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Li X, Li W, Zhang Y, Xu L, Song Y. Exploiting the potential of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in overcoming tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101150. [PMID: 38947742 PMCID: PMC11214299 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting BCR-ABL has drastically changed the treatment approach of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), greatly prolonged the life of CML patients, and improved their prognosis. However, TKI resistance is still a major problem with CML patients, reducing the efficacy of treatment and their quality of life. TKI resistance is mainly divided into BCR-ABL-dependent and BCR-ABL-independent resistance. Now, the main clinical strategy addressing TKI resistance is to switch to newly developed TKIs. However, data have shown that these new drugs may cause serious adverse reactions and intolerance and cannot address all resistance mutations. Therefore, finding new therapeutic targets to overcome TKI resistance is crucial and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a focus. The UPS mediates the degradation of most proteins in organisms and controls a wide range of physiological processes. In recent years, the study of UPS in hematological malignant tumors has resulted in effective treatments, such as bortezomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. In CML, the components of UPS cooperate or antagonize the efficacy of TKI by directly or indirectly affecting the ubiquitination of BCR-ABL, interfering with CML-related signaling pathways, and negatively or positively affecting leukemia stem cells. Some of these molecules may help overcome TKI resistance and treat CML. In this review, the mechanism of TKI resistance is briefly described, the components of UPS are introduced, existing studies on UPS participating in TKI resistance are listed, and UPS as the therapeutic target and strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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DeRyckere D, Huelse JM, Earp HS, Graham DK. TAM family kinases as therapeutic targets at the interface of cancer and immunity. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:755-779. [PMID: 37667010 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel treatment approaches are needed to overcome innate and acquired mechanisms of resistance to current anticancer therapies in cancer cells and the tumour immune microenvironment. The TAM (TYRO3, AXL and MERTK) family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are potential therapeutic targets in a wide range of cancers. In cancer cells, TAM RTKs activate signalling pathways that promote cell survival, metastasis and resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies. TAM RTKs also function in innate immune cells, contributing to various mechanisms that suppress antitumour immunity and promote resistance to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, TAM antagonists provide an unprecedented opportunity for both direct and immune-mediated therapeutic activity provided by inhibition of a single target, and are likely to be particularly effective when used in combination with other cancer therapies. To exploit this potential, a variety of agents have been designed to selectively target TAM RTKs, many of which have now entered clinical testing. This Review provides an essential guide to the TAM RTKs for clinicians, including an overview of the rationale for therapeutic targeting of TAM RTKs in cancer cells and the tumour immune microenvironment, a description of the current preclinical and clinical experience with TAM inhibitors, and a perspective on strategies for continued development of TAM-targeted agents for oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Justus M Huelse
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H Shelton Earp
- Department of Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Targeting CDCP1 gene transcription coactivated by BRD4 and CBP/p300 in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:3251-3262. [PMID: 35513563 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a transmembrane protein with tumor pro-metastatic activity, is highly expressed in late-stage and castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the molecular mechanism driving CDCP1 overexpression in CRPC progress remains elusive. Here we report that transcription cofactors BRD4 and CBP/p300 co-regulate transcriptional expression of CDCP1 in CRPC tumorigenesis. In contrast to androgen receptor (AR) in CRPC, increased expression of BRD4 and CBP/p300 is strongly correlated with CDCP1 gene amplification. Combined knockdown or dual-inhibition of BRD4 and CBP/p300 down-regulated CDCP1 transcription and downstream PI3K/AKT and/or SRC/MAPK signaling pathways in CRPC cells much more so than single-protein perturbation. Our biochemical and structural analyses further showed that NEO2734, a dual-inhibitor targeting BRD4 and p300 bromodomains exhibits greater efficacy than single inhibitors for BRD4 or CBP/p300 in suppressing CDCP1 transcriptional expression and its downstream signaling pathways in CRPC cell proliferation and metastasis. Our study illustrates that targeting CDCP1 through dual-inhibition of BRD4 and CBP/p300 represents a synergistic therapeutic strategy for new treatment of CRPC.
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CDCP1: A promising diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancer. Life Sci 2022; 301:120600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Babu N, Bhat MY, John AE, Chatterjee A. The role of proteomics in the multiplexed analysis of gene alterations in human cancer. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:737-756. [PMID: 34602018 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1984884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteomics has played a pivotal role in identifying proteins perturbed in disease conditions when compared with healthy samples. Study of dysregulated proteins aids in identifying diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets. Cancer is an outcome of interplay of several such disarrayed proteins and molecular pathways which perturb cellular homeostasis, resulting in transformation. In this review, we discuss various facets of proteomic approaches, including tools and technological advancements, aiding in understanding differentially expressed molecules and signaling mechanisms. AREAS COVERED In this review, we have taken the approach of documenting the different methods of proteomic studies, ranging from labeling techniques, data analysis methods, and the nature of molecule detected. We summarize each technique and provide a glimpse of cancer research carried out using them, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks in comparison with others. Literature search using online resources, such as PubMed and Google Scholar were carried out for this approach. EXPERT OPINION Technological advancements in proteomics studies have come a long way from the study of two-dimensional mapping of proteins separated on gels in the early 1970s. Higher precision in molecular identification and quantification (high throughput), and greater number of samples analyzed have been the focus of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Babu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Mohd Younis Bhat
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Bangalore, 560066, India
| | | | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, Bangalore, 560066, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
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Barresi V, Di Bella V, Andriano N, Privitera AP, Bonaccorso P, La Rosa M, Iachelli V, Spampinato G, Pulvirenti G, Scuderi C, Condorelli DF, Lo Nigro L. NUP-98 Rearrangements Led to the Identification of Candidate Biomarkers for Primary Induction Failure in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094575. [PMID: 33925480 PMCID: PMC8123909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia regimens generally encompass an intensive induction phase, in order to achieve a morphological remission in terms of bone marrow blasts (<5%). The majority of cases are classified as Primary Induction Response (PIR); unfortunately, 15% of children do not achieve remission and are defined Primary Induction Failure (PIF). This study aims to characterize the gene expression profile of PIF in children with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), in order to detect molecular pathways dysfunctions and identify potential biomarkers. Given that NUP98-rearrangements are enriched in PIF-AML patients, we investigated the association of NUP98-driven genes in primary chemoresistance. Therefore, 85 expression arrays, deposited on GEO database, and 358 RNAseq AML samples, from TARGET program, were analyzed for “Differentially Expressed Genes” (DEGs) between NUP98+ and NUP98-, identifying 110 highly confident NUP98/PIF-associated DEGs. We confirmed, by qRT-PCR, the overexpression of nine DEGs, selected on the bases of the diagnostic accuracy, in a local cohort of PIF patients: SPINK2, TMA7, SPCS2, CDCP1, CAPZA1, FGFR1OP2, MAN1A2, NT5C3A and SRP54. In conclusion, the integrated analysis of NUP98 mutational analysis and transcriptome profiles allowed the identification of novel putative biomarkers for the prediction of PIF in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (V.D.B.); (A.P.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Virginia Di Bella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (V.D.B.); (A.P.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Nellina Andriano
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.A.); (P.B.); (M.L.R.); (V.I.); (G.P.); (L.L.N.)
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico–San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Provvidenza Privitera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (V.D.B.); (A.P.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Paola Bonaccorso
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.A.); (P.B.); (M.L.R.); (V.I.); (G.P.); (L.L.N.)
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico–San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Manuela La Rosa
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.A.); (P.B.); (M.L.R.); (V.I.); (G.P.); (L.L.N.)
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico–San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Iachelli
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.A.); (P.B.); (M.L.R.); (V.I.); (G.P.); (L.L.N.)
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico–San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (V.D.B.); (A.P.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Giulio Pulvirenti
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.A.); (P.B.); (M.L.R.); (V.I.); (G.P.); (L.L.N.)
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico–San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Scuderi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (V.D.B.); (A.P.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Daniele F. Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (V.D.B.); (A.P.P.); (G.S.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Lo Nigro
- Cytogenetic-Cytofluorimetric-Molecular Biology Lab, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.A.); (P.B.); (M.L.R.); (V.I.); (G.P.); (L.L.N.)
