1
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Socie G, Michonneau D. Milestones in acute GVHD pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1079708. [PMID: 36544776 PMCID: PMC9760667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 65 years, over 25 000 referenced articles have been published on graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Although this included clinically orientated papers or publications on chronic GVHD, the conservative estimate of scientific publications still contains several thousands of documents on the pathophysiology of acute GVHD. Thus, summarizing what we believe are prominent publications that can be considered milestones in our knowledge of this disease is a challenging and inherently biased task. Here we review from a historical perspective what can be regarded as publications that have made the field move forward. We also included several references of reviews on aspects we could not cover in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Socie
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- APHP, Hématologie Greffe, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - David Michonneau
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- APHP, Hématologie Greffe, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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2
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The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091380. [PMID: 36146458 PMCID: PMC9503294 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages with dendritic cell (DC) functionality that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin. Their location at the skin barrier suggests an important role for LC as immune sentinels at the skin surface. The classification of LC as DC over the past few decades has driven the scientific community to extensively study how LC function as DC-like cells that prime T cell immunity. However, LC are a unique type of tissue-resident macrophages, and recent evidence also supports an immunoregulatory role of LC at steady state and during specific inflammatory conditions, highlighting the impact of cutaneous environment in shaping LC functionality. In this mini review, we discuss the recent literature on the immune tolerance function of LC in homeostasis and disease conditions, including malignant transformation and progression; as well as LC functional plasticity for adaption to microenvironmental cues and the potential connection between LC population heterogeneity and functional diversity. Future investigation into the molecular mechanisms that LC use to integrate different microenvironment cues and adapt immunological responses for controlling LC functional plasticity is needed for future breakthroughs in tumor immunology, vaccine development, and treatments for inflammatory skin diseases.
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3
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Leonard DA, Powell HR, Defazio MW, Shanmugarajah K, Mastroianni M, Rosales I, Farkash EA, Colvin RB, Randolph MA, Sachs DH, Kurtz JM, Cetrulo CL. Cutaneous leukocyte lineages in tolerant large animal and immunosuppressed clinical vascularized composite allograft recipients. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:582-592. [PMID: 32741100 PMCID: PMC7854956 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) can restore fully functional anatomic units in patients with limb amputations or severe facial tissue loss. However, acute rejection of the skin is frequently observed and underscores the importance of developing tolerance induction protocols. In this study, we have characterized the skin immune system in VCAs. We demonstrate infiltration of recipient leukocytes, regardless of rejection status, and in tolerant mixed hematopoietic chimeras, the co-existence of these cells with donor leukocytes in the absence of rejection. Here we characterize the dermal T cell and epidermal Langerhans cell components of the skin immune system in our porcine model of VCA tolerance, and the kinetics of cutaneous chimerism in both of these populations in VCAs transplanted to tolerant and nontolerant recipients, as well as in host skin. Furthermore, in biopsies from the first patient to receive a hand transplant in our program, we demonstrate the presence of recipient T cells in the skin of the transplanted limb in the absence of clinical or histological evidence of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Leonard
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Canniesburn Plastic Surgery Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - H. R. Powell
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. W. Defazio
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K. Shanmugarajah
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. Mastroianni
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - I. Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E. A. Farkash
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - R. B. Colvin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M. A. Randolph
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - D. H. Sachs
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - J. M. Kurtz
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Biology, Emmanuel College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C. L. Cetrulo
