltrating the tumor, and a high frequency of Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were detected in peripheral blood. However, lytic granule exocytosis and cytotoxicity by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as well as natural killer cells, were severely impaired in the patient. Thus, the data suggest a link between defective lymphocyte exocytosis and development of lymphoma in STXBP2-deficient patients. Therefore, with regards to treatment of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis patients with mutations in genes required for lymphocyte exocytosis, it is important to consider both the risks of hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Machaczka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Hematology Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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