- Center of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Azienda Policlinico–San Marco, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Na YJ, Yu ES, Kim DS, Lee DH, Oh SC, Choi CW. Metformin enhances the cytotoxic effect of nilotinib and overcomes nilotinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36:S196-S206. [PMID: 32241082 PMCID: PMC8009173 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2019.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nilotinib is used for treating patients with imatinib-sensitive or -resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); however, nilotinib-resistant cases have been observed in recent years. In addition, a considerable number of patients receiving nilotinib developed diabetes. Metformin is a front-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and several studies have shown that diabetes patients treated with metformin have reduced incidence of cancer. This study aimed to define the effect of metformin on CML cells to determine whether metformin overcomes nilotinib resistance, and to identify novel targets for the treatment of nilotinib resistance. METHODS We observed the effects of metformin and nilotinib on K562 and KU812 human CML cell lines. Nilotinib-resistant CML cell lines were generated by exposing cells to gradually increasing doses of nilotinib. Then, we investigated the driving force that makes resistance to nilotinib and the effect of metformin on the driving force. RESULTS Sub-toxic doses of metformin enhanced nilotinib efficacy by reducing Bcl-xL expression, which induces apoptosis in CML cells. Next, we generated nilotinib-resistant K562 and KU812 cell lines that overexpressed the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) gene. JNK silencing by a JNK inhibitor restored sensitivity to nilotinib. Furthermore, metformin was effective in decreasing phosphorylated JNK levels, restoring nilotinib sensitivity. Combined treatment with nilotinib and metformin was more effective than combined treatment with nilotinib and a JNK inhibitor in terms of cell proliferation inhibition. CONCLUSION This study suggested that combination therapy with metformin and nilotinib may have clinical benefits of enhancing antileukemia efficacy and overcoming resistance to nilotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Na
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yu
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Kim
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Cheul Oh
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Won Choi
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedicine Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Chul Won Choi, M.D. Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea Tel: +82-2-2626-3058 Fax: +82-2-862-6453 E-mail:
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Khan T, Kryza T, Lyons NJ, He Y, Hooper JD. The CDCP1 Signaling Hub: A Target for Cancer Detection and Therapeutic Intervention. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2259-2269. [PMID: 33509939 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CUB-domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated in malignancies of the breast, lung, colorectum, ovary, kidney, liver, pancreas, and hematopoietic system. Here, we discuss CDCP1 as an important hub for oncogenic signaling and its key roles in malignant transformation and summarize approaches focused on exploiting it for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Elevated levels of CDCP1 are associated with progressive disease and markedly poorer survival. Predominantly located on the cell surface, CDCP1 lies at the nexus of key tumorigenic and metastatic signaling cascades, including the SRC/PKCδ, PI3K/AKT, WNT, and RAS/ERK axes, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and fatty acid oxidation, making important functional contributions to cancer cell survival and growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance. These findings have stimulated the development of agents that target CDCP1 for detection and treatment of a range of cancers, and results from preclinical models suggest that these approaches could be efficacious and have manageable toxicity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashbib Khan
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Lyons
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaowu He
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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Sobhia ME, Kumar GS, Mallick A, Singh H, Kumar K, Chaurasiya M, Singh M, Gera N, Deverakonda S, Baghel V. Computational and Biological Investigations on Abl1 Tyrosine Kinase: A Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 22:38-51. [PMID: 33050861 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121999201013152513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abl1 tyrosine kinase is a validated target for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. It is a form of cancer that is difficult to treat and much research is being done to identify new molecular entities and to tackle drug resistance issues. In recent years, drug resistance of Abl1 tyrosine kinase has become a major healthcare concern. Second and third-generation TKI reported better responses against the resistant forms; still they had no impact on long-term survival prolongation. New compounds derived from natural products and organic small molecule inhibitors can lay the foundation for better clinical therapies in the future. Computational methods, experimental and biological studies can help us understand the mechanism of drug resistance and identify novel molecule inhibitors. ADMET parameters analysis of reported drugs and novel small molecule inhibitors can also provide valuable insights. In this review, available therapies, point mutations, structure-activity relationship and ADMET parameters of reported series of Abl1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drugs are summarised. We summarise in detail recent computational and molecular biology studies that focus on designing drug molecules, investigation of natural product compounds and organic new chemical entities. Current ongoing research suggests that selective targeting of Abl1 tyrosine kinase at the molecular level to combat drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masilamani Elizabeth Sobhia
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - G Siva Kumar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Antara Mallick
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Harmanpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Kranthi Kumar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Meenakshi Chaurasiya
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Monica Singh
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Narendra Gera
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Sindhuja Deverakonda
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
| | - Vinay Baghel
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, India
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Shen L, Li Z, Shen L. Quantitative Tyrosine Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Resistance to Radiotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:12667-12678. [PMID: 33328764 PMCID: PMC7733897 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s260028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radioresistance poses a major challenge in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation has emerged as a key device in the control of resistance to therapy in cancer cells. Methods Using tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and phospho-antibody affinity enrichment followed by high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis, quantitative tyrosine phosphorylome analysis was performed in CNE2 (parental) and its radioresistant subline CNE2-IR. Results Altogether, 233 tyrosine phosphorylation sites in 179 protein groups were identified, among which 179 sites in 140 proteins were quantified. Among the quantified proteins, 38 tyrosine phosphorylation proteins are up-regulated and 18 tyrosine phosphorylation proteins are down-regulated in CNE2-IR vs CNE2. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation in multiple receptor/protein tyrosine kinases (EPHA2, EGFR, IGF1R, ABL1 and LYN) was identified in CNE2-IR vs CNE2 cells. Intensive bioinformatic analyses revealed robust activation of multiple biological processes/pathways including E-cadherin stabilization, cell-cell adhesion, and cell junction organization in radioresistant CNE2-IR cells. Specifically, we observed that the CNE2 cells incubated with EphrinA1-Fc exhibited higher EPHA2 Y772 phosphorylation and lower E-cadherin expression, as compared with PBS control. Furthermore, an ATP-competitive EPHA2 RTK inhibitor (ALW-II-41-27, ALW) reduced EPHA2 Y772 phosphorylation and increased the expression of E-cadherin in CNE2-IR cells. Colony formation analysis showed that EFNA1 (EFNA1 is the ligand of EPHA2) treatment in CNE2 significantly promoted colony formation after 6Gy irradiation; while incubation with EPHA2 inhibitor ALW-II-41-27 in CNE2-IR cells impaired colony formation after irradiation, as compared with solvent control (DMSO). Conclusion In conclusion, phosphoproteomic approach allowed us to link tyrosine kinases signaling with radioresistance in NPC. Further studies are necessary to delineate the molecular function of EPHA2/E-cadherin signaling in radioresistant NPC and to explore rational combination therapy and its underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanzhan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, People's Republic of China
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11
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Investigation of cancer drug resistance mechanisms by phosphoproteomics. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105091. [PMID: 32712320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell mutations can be identified by genomic and transcriptomic techniques. However, they are not sufficient to understand the full complexity of cancer heterogeneity. Analyses of proteins expressed in cancers and their modification profiles show how these mutations could be translated at the functional level. Protein phosphorylation is a major post-translational modification critical for regulating several cellular functions. The covalent addition of phosphate groups to serine, threonine, and tyrosine is catalyzed by protein kinases. Over the past years, kinases were strongly associated with cancer, thus inhibition of protein kinases emanated as novel cancer treatment. However, cancers frequently develop drug resistance. Therefore, a better understanding of drug effects on tumors is urgently needed. In this perspective, phosphoproteomics arose as advanced tool to monitor cancer therapies and to discover novel drugs. This review highlights the role of phosphoproteomics in predicting sensitivity or resistance of cancers towards tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cytotoxic drugs. It also shows the importance of phosphoproteomics in identifying biomarkers that could be applied in clinical diagnostics to predict responses to drugs.
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Braun TP, Eide CA, Druker BJ. Response and Resistance to BCR-ABL1-Targeted Therapies. Cancer Cell 2020; 37:530-542. [PMID: 32289275 PMCID: PMC7722523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), caused by constitutively active BCR-ABL1 fusion tyrosine kinase, has served as a paradigm for successful application of molecularly targeted cancer therapy. The development of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) imatinib allows patients with CML to experience near-normal life expectancy. Specific point mutations that decrease drug binding affinity can produce TKI resistance, and second- and third-generation TKIs largely mitigate this problem. Some patients develop TKI resistance without known resistance mutations, with significant heterogeneity in the underlying mechanism, but this is relatively uncommon, with the majority of patients with chronic phase CML achieving long-term disease control. In contrast, responses to TKI treatment are short lived in advanced phases of the disease or in BCR-ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with relapse driven by both BCR-ABL1 kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Additionally, the frontline CML treatment with second-generation TKIs produces deeper molecular responses, driving disease burden below the detection limit for a greater number of patients. For patients with deep molecular responses, up to half have been able to discontinue therapy. Current efforts are focused on identifying therapeutic strategies to drive deeper molecular responses, enabling more patients to attempt TKI discontinuation.