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Kubota N, Saito A, Tanaka R, Nakamura Y, Watanabe R, Fujisawa Y, Ishitsuka Y, Clausen BE, Fujimoto M, Okiyama N. Langerhans Cells Suppress CD8 + T Cells In Situ during Mucocutaneous Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1177-1187.e3. [PMID: 33091425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) induced by allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an immunological disorder in which donor lymphocytes attack recipient organs. It has been proven that recipient nonhematopoietic tissue cells, such as keratinocytes, are sufficient as immunological targets for allogenic donor T cells, whereas Langerhans cells (LCs) are potent professional hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells existing in the target epidermis and eliminated during the early phase of mucocutaneous aGVHD. Moreover, LCs have been reported to negatively regulate various types of immune responses. Here, we present data showing that initial depletion of recipient LCs exacerbates mucocutaneous lesions in a murine model of allogenic bone marrow transplantation-induced aGVHD. Furthermore, another murine model of mucocutaneous aGVHD induced in mice with keratinocytes genetically expressing chicken ovalbumin by transfer of ovalbumin-specific CD8+ OT-I cells also showed that LC-depleted recipient mice develop aggravated mucocutaneous disease owing to decreased apoptosis of skin-infiltrating OT-I cells. Moreover, coexisting LCs directly induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of OT-I cells in vitro partially via B7 family proteins. Collectively, our results indicate that LCs negatively regulate mucocutaneous aGVHD-like lesions in situ by inhibiting the number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akimasa Saito
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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5
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Vogt A, Constantinou A, Rancan F, Ghoreschi K, Blume-Peytavi U, Combadiere B. A niche in the spotlight: Could external factors critically disturb hair follicle homeostasis and contribute to inflammatory hair follicle diseases? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1080-1087. [PMID: 33090548 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The anatomy of the hair follicle and the dynamics of its barrier provide a special space for interactions between macromolecules and the underlying tissue. Translocation across the hair follicle epithelium and immune recognition have been confirmed for proteins, nucleic acids, engineered particles, virus particles and others. Tissue responses can be modulated by pro-inflammatory stimuli as demonstrated in penetration and transcutaneous immunization studies. Even under physiological conditions, hair follicle openings are filled with exogenous material ranging from macromolecules, engineered particles to natural particles including diverse communities of microbes. The exposed position of the infundibulum suggests that local inflammatory insults could disturb the finely tuned balance and may trigger downstream responses that initiate or facilitate local outbreaks of inflammatory hair diseases typically occurring in close spatial association with the infundibulum as observed in cicatricial alopecia. The question as to how microbial colonization or deposition of contaminants on the surface of the hair follicle epithelium interact with the barrier status under the influence of individual predisposition, may help us understand local flare-ups of inflammatory hair diseases. Specifically, learning more about skin barrier alterations in the different types of inflammatory hair diseases and cross-talk with exogenous compounds could give new insights in this less explored aspect of hair follicle homeostasis. Such knowledge may not only be used to develop supportive measures to maintain a healthy scalp. It may have wider implications for our understanding on how external factors influence inflammation and immunological responses in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), Centre, Paris, France
| | - Andria Constantinou
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Behazine Combadiere
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), Centre, Paris, France
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6
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7
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Israr M, DeVoti JA, Lam F, Abramson AL, Steinberg BM, Bonagura VR. Altered Monocyte and Langerhans Cell Innate Immunity in Patients With Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP). Front Immunol 2020; 11:336. [PMID: 32210959 PMCID: PMC7076114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The micromilieu within respiratory papillomas supports persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and disease recurrence in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). These patients show polarized (TH2-/Treg) adaptive immunity in papillomas and blood, enriched immature Langerhans cell (iLC) numbers, and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the upper airway. Blood monocyte-derived, and tissue-derived iLCs from RRP patients and controls were now studied to more fully understand innate immune dysregulation in RRP. Patients' monocytes generated fewer iLCs than controls, due to a reduced fraction of classical monocytes that generated most but not all the iLCs. Prostaglandin E2, which was elevated in RRP plasma, reduced monocyte-iLC differentiation from controls to the levels of RRP patients, but had no effect on subsequent iLC maturation. Cytokine/chemokine responses by iLCs from papillomas, foreskin, and abdominal skin differed significantly. Freshly derived tissue iLCs expressed low CCL-1 and high CCL-20 mRNAs and were unresponsive to IL-36γ stimulation. Papilloma iLCs uniquely expressed IL-36γ at baseline and expressed CCL1 when cultured overnight outside their immunosuppressive microenvironment without additional stimulation. We conclude that monocyte/iLC innate immunity is impaired in RRP, in part due to increased PGE2 exposure in vivo. The immunosuppressive papilloma microenvironment likely alters iLC responses, and vice versa, supporting TH2-like/Treg HPV-specific adaptive immunity in RRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Israr
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - James A DeVoti
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Fung Lam
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Allan L Abramson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
| | - Bettie M Steinberg
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
| | - Vincent R Bonagura
- Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, Barbara and Donald Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
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8