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MESH Headings
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Braun
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Insitute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Christopher A Eide
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Insitute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Insitute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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13
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Butt E, Stempfle K, Lister L, Wolf F, Kraft M, Herrmann AB, Viciano CP, Weber C, Hochhaus A, Ernst T, Hoffmann C, Zernecke A, Frietsch JJ. Phosphorylation-Dependent Differences in CXCR4-LASP1-AKT1 Interaction between Breast Cancer and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020444. [PMID: 32075106 PMCID: PMC7072741 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase AKT1 is a downstream target of the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), and both proteins play a central role in the modulation of diverse cellular processes, including proliferation and cell survival. While in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) the CXCR4 is downregulated, thereby promoting the mobilization of progenitor cells into blood, the receptor is highly expressed in breast cancer cells, favoring the migratory capacity of these cells. Recently, the LIM and SH3 domain protein 1 (LASP1) has been described as a novel CXCR4 binding partner and as a promoter of the PI3K/AKT pathway. In this study, we uncovered a direct binding of LASP1, phosphorylated at S146, to both CXCR4 and AKT1, as shown by immunoprecipitation assays, pull-down experiments, and immunohistochemistry data. In contrast, phosphorylation of LASP1 at Y171 abrogated these interactions, suggesting that both LASP1 phospho-forms interact. Finally, findings demonstrating different phosphorylation patterns of LASP1 in breast cancer and chronic myeloid leukemia may have implications for CXCR4 function and tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Butt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Stempfle
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Lister
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Wolf
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marcella Kraft
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas B Herrmann
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Perpina Viciano
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 5, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung für Hämatologie und internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung für Hämatologie und internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 5, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen J Frietsch
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung für Hämatologie und internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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14
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Harrington BS, He Y, Khan T, Puttick S, Conroy PJ, Kryza T, Cuda T, Sokolowski KA, Tse BWC, Robbins KK, Arachchige BJ, Stehbens SJ, Pollock PM, Reed S, Weroha SJ, Haluska P, Salomon C, Lourie R, Perrin LC, Law RHP, Whisstock JC, Hooper JD. Anti-CDCP1 immuno-conjugates for detection and inhibition of ovarian cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2095-2114. [PMID: 32104500 PMCID: PMC7019151 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CUB-domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a cancer associated cell surface protein that amplifies pro-tumorigenic signalling by other receptors including EGFR and HER2. Its potential as a cancer target is supported by studies showing that anti-CDCP1 antibodies inhibit cell migration and survival in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Here we characterize two anti-CDCP1 antibodies, focusing on immuno-conjugates of one of these as a tool to detect and inhibit ovarian cancer. Methods: A panel of ovarian cancer cell lines was examined for cell surface expression of CDCP1 and loss of expression induced by anti-CDCP1 antibodies 10D7 and 41-2 using flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Surface plasmon resonance analysis and examination of truncation mutants was used to analyse the binding properties of the antibodies for CDCP1. Live-cell spinning-disk confocal microscopy of GFP-tagged CDCP1 was used to track internalization and intracellular trafficking of CDCP1/antibody complexes. In vivo, zirconium 89-labelled 10D7 was detected by positron-emission tomography imaging, of an ovarian cancer patient-derived xenograft grown intraperitoneally in mice. The efficacy of cytotoxin-conjugated 10D7 was examined against ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Results: Our data indicate that each antibody binds with high affinity to the extracellular domain of CDCP1 causing rapid internalization of the receptor/antibody complex and degradation of CDCP1 via processes mediated by the kinase Src. Highlighting the potential clinical utility of CDCP1, positron-emission tomography imaging, using zirconium 89-labelled 10D7, was able to detect subcutaneous and intraperitoneal xenograft ovarian cancers in mice, including small (diameter <3 mm) tumor deposits of an ovarian cancer patient-derived xenograft grown intraperitoneally in mice. Furthermore, cytotoxin-conjugated 10D7 was effective at inhibiting growth of CDCP1-expressing ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that CDCP1 internalizing antibodies have potential for killing and detection of CDCP1 expressing ovarian cancer cells.
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15
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Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains incurable despite the approval of several new treatments. Identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to enable personalization of CRPC therapy, with the aim of maximizing therapeutic responses and minimizing toxicity in patients, is urgently needed. Prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance are frequently driven by aberrantly activated kinase signalling pathways that are amenable to pharmacological inhibition. Personalized phosphoproteomics, which enables the analysis of signalling networks in individual tumours, is a promising approach to advance personalized therapy by discovering biomarkers of pathway activity and clinically actionable targets. Several technologies for global and targeted phosphoproteomic analysis exist, each with its own strengths and shortcomings. Global discovery phosphoproteomics is predominantly conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with data-dependent or data-independent acquisition technologies. Multiplexed targeted phosphoproteomics can be divided into platforms based on mass spectrometry or antibodies, including selected or parallel reaction monitoring and triggered by offset, multiplexed, accurate mass, high-resolution, absolute quantification (known as TOMAHAQ) or forward-phase or reverse-phase protein arrays, respectively. Several obstacles still need to be overcome before the full potential of phosphoproteomics can be realized in routine clinical practice, but a future phosphoproteomics-centric trans-omic profiling approach should enable optimized personalized CRPC management through improved biomarkers and targeted treatments.
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16
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Valencia-Serna J, Kucharski C, Chen M, Kc R, Jiang X, Brandwein J, Uludağ H. siRNA-mediated BCR-ABL silencing in primary chronic myeloid leukemia cells using lipopolymers. J Control Release 2019; 310:141-154. [PMID: 31430499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite development of effective tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), some patients do not effectively respond to the therapy and can display resistance in response to the drug therapy. To develop an alternative approach to CML therapy, we are exploring siRNA mediated silencing of the primary CML oncogene, BCR-ABL, by using non-viral (polymeric) delivery systems. In this study, a group of lipopolymers derived from low molecular PEIs substituted with linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (αLA) and cholesterol (Chol) was investigated for the first time for siRNA delivery to CML primary samples. The delivery efficiency in primary cells was equivalent to CML K562 cell line, and the lipopolymers gave effective internalization of siRNA depending on the nature of lipid substituent. The PEI-αLA (2.5 αLA/PEI), PEI-Chol (2.2 Chol/PEI), and PEI-LA (2.6 LA/PEI) lipopolymers used as BCR-ABL siRNA carriers (at 60 nM siRNA) reduced the BCR-ABL mRNA expression by 17% to 45%, and inhibited the formation of colonies by 24% to 41% in comparison with control siRNA in mononuclear cells. BCR-ABL siRNA treatment reduced the BCR-ABL mRNA expression by 50% in one of two CD34+ samples tested, and combination of BCR-ABL siRNA with imatinib (IM) treatment decreased the colony formation by 65% in one of two samples evaluated. The fact that no single polymer was universally effective in all patient samples may suggest patient-to-patient variability in terms of therapeutic responses to siRNA therapy. These results showed that a low dose of BCR-ABL siRNA could be used with lipopolymers to reduce BCR-ABL mRNA expression, CML cell survival and colony formation. This proof of principle study in CML primary cells can be applied to silencing of other therapeutic targets besides BCR-ABL and a study with larger patient samples is warranted for better identification of effective siRNA carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Valencia-Serna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.
| | - Cezary Kucharski
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Min Chen
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Remant Kc
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph Brandwein
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, AB, Canada; Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, AB, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.
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17
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Targeting Tyrosine Kinases in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Why, Who and How? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143429. [PMID: 31336846 PMCID: PMC6679203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a myeloid malignancy carrying a heterogeneous molecular panel of mutations participating in the blockade of differentiation and the increased proliferation of myeloid hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The historical "3 + 7" treatment (cytarabine and daunorubicin) is currently challenged by new therapeutic strategies, including drugs depending on the molecular landscape of AML. This panel of mutations makes it possible to combine some of these new treatments with conventional chemotherapy. For example, the FLT3 receptor is overexpressed or mutated in 80% or 30% of AML, respectively. Such anomalies have led to the development of targeted therapies using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this review, we document the history of TKI targeting, FLT3 and several other tyrosine kinases involved in dysregulated signaling pathways.
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18
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Pearson S, Blance R, Somervaille TC, Whetton AD, Pierce A. AXL Inhibition Extinguishes Primitive JAK2 Mutated Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Progenitor Cells. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e233. [PMID: 31723838 PMCID: PMC6746025 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal stem cell associated disorders inclusive of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Polycythaemia vera (PV), myelofibrosis (MF), and essential thrombocythemia (ET). They are characterized by increased production of myeloid cells with minimal effects on terminal differentiation but can undergo transformation to acute leukemias. PV is the most common chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm and in the majority of cases is characterized by a V617F point mutation in JAK2. This JAK2 activating mutation is also found in about half the patients with MF and ET. Such aberrant proteins offer great potential for the treatment of these diseases however inhibitors to JAK2 have had limited success in the clinic in terms of curing the disease. We have previously used advanced proteomic techniques to identify drug targets and thus develop novel treatment strategies to distinguish the leukemic clone in both CML and PV. Here, we build on our proteomic data sets to characterize a new target, the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL. AXL is overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia and importantly small molecule inhibitors have been developed which are currently in clinical trial hence offer the opportunity to repurpose this drug for the treatment of MPNs. We demonstrate that AXL is upregulated and activated in JAK2 associated MPNs. Further we show that inhibition of AXL preferentially kills early hemopoietic stem cells from PV patients and as such represents a promising therapeutic approach for JAK2 driven MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Pearson
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Rognvald Blance
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Anthony D. Whetton
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
- Stoller Biomarker Discovery Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Pierce
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
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19
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Dumas PY, Naudin C, Martin-Lannerée S, Izac B, Casetti L, Mansier O, Rousseau B, Artus A, Dufossée M, Giese A, Dubus P, Pigneux A, Praloran V, Bidet A, Villacreces A, Guitart A, Milpied N, Kosmider O, Vigon I, Desplat V, Dusanter-Fourt I, Pasquet JM. Hematopoietic niche drives FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia resistance to quizartinib via STAT5-and hypoxia-dependent upregulation of AXL. Haematologica 2019; 104:2017-2027. [PMID: 30923103 PMCID: PMC6886433 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal tandem duplication in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-ITD) is the most frequent mutation observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and correlates with poor prognosis. FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors are promising for targeted therapy. Here, we investigated mechanisms dampening the response to the FLT3 inhibitor quizartinib, which is specific to the hematopoietic niche. Using AML primary samples and cell lines, we demonstrate that convergent signals from the hematopoietic microenvironment drive FLT3-ITD cell resistance to quizartinib through the expression and activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor AXL. Indeed, cytokines sustained phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT5 in quizartinib-treated cells, which enhanced AXL expression by direct binding of a conserved motif in its genomic sequence. Likewise, hypoxia, another well-known hematopoietic niche hallmark, also enhanced AXL expression. Finally, in a xenograft mouse model, inhibition of AXL significantly increased the response of FLT3-ITD cells to quizartinib exclusively within a bone marrow environment. These data highlight a new bypass mechanism specific to the hematopoietic niche that hampers the response to quizartinib through combined upregulation of AXL activity. Targeting this signaling offers the prospect of a new therapy to eradicate resistant FLT3-ITD leukemic cells hidden within their specific microenvironment, thereby preventing relapses from FLT3-ITD clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Dumas
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux.,CHU Bordeaux, Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, F-33000, Bordeaux
| | - Cécile Naudin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris
| | - Brigitte Izac
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris
| | - Luana Casetti
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris
| | - Olivier Mansier
- Service de Biologie des Tumeurs and Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire CHU Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux
| | - Benoît Rousseau
- Service Commun des Animaleries, Animalerie A2, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux
| | - Alexandre Artus
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris
| | - Mélody Dufossée
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux
| | - Alban Giese
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1218, and UMS005 TBM Core, Plateforme d'Histopathologie Expérimentale, Université de Bordeaux, F33000 Bordeaux
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1218, and UMS005 TBM Core, Plateforme d'Histopathologie Expérimentale, Université de Bordeaux, F33000 Bordeaux.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U1053, F33000 Bordeaux
| | - Arnaud Pigneux
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux.,CHU Bordeaux, Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, F-33000, Bordeaux
| | - Vincent Praloran
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux.,CHU Bordeaux, Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, F-33000, Bordeaux
| | - Audrey Bidet
- Service de Biologie des Tumeurs and Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire CHU Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux
| | - Arnaud Villacreces
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux
| | - Amélie Guitart
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux
| | - Noël Milpied
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux.,CHU Bordeaux, Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, F-33000, Bordeaux
| | - Olivier Kosmider
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Vigon
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux
| | - Vanessa Desplat
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux
| | - Isabelle Dusanter-Fourt
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris
| | - Jean-Max Pasquet
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1035, F-33000 Bordeaux
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20
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Arrington J, Xue L, Wang WH, Geahlen RL, Tao WA. Identification of the Direct Substrates of the ABL Kinase via Kinase Assay Linked Phosphoproteomics with Multiple Drug Treatments. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1679-1690. [PMID: 30869898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ableson tyrosine kinase (ABL) plays essential roles in cell differentiation, division, adhesion, and stress response. However, fusion of the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) to ABL produces constitutive kinase activity that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as imatinib revolutionized the treatment of CML and other cancers, but acquired resistance to these inhibitors is rising. Thus, careful dissection of ABL signaling pathways is needed to find novel drug targets. Here we present a refined proteomic approach for elucidation of direct kinase substrates called kinase assay linked phosphoproteomics (KALIP). Our strategy integrates in vitro kinase assays at both the peptide and protein levels with quantitative tyrosine phosphoproteomics in response to treatment by multiple TKIs. Utilizing multiple TKIs permits elimination of off-target effects of these drugs, and overlapping the in vivo and in vitro data sets allows us to define a list of the most probable kinase substrates. Applying our approach produced a list of 60 ABL substrates, including novel and known proteins. We demonstrate that spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a novel direct substrate of ABL, and we predict our proteomic strategy may facilitate identification of substrates in other cancers that have disrupted kinase signaling.
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21
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Rupniewska E, Roy R, Mauri FA, Liu X, Kaliszczak M, Bellezza G, Cagini L, Barbareschi M, Ferrero S, Tommasi AM, Aboagye E, Seckl MJ, Pardo OE. Targeting autophagy sensitises lung cancer cells to Src family kinase inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27346-27362. [PMID: 29937990 PMCID: PMC6007948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the main cancer killer in both men and women, mostly due to the rapid development of drug resistant metastatic disease. Here, we evaluate the potential involvement of SRC family kinases (SFK) in lung cancer biology and assess the possible benefits of their inhibition as a therapeutic approach. We demonstrated that various SRC family members, including LYN and LCK, normally expressed solely in hematopoietic cells and neural tissues, are overexpressed and activated in a panel of SCLC and NSCLC cell lines. This was clinically relevant as LYN and FYN are also overexpressed in lung cancer clinical specimens. Moreover, LYN overexpression correlated with decreased patient survival on univariate and multivariate analysis. Dasatinib (BMS-354825), a SRC/ABL inhibitor, effectively blocked SFK activation at nanomolar concentrations which correlated with a significant decrease in cell numbers of multiple lung cancer cell lines. This effect was matched by a decrease in DNA synthesis, but only moderate induction of apoptosis. Indeed, dasatinib as well as PP2, another SFK inhibitor, strongly induced autophagy that likely prevented apoptosis. However, inhibition of this autophagic response induced robust apoptosis and sensitised lung cancer cells to dasatinib in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide an explanation for why dasatinib failed in NSCLC clinical trials. Furthermore, our data suggest that combining SFK inhibitors with autophagy inhibitors could provide a novel therapeutic approach in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rupniewska
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Roy
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco A Mauri
- Department of Histopathology and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinxue Liu
- Statistical Advisory Service, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Kaliszczak
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Institute of Pathology, Division of Cancer Research, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucio Cagini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Division of Cancer Research, Perugia Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mattia Barbareschi
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna M Tommasi
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Aboagye
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Seckl
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier E Pardo
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Wang Y, Guan G, Cheng W, Jiang Y, Shan F, Wu A, Cheng P, Guo Z. ARL2 overexpression inhibits glioma proliferation and tumorigenicity via down-regulating AXL. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:599. [PMID: 29843637 PMCID: PMC5975491 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults with a poor prognosis. As a member of ARF subfamily GTPase, ARL2 plays a key role in regulating the dynamics of microtubules and mitochondrial functions. Recently, ARL2 has been identified as a prognostic and therapeutic target in a variety range of malignant tumors. However, the biological functional role of ARL2 in glioma still remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and functional role of ARL2 in glioma. METHODS In this study, we investigated the expression of ARL2 in glioma samples by using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot. The correlation between ARL2 expression and the outcomes of glioma patients was evaluated with survival data from TCGA, CGGA and Rembrandt dataset. Lentiviral technique was used for ARL2 overexpression in U87 and U251 cells. CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing test, transwell invasion assay and in vivo subcutaneous xenograft model were performed to investigated the biological functions of ARL2. RESULTS ARL2 expression was down-regulated in glioma, and was inversely associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. Furthermore, exogenous ARL2 overexpression attenuated the growth and colony-formation abilities of glioma cells, as well as their migration and invasive capabilities. Moreover, elevated expression of ARL2 inhibited in vivo tumorigenicity of glioma cells. Mechanistically, ARL2 regulated AXL expression, which was known as an important functional regulator of proliferation and tumorigenicity in glioma cells. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that ARL2 inhibits the proliferation, migration and tumorigenicity of glioma cells by regulating the expression of AXL and may conduct as a new prognostic and therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gefei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengping Shan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zongze Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjingbei Street, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Differential proteomic profile of leukemic CD34+ progenitor cells from chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21758-21769. [PMID: 29774100 PMCID: PMC5955129 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a stem cell disease sustained by a rare population of quiescent cells which are to some extent resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). BCR-ABL oncogene activates multiple cross-talking signal transduction pathways (STP), such as RAS/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt and STAT5, contributing to abnormal proliferation of clonal cells. From this perspective, the aim of this study was to analyze the expression and activation profile of STP involved in the mechanisms of cell proliferation/quiescence and survival of the progenitor CD34+ cells from chronic phase (CP) CML. Our results showed that CP-CML CD34+ progenitors were characterized by significant lower phosphorylation of proteins involved in the regulation of growth and cell survival, such as tyrosine kinases of the Src family and members of STAT family, and by a significant higher phosphorylation of p53 (Ser15), compared to normal CD34+ cells from healthy donors. Consistent with these results, cell cycle analysis demonstrated that CP-CML CD34+ cells were characterized by higher percentage of cells in G0-phase compared to normal CD34+ cells. Analysis of expression profile on proteins involved in the apoptotic machinery revealed that, in addition, CD34+ cells from CP-CML were characterized by a significant lower expression of catalase and higher expression of HSP27 and FADD. In sum, we report that CD34+ cells from CP-CML are characterized by a proteomic and phospho-proteomic profile that promotes quiescence through the inhibition of proliferation and the promotion of survival. This differential signaling activation network may be addressed by novel targeted therapies aimed at eradicating CML stem cells.
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24
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Shen Y, Chen X, He J, Liao D, Zu X. Axl inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutic agents. Life Sci 2018; 198:99-111. [PMID: 29496493 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase have been widely accepted to promote cell proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several human cancers, such as lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) family, and its inhibitors can specifically break the kinase signaling nodes, allowing advanced patients to regain drug sensitivity with improved therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the research on Axl is promising and it is worthy of further investigations. In this review, we present an update on the Axl inhibitors and provide new insights into their latent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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25
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Kabir TD, Ganda C, Brown RM, Beveridge DJ, Richardson KL, Chaturvedi V, Candy P, Epis M, Wintle L, Kalinowski F, Kopp C, Stuart LM, Yeoh GC, George J, Leedman PJ. A microRNA-7/growth arrest specific 6/TYRO3 axis regulates the growth and invasiveness of sorafenib-resistant cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2018; 67:216-231. [PMID: 28833396 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sorafenib remains the only approved drug for treating patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the therapeutic effect of sorafenib is transient, and patients invariably develop sorafenib resistance (SR). Recently, TYRO3, a member of the TYRO3-AXL-MER family of receptor tyrosine kinases, was identified as being aberrantly expressed in a significant proportion of HCC; however, its role in SR is unknown. In this study, we generated two functionally distinct sorafenib-resistant human Huh-7 HCC cell lines in order to identify new mechanisms to abrogate acquired SR as well as new potential therapeutic targets in HCC. Initially, we investigated the effects of a microRNA (miR), miR-7-5p (miR-7), in both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of human HCC and identified miR-7 as a potent tumor suppressor of human HCC. We identified TYRO3 as a new functional target of miR-7, which regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion of Huh-7 cells through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway and is markedly elevated with acquisition of SR. Furthermore, miR-7 effectively silenced TYRO3 expression in both sorafenib-sensitive and sorafenib-resistant Huh-7 cells, inhibiting TYRO3/growth arrest specific 6-mediated cancer cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSION We identified a mechanism for acquiring SR in HCC that is through the aberrant expression of the TYRO3/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction pathway, and that can be overcome by miR-7 overexpression. Taken together, these data suggest a potential role for miR-7 as an RNA-based therapeutic to treat refractory and drug-resistant HCC. (Hepatology 2018;67:216-231).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva D Kabir
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Clarissa Ganda
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Rikki M Brown
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Dianne J Beveridge
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Kirsty L Richardson
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Vishal Chaturvedi
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Patrick Candy
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Michael Epis
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Larissa Wintle
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Felicity Kalinowski
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Christina Kopp
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa M Stuart
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - George C Yeoh
- Liver Disease and Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J Leedman
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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26
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Lussana F, Intermesoli T, Stefanoni P, Rambaldi A. Mechanisms of Resistance to Targeted Therapies in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 249:231-250. [PMID: 29242991 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) usually received as first-line treatment a first- or second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Although initial responses are high, therapy fails in up to 40% of patients and initial response is lost within 2 years in approximately 25% of patients. In the last few years, intensive efforts have been spent to explain treatment failure, and different mechanisms of resistance have been identified, ranging from BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations to lack of adherence to therapy. In this review, we briefly summarize the clinical efficacy of approved TKIs and describe the main mechanisms of TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Lussana
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tamara Intermesoli
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Paola Stefanoni
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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27
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A new mechanism of resistance to ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a BCR-ABL1-positive cell line. Leuk Res 2017; 61:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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He X, Deng Y, Yue W. Investigating critical genes and gene interaction networks that mediate cyclophosphamide sensitivity in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:523-532. [PMID: 28560425 PMCID: PMC5482156 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is an obstacle in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and is a common reason for treatment failure or disease progression. However, the underlying mechanisms of cyclophosphamide resistance remain poorly defined. In the present study, microarray data concerning cyclophosphamide‑sensitive and ‑resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines were analyzed. A total of 258 differentially‑expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between these two groups, from which 139 DEGs were upregulated and 119 were downregulated. Several candidate genes that were associated with cyclophosphamide resistance were also identified. These DEGs were subsequently classified using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment pathway analysis. A total of 487 biological processes and 17 KEGG pathways were revealed to be enriched. Furthermore, an interaction network was established to identify the core genes that regulated cyclophosphamide resistance. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5A), FYN proto‑oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase and spleen associated tyrosine kinase were revealed to be the hub genes in multiple enriched biological processes and signaling pathways, indicating that these were involved in mediating cyclophosphamide sensitivity in CML cells. The expression levels of 5 DEGs were also confirmed in two human CML cell lines (K‑562 and KU812) by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, selective knockdown of STAT5A and S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) recovered cyclophosphamide sensitivity in K‑562 cells, suggesting their involvement in drug resistance. The present study identified several potential genes and pathways contributing to cyclophosphamide resistance, and confirmed the involvement of STAT5A and S100A4 in drug resistance. These results enable improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying drug resistance in CML cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Computational Biology/methods
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Databases, Nucleic Acid
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epistasis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Gene Ontology
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4/genetics
- S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Blood Transfusion Department, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Deng
- Blood Transfusion Department, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yue
- Blood Transfusion Department, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224006, P.R. China
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29
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Phosphoproteomics Reveals HMGA1, a CK2 Substrate, as a Drug-Resistant Target in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44021. [PMID: 28290473 PMCID: PMC5349541 DOI: 10.1038/srep44021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated good efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring EGFR mutations, most patients develop intrinsic and acquired resistance. We quantitatively profiled the phosphoproteome and proteome of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant NSCLC cells under gefitinib treatment. The construction of a dose-dependent responsive kinase-substrate network of 1548 phosphoproteins and 3834 proteins revealed CK2-centric modules as the dominant core network for the potential gefitinib resistance-associated proteins. CK2 knockdown decreased cell survival in gefitinib-resistant NSCLCs. Using motif analysis to identify the CK2 core sub-network, we verified that elevated phosphorylation level of a CK2 substrate, HMGA1 was a critical node contributing to EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC cell. Both HMGA1 knockdown or mutation of the CK2 phosphorylation site, S102, of HMGA1 reinforced the efficacy of gefitinib in resistant NSCLC cells through reactivation of the downstream signaling of EGFR. Our results delineate the TKI resistance-associated kinase-substrate network, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for overcoming TKI-induced resistance in NSCLC.
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30
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Technological advances and proteomic applications in drug discovery and target deconvolution: identification of the pleiotropic effects of statins. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:848-869. [PMID: 28284830 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic-based techniques provide a powerful tool for identifying the full spectrum of protein targets of a drug, elucidating its mechanism(s) of action, and identifying biomarkers of its efficacy and safety. Herein, we outline the technological advancements in the field, and illustrate the contribution of proteomics to the definition of the pharmacological profile of statins, which represent the cornerstone of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Statins act by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, thus reducing cholesterol biosynthesis and consequently enhancing the clearance of low-density lipoproteins from the blood; however, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition can result in a multitude of additional effects beyond lipid lowering, known as 'pleiotropic effects'. The case of statins highlights the unique contribution of proteomics to the target profiling of a drug molecule.
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31
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Chen Y, Harrington BS, Lau KCN, Burke LJ, He Y, Iconomou M, Palmer JS, Meade B, Lumley JW, Hooper JD. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of CDCP1 shed from the cell surface and present in colorectal cancer serum specimens. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:65-72. [PMID: 28279929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) is a transmembrane protein involved in progression of several cancers. When located on the plasma membrane, full-length 135kDa CDCP1 can undergo proteolysis mediated by serine proteases that cleave after two adjacent amino acids (arginine 368 and lysine 369). This releases from the cell surface two 65kDa fragments, collectively termed ShE-CDCP1, that differ by one carboxyl terminal residue. To evaluate the function of CDCP1 and its potential utility as a cancer biomarker, in this study we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to reliably and easily measure the concentration of ShE-CDCP1 in biological samples. Using a reference standard we demonstrate that the developed ELISA has a working range of 0.68-26.5ng/ml, and the limit of detection is 0.25ng/ml. It displays high intra-assay (repeatability) and high inter-assay (reproducibility) precision with all coefficients of variation ≤7%. The ELISA also displays high accuracy detecting ShE-CDCP1 levels at ≥94.8% of actual concentration using quality control samples. We employed the ELISA to measure the concentration of ShE-CDCP1 in human serum samples with our results suggesting that levels are significantly higher in serum of colorectal cancer patients compared with serum from individuals with benign conditions (p<0.05). Our data also suggest that colorectal cancer patients with stage II-IV disease have at least 50% higher serum levels of ShE-CDCP1 compared with stage I cases (p<0.05). We conclude that the developed ELISA is a suitable method to quantify ShE-CDCP1 concentration in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Brittney S Harrington
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin C N Lau
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Lez J Burke
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Yaowu He
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Mary Iconomou
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia
| | - James S Palmer
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Brian Meade
- Colorectal Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba Qld 4102, Australia
| | | | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld 4102, Australia.
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32
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Casado P, Hijazi M, Britton D, Cutillas PR. Impact of phosphoproteomics in the translation of kinase-targeted therapies. Proteomics 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Casado
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - Maruan Hijazi
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - David Britton
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
| | - Pedro R. Cutillas
- Cell Signalling and Proteomics Group; Centre for Haemato-Oncology; Barts Cancer Institute; Queen Mary University of London; UK
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33
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Tanaka K, Tokunaga E, Inoue Y, Yamashita N, Saeki H, Okano S, Kitao H, Oki E, Oda Y, Maehara Y. Impact of Expression of Vimentin and Axl in Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2016; 16:520-526.e2. [PMID: 27506606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between Axl and vimentin protein expression has been observed in several cell lines. However, the clinical importance of Axl and vimentin expression in breast cancer have not been fully determined. PATIENTS AND METHODS The expressions of Axl and vimentin were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a total of 343 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. The relationships between expression of Axl and vimentin and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS Axl expression was classified into high (n = 170) and low (n = 173) expression groups. Axl expression alone was not associated with any clinicopathologic factor or prognosis. Coexistence of vimentin-positive and Axl-high expression was observed in 10.5% (n = 36). Vimentin-positive and Axl-high tumors were associated with triple-negative breast cancers (P = .0396) and with poor prognosis in terms of both recurrence-free survival (P = .0126) and overall survival (P = .0005) compared to the other groups, including vimentin-positive and Axl-low tumors, vimentin-negative and Axl-high tumors, and vimentin-negative and Axl-low tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that coexistence of vimentin-positive and Axl-high expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-5.68; P = .0158) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 3.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-8.47; P = .0059). CONCLUSION Coexistence of vimentin-positive and Axl-high expression is a poor prognostic factor for primary breast cancer. Vimentin and Axl expression might contribute to the aggressive phenotype in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Tanaka
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Breast Oncology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Centre, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nami Yamashita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Okano
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathologic Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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34
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Ben-Batalla I, Erdmann R, Jørgensen H, Mitchell R, Ernst T, von Amsberg G, Schafhausen P, Velthaus JL, Rankin S, Clark RE, Koschmieder S, Schultze A, Mitra S, Vandenberghe P, Brümmendorf TH, Carmeliet P, Hochhaus A, Pantel K, Bokemeyer C, Helgason GV, Holyoake TL, Loges S. Axl Blockade by BGB324 Inhibits BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Sensitive and -Resistant Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:2289-2300. [PMID: 27856601 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors are employed successfully for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment. However, resistant disease and persistence of BCR-ABL1-independent leukemia stem and progenitor cells (LSPC) remain clinical challenges. The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl can mediate survival and therapy resistance of different cancer cells. We investigated the therapeutic potential of Axl inhibition in CML.Experimental Design: We used primary cells from patients with CML and TKI-sensitive and -resistant BCR-ABL1+ CML cell lines and a novel ponatinib-resistant cell line KCL-22 PonR. We analyzed the effects of genetic and pharmacologic Axl blockade by the small-molecule Axl inhibitor BGB324 in vitro and in vivo In BCR-ABL1-unmutated cells, we also investigated BGB324 in combination with imatinib.Results: We demonstrate overexpression of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase in primary cells of patients with CML compared with healthy individuals and a further increase of Axl expression in BCR-ABL TKI-resistant patients. We show that Axl blockage decreased growth of BCR-ABL TKI-sensitive CML cells including CD34+ cells and exerts additive effects with imatinib via inhibition of Stat5 activation. BGB324 also inhibits BCR-ABL TKI-resistant cells, including T315I-mutated and ponatinib-resistant primary cells. BGB324 exerted therapeutic effects in BCR-ABL1 T315I-mutated and ponatinib-resistant preclinical mouse models. Notably, BGB324 does not inhibit BCR-ABL1 and consequently inhibits CML independent of BCR-ABL1 mutational status.Conclusions: Our data show that Axl inhibition has therapeutic potential in BCR-ABL TKI-sensitive as well as -resistant CML and support the need for clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 23(9); 2289-300. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Erdmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heather Jørgensen
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Hematology/Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schafhausen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janna L Velthaus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Rankin
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E Clark
- Department of Haematology, Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Schultze
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Subir Mitra
- Department of Haematology, Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G Vignir Helgason
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa L Holyoake
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Hematology and Oncology with Sections BMT and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum, University Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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35
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Ouellette SB, Noel BM, Parker LL. A Cell-Based Assay for Measuring Endogenous BcrAbl Kinase Activity and Inhibitor Resistance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161748. [PMID: 27598410 PMCID: PMC5012566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase enzymes are an important class of drug targets, particularly in cancer. Cell-based kinase assays are needed to understand how potential kinase inhibitors act on their targets in a physiologically relevant context. Current cell-based kinase assays rely on antibody-based detection of endogenous substrates, inaccurate disease models, or indirect measurements of drug action. Here we expand on previous work from our lab to introduce a 96-well plate compatible approach for measuring cell-based kinase activity in disease-relevant human chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines using an exogenously added, multi-functional peptide substrate. Our cellular models natively express the BcrAbl oncogene and are either sensitive or have acquired resistance to well-characterized BcrAbl tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This approach measures IC50 values comparable to established methods of assessing drug potency, and its robustness indicates that it can be employed in drug discovery applications. This medium-throughput assay could bridge the gap between single target focused, high-throughput in vitro assays and lower-throughput cell-based follow-up experiments.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Discovery
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genes, abl/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B. Ouellette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SO); (LP)
| | - Brett M. Noel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laurie L. Parker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SO); (LP)
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36
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Law ME, Ferreira RB, Davis BJ, Higgins PJ, Kim JS, Castellano RK, Chen S, Luesch H, Law BK. CUB domain-containing protein 1 and the epidermal growth factor receptor cooperate to induce cell detachment. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:80. [PMID: 27495374 PMCID: PMC4974783 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While localized malignancies often respond to available therapies, most disseminated cancers are refractory. Novel approaches, therefore, are needed for the treatment of metastatic disease. CUB domain-containing protein1 (CDCP1) plays an important role in metastasis and drug resistance; the mechanism however, is poorly understood. Methods Breast cancer cell lines were engineered to stably express EGFR, CDCP1 or phosphorylation site mutants of CDCP1. These cell lines were used for immunoblot analysis or affinity purification followed by immunoblot analysis to assess protein phosphorylation and/or protein complex formation with CDCP1. Kinase activity was evaluated using phosphorylation site-specific antibodies and immunoblot analysis in in vitro kinase assays. Protein band excision and mass spectrometry was utilized to further identify proteins complexed with CDCP1 or ΔCDCP1, which is a mimetic of the cleaved form of CDCP1. Cell detachment was assessed using cell counting. Results This paper reports that CDCP1 forms ternary protein complexes with Src and EGFR, facilitating Src activation and Src-dependent EGFR transactivation. Importantly, we have discovered that a class of compounds termed Disulfide bond Disrupting Agents (DDAs) blocks CDCP1/EGFR/Src ternary complex formation and downstream signaling. CDCP1 and EGFR cooperate to induce detachment of breast cancer cells from the substratum and to disrupt adherens junctions. Analysis of CDCP1-containing complexes using proteomics techniques reveals that CDCP1 associates with several proteins involved in cell adhesion, including adherens junction and desmosomal cadherins, and cytoskeletal elements. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that CDCP1 may facilitate loss of adhesion by promoting activation of EGFR and Src at sites of cell-cell and cell-substratum contact. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0741-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Acad. Res. Bldg., Room R5-210, 1200 Newell Drive, P.O. Box 100267, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Renan B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bradley J Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Acad. Res. Bldg., Room R5-210, 1200 Newell Drive, P.O. Box 100267, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Brian K Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Acad. Res. Bldg., Room R5-210, 1200 Newell Drive, P.O. Box 100267, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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37
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Dasgupta Y, Koptyra M, Hoser G, Kantekure K, Roy D, Gornicka B, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Bolton-Gillespie E, Cerny-Reiterer S, Müschen M, Valent P, Wasik MA, Richardson C, Hantschel O, van der Kuip H, Stoklosa T, Skorski T. Normal ABL1 is a tumor suppressor and therapeutic target in human and mouse leukemias expressing oncogenic ABL1 kinases. Blood 2016; 127:2131-43. [PMID: 26864341 PMCID: PMC4850868 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-11-681171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemias expressing constitutively activated mutants of ABL1 tyrosine kinase (BCR-ABL1, TEL-ABL1, NUP214-ABL1) usually contain at least 1 normal ABL1 allele. Because oncogenic and normal ABL1 kinases may exert opposite effects on cell behavior, we examined the role of normal ABL1 in leukemias induced by oncogenic ABL1 kinases. BCR-ABL1-Abl1(-/-) cells generated highly aggressive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-blast phase-like disease in mice compared with less malignant CML-chronic phase-like disease from BCR-ABL1-Abl1(+/+) cells. Additionally, loss of ABL1 stimulated proliferation and expansion of BCR-ABL1 murine leukemia stem cells, arrested myeloid differentiation, inhibited genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis, and facilitated accumulation of chromosomal aberrations. Conversely, allosteric stimulation of ABL1 kinase activity enhanced the antileukemia effect of ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib and ponatinib) in human and murine leukemias expressing BCR-ABL1, TEL-ABL1, and NUP214-ABL1. Therefore, we postulate that normal ABL1 kinase behaves like a tumor suppressor and therapeutic target in leukemias expressing oncogenic forms of the kinase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blast Crisis/drug therapy
- Blast Crisis/enzymology
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytostatic Agents/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genes, abl
- Genomic Instability
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate/pharmacology
- Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Experimental/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Experimental/enzymology
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins v-abl/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Oxidative Stress
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl/physiology
- Pyridazines/pharmacology
- Pyridazines/therapeutic use
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashodhara Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mateusz Koptyra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kanchan Kantekure
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Darshan Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Barbara Gornicka
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Sabine Cerny-Reiterer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna and Ludwig-Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Müschen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna and Ludwig-Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christine Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Bioinformatics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC
| | - Oliver Hantschel
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heiko van der Kuip
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and University of Tuebingen, Stuttgart, Germany; and
| | - Tomasz Stoklosa
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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New crossroads for potential therapeutic intervention in cancer - intersections between CDCP1, EGFR family members and downstream signaling pathways. Oncoscience 2016; 3:5-8. [PMID: 26973855 PMCID: PMC4751911 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways regulated by the receptor CDCP1 play central roles in promoting cancer and in mediating resistance to chemo- and targeted-therapies. In this perspective we briefly summarize these findings as well as data demonstrating poorer outcomes for several malignancies that exhibit elevated CDCP1 expression. Promising data from preclinical studies suggest that CDCP1 targeted agents, including therapeutic antibodies, could be useful in the treatment of cancer patients selected on the basis of activation of CDCP1 and its signaling partners including EGFR, HER2, Met and Src.
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39
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Inverse regulation of bridging integrator 1 and BCR-ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:217-25. [PMID: 26194865 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is the major regulator process of tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) functional activities. Bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) is a key protein involved in RTK intracellular trafficking. Here, we report, by studying 34 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at diagnosis, that BIN1 gene is downregulated in CML as compared to healthy controls, suggesting an altered endocytosis of RTKs. Rab interactor 1 (RIN1), an activator of BIN1, displayed a similar behavior. Treatment of 57 patients by tyrosine kinase inhibitors caused, along with BCR-ABL1 inactivation, an increase of BIN1 and RIN1 expression, potentially restoring endocytosis. There was a significant inverse correlation between BIN1-RIN1 and BCR-ABL1 expression. In vitro experiments on both CML and nontumorigenic cell lines treated with Imatinib confirmed these results. In order to provide another proof in favor of BIN1 and RIN1 endocytosis function in CML, we demonstrated that Imatinib induced, in K562 cell line, BIN1-RIN1 upregulation accompanied by a parallel AXL receptor internalization into cytoplasmic compartment. This study shows a novel deregulated mechanism in CML patients, indicating BIN1 and RIN1 as players in the maintenance of the abnormal RTK signaling in this hematological disease.
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40
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Sirvent A, Urbach S, Roche S. Contribution of phosphoproteomics in understanding SRC signaling in normal and tumor cells. Proteomics 2015; 15:232-44. [PMID: 25403792 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-anchored, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (non-RTK) SRC is a critical regulator of signal transduction induced by a large variety of cell-surface receptors, including RTKs that bind to growth factors to control cell growth and migration. When deregulated, SRC shows strong oncogenic activity, probably because of its capacity to promote RTK-mediated downstream signaling even in the absence of extracellular stimuli. Accordingly, SRC is frequently deregulated in human cancer and is thought to play important roles during tumorigenesis. However, our knowledge on the molecular mechanism by which SRC controls signaling is incomplete due to the limited number of key substrates identified so far. Here, we review how phosphoproteomic methods have changed our understanding of the mechanisms underlying SRC signaling in normal and tumor cells and discuss how these novel findings can be used to improve therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting SRC signaling in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Sirvent
- CNRS UMR5237, University Montpellier 1 and 2, CRBM, Montpellier, France
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41
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Wu X, Liu X, Koul S, Lee CY, Zhang Z, Halmos B. AXL kinase as a novel target for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9546-63. [PMID: 25337673 PMCID: PMC4259419 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The AXL receptor tyrosine kinase and its major ligand, GAS6 have been demonstrated to be overexpressed and activated in many human cancers (such as lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer) and have been correlated with poor prognosis, promotion of increased invasiveness/metastasis, the EMT phenotype and drug resistance. Targeting AXL in different model systems with specific small molecule kinase inhibitors or antibodies alone or in combination with other drugs can lead to inactivation of AXL-mediated signaling pathways and can lead to regained drug sensitivity and improved therapeutic efficacy, defining AXL as a promising novel target for cancer therapeutics. This review highlights the data supporting AXL as a novel treatment candidate in a variety of cancers as well as the current status of drug development targeting the AXL/GAS6 axis and future perspectives in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay Koul
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chang Youl Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital Hallym University Medical Center, Chuncheon-si Gangwon-do 200-704 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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42
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Yu Y, Gaillard S, Phillip JM, Huang TC, Pinto SM, Tessarollo NG, Zhang Z, Pandey A, Wirtz D, Ayhan A, Davidson B, Wang TL, Shih IM. Inhibition of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Potentiates Paclitaxel-Induced Cytotoxicity in Ovarian Cancer Cells by Stabilizing Microtubules. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:82-96. [PMID: 26096845 PMCID: PMC5257279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy represents a major obstacle for long-term remission, and effective strategies to overcome drug resistance would have significant clinical impact. We report that recurrent ovarian carcinomas after paclitaxel/carboplatin treatment have higher levels of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and phospho-SYK. In vitro, paclitaxel-resistant cells expressed higher SYK, and the ratio of phospho-SYK/SYK positively associated with paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Inactivation of SYK by inhibitors or gene knockdown sensitized paclitaxel cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of the phosphotyrosine proteome in paclitaxel-resistant tumor cells revealed that SYK phosphorylates tubulins and microtubule-associated proteins. Inhibition of SYK enhanced microtubule stability in paclitaxel-resistant tumor cells that were otherwise insensitive. Thus, targeting SYK pathway is a promising strategy to enhance paclitaxel response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephanie Gaillard
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Institute for NanoBioTechology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Tai-Chung Huang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sneha M Pinto
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nayara G Tessarollo
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Biotechnology Program/Renorbio, Health Science Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, and Institute for NanoBioTechology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Ayse Ayhan
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pathology, Seirei Mikatahara Hospital and Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Gioia R, Trégoat C, Dumas PY, Lagarde V, Prouzet-Mauléon V, Desplat V, Sirvent A, Praloran V, Lippert E, Villacreces A, Leconet W, Robert B, Vigon I, Roche S, Mahon FX, Pasquet JM. CBL controls a tyrosine kinase network involving AXL, SYK and LYN in nilotinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia. J Pathol 2015; 237:14-24. [PMID: 25965880 DOI: 10.1002/path.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A tyrosine kinase network composed of the TAM receptor AXL and the cytoplasmic kinases LYN and SYK is involved in nilotinib-resistance of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) cells. Here, we show that the E3-ubiquitin ligase CBL down-regulation occurring during prolonged drug treatment plays a critical role in this process. Depletion of CBL in K562 cells increases AXL and LYN protein levels, promoting cell resistance to nilotinib. Conversely, forced expression of CBL in nilotinib-resistant K562 cells (K562-rn) dramatically reduces AXL and LYN expression and resensitizes K562-rn cells to nilotinib. A similar mechanism was found to operate in primary CML CD34(+) cells. Mechanistically, the E3-ligase CBL counteracts AXL/SYK signalling, promoting LYN transcription by controlling AXL protein stability. Surprisingly, the role of AXL in resistance was independent of its ligand GAS6 binding and its TK activity, in accordance with a scaffold activity for this receptor being involved in this cellular process. Collectively, our results demonstrate a pivotal role for CBL in the control of a tyrosine kinase network mediating resistance to nilotinib treatment in CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Gioia
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Trégoat
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dumas
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Lagarde
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Prouzet-Mauléon
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Vanessa Desplat
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Audrey Sirvent
- CNRS UMR5237, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Praloran
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Lippert
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Villacreces
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Wilhem Leconet
- Equipe Immunociblage et Radiobiologie en Oncologie, IRCM Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896-Université Montpellier1-ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- Equipe Immunociblage et Radiobiologie en Oncologie, IRCM Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896-Université Montpellier1-ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Vigon
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge Roche
- CNRS UMR5237, Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - François-Xavier Mahon
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Max Pasquet
- Hématopoïèse Leucémique et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1035, Université de Bordeaux, France
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44
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Eide CA, O’Hare T. Chronic myeloid leukemia: advances in understanding disease biology and mechanisms of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2015; 10:158-66. [PMID: 25700679 PMCID: PMC4447524 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-015-0248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The successful implementation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) remains a flagship for molecularly targeted therapy in cancer. This focused review highlights critical elements of the underlying biology of CML and provides a summary of the molecular mechanisms that lead to TKI resistance: BCR-ABL1 mutation-based resistance and therapy escape through alternative pathway activation despite inhibition of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase activity. We direct attention to the most current manifestations of these issues, including emergence of pan-TKI-resistant BCR-ABL1 compound mutants, new strategies for identification and therapeutic targeting of alternative pathways, and the exciting, controversial topic of cessation of TKI therapy leading to durable treatment-free remissions for a subset of patients. Further gains in our understanding of the biology of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph-positive) leukemia and mechanisms of resistance to BCR-ABL1 TKIs will benefit patients and also provide a blueprint for similar discovery in other cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Mutation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Eide
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Thomas O’Hare
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Sinha S, Boysen J, Nelson M, Secreto C, Warner SL, Bearss DJ, Lesnick C, Shanafelt TD, Kay NE, Ghosh AK. Targeted Axl Inhibition Primes Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells to Apoptosis and Shows Synergistic/Additive Effects in Combination with BTK Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2115-26. [PMID: 25673699 PMCID: PMC4479154 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease despite aggressive therapeutic approaches. We previously found that Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) plays a critical role in CLL B-cell survival. Here, we explored the possibility of using a high-affinity Axl inhibitor as a single agent or in combination with Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors for future clinical trial to treat patients with CLL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression/activation status of other members of the TAM (e.g., Tyro3, Axl, and MER) family of RTKs in CLL B cells was evaluated. Cells were treated with a high-affinity orally bioavailable Axl inhibitor TP-0903 with or without the presence of CLL bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Inhibitory effects of TP-0903 on the Axl signaling pathway were also evaluated in CLL B cells. Finally, cells were exposed to TP-0903 in combination with BTK inhibitors to determine any synergistic/additive effects of the combination. RESULTS CLL B cells overexpress Tyro3, but not MER. Of interest, Tyro3 remains as constitutively phosphorylated and forms a complex with Axl in CLL B cells. TP-0903 induces massive apoptosis in CLL B cells with LD50 values of nanomolar ranges. Importantly, CLL BMSCs could not protect the leukemic B cells from TP-0903-induced apoptosis. A marked reduction of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and XIAP and upregulation of the proapoptotic protein BIM in CLL B cells was detected as a result of Axl inhibition. Finally, combination of TP-0903 with BTK inhibitors augments CLL B-cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Administration of TP-0903 either as a single agent or in combination with BTK inhibitors may be effective in treating patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutapa Sinha
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Justin Boysen
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Michael Nelson
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Charla Secreto
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | | | - Connie Lesnick
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Tait D. Shanafelt
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Neil E. Kay
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Asish K. Ghosh
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905,Correspondence: Asish K. Ghosh, Ph.D., Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Phone: 507-293-0058; Fax: 507-266-9277;
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46
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Lee C. Overexpression of Tyro3 receptor tyrosine kinase leads to the acquisition of taxol resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1485-92. [PMID: 25815442 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed at the advanced stages (III/IV) and their 5-year-survival rate is relatively low. One of the major causes of the poor prognosis of ovarian cancer is the development of resistance to first-line chemotherapy, including platinum and taxol. Therefore, improvements in current understanding of chemoresistance is required for the successful treatment of ovarian cancer. In the present study, taxol-resistant ovarian cancer cells, SKOV3/TR, were established by exposing parental SKOV3 cells to increasing concentrations of taxol. . Briefly, cells were treated with 1.5 nM (for 4 weeks), 3 nM (for 4 weeks), 6 nM (for 5 weeks), 12 nM (for 5 weeks) and 24 nM taxol (for 8 weeks) over 6 months. The SKOV3/TR cells were found to be smaller in size and rounder in shape compared with their parental cells. Cell viability and colony formation assays demonstrated an increase in the population doubling time of the SKOV3/TR cells, indicating a reduction in the proliferative capacity of these cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis revealed that, among the TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the mRNA and protein expression levels of Tyro3 RTK were increased, while those of Axl and Mer RTK were decreased in the SKOV3/TR cells. In addition, restoration of the level of Tyro3 by transfecting Tyro3-specific small interfering RNA into the SKOV3/TR cells reduced the proliferative capacity of the cells, indicating that upregulation of the expression of Tyro3 in SKOV3/TR cells may promote survival in the presence of taxol, which eventually resulted in the acquisition of resistance upon taxol treatment. The present study subsequently found that, in the SKOV3/TR cells, the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was elevated, and antioxidant treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) exerted more profound antiproliferative effects compared with the parental cells. The western blot analysis demonstrated that treatment of the SKOV3/TR cells with NAC reduced the protein expression of Tyro3, and the inhibitory effect of NAC on the phosphorylation of Akt was increased, which may have had a positive effect on the proliferation of the SKOV3/TR cells. The levels of phosphorylation and protein expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) were not affected by NAC treatment, indicating that the phosphorylation of Akt, but not expression or phosphorylation of STAT3, was associated with the increased intracellular ROS level in the SKOV3/TR cells. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that the acquired taxol resistance of ovarian cancer cells was associated with ROS-dependent upregulation in the expression of Tyro3 RTK and the subsequent activation of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705‑717, Republic of Korea
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47
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Chen X, Li S, Zhang X, Min Q, Zhu JJ. Weaving a two-dimensional fishing net from titanoniobate nanosheets embedded with Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals for highly efficient capture and isotope labeling of phosphopeptides. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5815-5825. [PMID: 25757497 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative characterization of phosphopeptides by means of mass spectrometry (MS) is the main goal of MS-based phosphoproteomics, but suffers from their low abundance in the large haystack of various biological molecules. Herein, we introduce two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides to tackle this biological separation issue. A nanocomposite composed of titanoniobate nanosheets embedded with Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals (Fe₃O₄-TiNbNS) is constructed via a facile cation-exchange approach, and adopted for the capture and isotope labeling of phosphopeptides. In this nanoarchitecture, the 2D titanoniobate nanosheets offer enlarged surface area and a spacious microenvironment for capturing phosphopeptides, while the Fe₃O₄ nanocrystals not only incorporate a magnetic response into the composite but, more importantly, also disrupt the restacking process between the titanoniobate nanosheets and thus preserve a greater specific surface for binding phosphopeptides. Owing to the extended active surface, abundant Lewis acid sites and excellent magnetic controllability, Fe₃O₄-TiNbNS demonstrates superior sensitivity, selectivity and capacity over homogeneous bulk metal oxides, layered oxides, and even restacked nanosheets in phosphopeptide enrichment, and further allows in situ isotope labeling to quantify aberrantly-regulated phosphopeptides from sera of leukemia patients. This composite nanosheet greatly contributes to the MS analysis of phosphopeptides and gives inspiration in the pursuit of 2D structured materials for separation of other biological molecules of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China.
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48
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Helou YA, Salomon AR. Protein networks and activation of lymphocytes. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:78-85. [PMID: 25687331 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The signal transduction pathways initiated by lymphocyte activation play a critical role in regulating host immunity. High-resolution mass spectrometry has accelerated the investigation of these complex and dynamic pathways by enabling the qualitative and quantitative investigation of thousands of proteins and phosphoproteins simultaneously. In addition, the unbiased and wide-scale identification of protein-protein interaction networks and protein kinase substrates in lymphocyte signaling pathways can be achieved by mass spectrometry-based approaches. Critically, the integration of these discovery-driven strategies with single-cell analysis using mass cytometry can facilitate the understanding of complex signaling phenotypes in distinct immunophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ynes A Helou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Arthur R Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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49
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Ku M, Wall M, MacKinnon RN, Walkley CR, Purton LE, Tam C, Izon D, Campbell L, Cheng HC, Nandurkar H. Src family kinases and their role in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:577-86. [PMID: 24898666 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.907897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor intracellular kinases that have important roles in both hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. The derangement of their expression or activation has been demonstrated to contribute to hematological malignancies. This review first examines the mechanisms of SFK overexpression and hyperactivation, emphasizing the dysregulation of the upstream modulators. Subsequently, the role of SFK up-regulation in the initiation, progression and therapy resistance of many hematological malignancies is also analyzed. The presented evidence endeavors to highlight the influence of SFK up-regulation on an extensive number of hematological malignancies and the need to consider them as candidates in targeted anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ku
- Haematology Department and Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital , Fitzroy , Australia
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50
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Paccez JD, Duncan K, Vava A, Correa RG, Libermann TA, Parker MI, Zerbini LF. Inactivation of GSK3β and activation of NF-κB pathway via Axl represents an important mediator of tumorigenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:821-31. [PMID: 25568334 PMCID: PMC4342020 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-04-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of Axl in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with potential therapeutic implications is described for the first time. This paper also sheds light on the understanding of how Axl regulates OSCC development in vitro and in vivo. Axl expression leads to an Akt-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity and the nucluear factor kappaB (NF-κB) pathway, affecting the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl has been described as an oncogene, and its deregulation has been implicated in the progression of several human cancers. While the role of Axl in esophageal adenocarcinoma has been addressed, there is no information about its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In the current report, we identified, for the first time, deregulation of Axl expression in OSCC. Axl is consistently overexpressed in OSCC cell lines and human tumor samples, mainly in advanced stages of the disease. Blockage of Axl gene expression by small interfering RNA inhibits cell survival, proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and esophageal tumor growth in vivo. Additionally, repression of Axl expression results in Akt-dependent inhibition of pivotal genes involved in the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway and in the induction of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity, resulting in loss of mesenchymal markers and induction of epithelial markers. Furthermore, treatment of esophageal cancer cells with the Akt inhibitor wortmannin inhibits NF-κB signaling, induces GSK3β activity, and blocks OSCC cell proliferation in an Axl-dependent manner. Taken together, our results establish a clear role for Axl in OSCC tumorigenesis with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano D Paccez
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kristal Duncan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Akhona Vava
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Towia A Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luiz F Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town 7925, South Africa Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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