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Abstract
The skin is the outermost organ of the body and is exposed to many kinds of external pathogens. To manage this, the skin contains multiple types of immune cells. To achieve sufficient induction of cutaneous adaptive immune responses, the antigen presentation/recognition in the skin is an essential process. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge of how T cells survey their cognate antigens in the skin. In addition, the formation of a lymphoid cluster, named inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT), has been reported during skin inflammation. Although iSALT may not be classified as a typical tertiary lymphoid organ, it provides specific antigen presentation sites in the skin. In this article, we provide an overview of the antigen presentation mechanism in the skin, with a focus on the development of iSALT and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyohei Egawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Seidel JA, Vukmanovic‐Stejic M, Muller‐Durovic B, Patel N, Fuentes‐Duculan J, Henson SM, Krueger JG, Rustin MHA, Nestle FO, Lacy KE, Akbar AN. Skin resident memory CD8 + T cells are phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating populations and lack immediate cytotoxic function. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 194:79-92. [PMID: 30030847 PMCID: PMC6156810 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The in-depth understanding of skin resident memory CD8+ T lymphocytes (TRM ) may help to uncover strategies for their manipulation during disease. We investigated isolated TRM from healthy human skin, which expressed the residence marker CD69, and compared them to circulating CD8+ T cell populations from the same donors. There were significantly increased proportions of CD8+ CD45RA- CD27- T cells in the skin that expressed low levels of killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1), CD57, perforin and granzyme B. The CD8+ TRM in skin were therefore phenotypically distinct from circulating CD8+ CD45RA- CD27- T cells that expressed high levels of all these molecules. Nevertheless, the activation of CD8+ TRM with T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 or interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15 in vitro induced the expression of granzyme B. Blocking signalling through the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD)-1 further boosted granzyme B expression. A unique feature of some CD8+ TRM cells was their ability to secrete high levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-2, a cytokine combination that was not seen frequently in circulating CD8+ T cells. The cutaneous CD8+ TRM are therefore diverse, and appear to be phenotypically and functionally distinct from circulating cells. Indeed, the surface receptors used to distinguish differentiation stages of blood T cells cannot be applied to T cells in the skin. Furthermore, the function of cutaneous TRM appears to be stringently controlled by environmental signals in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Seidel
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
| | | | - B. Muller‐Durovic
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - N. Patel
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
| | - J. Fuentes‐Duculan
- Laboratory for Investigative DermatologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - S. M. Henson
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
- Present address:
William Harvey Research Institute Queen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondon EC1M 6BQ
| | - J. G. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative DermatologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | | | - F. O. Nestle
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cutaneous Medicine and ImmunotherapySt John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - K. E. Lacy
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cutaneous Medicine and ImmunotherapySt John’s Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. N. Akbar
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonUK
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11
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Santos e Sousa P, Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Cutaneous Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:963. [PMID: 29770141 PMCID: PMC5940745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the most common target organ affected by graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), with severity and response to therapy representing important predictors of patient survival. Although many of the initiating events in GVHD pathogenesis have been defined, less is known about why treatment resistance occurs or why there is often a permanent failure to restore tissue homeostasis. Emerging data suggest that the unique immune microenvironment in the skin is responsible for defining location- and context-specific mechanisms of injury that are distinct from those involved in other target organs. In this review, we address recent advances in our understanding of GVHD biology in the skin and outline the new research themes that will ultimately enable design of precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Santos e Sousa
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L. Bennett
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Li WW, Guo TZ, Shi X, Birklein F, Schlereth T, Kingery WS, Clark JD. Neuropeptide regulation of adaptive immunity in the tibia fracture model of complex regional pain syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:105. [PMID: 29642930 PMCID: PMC5896028 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both dysfunctional neuropeptide signaling and immune system activation are characteristic of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Unknown is whether substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) support autoantibody production and, consequently, nociceptive sensitization. Methods These experiments involved the use of a well-characterized tibia fracture model of CRPS. Mice deficient in SP expression (Tac1−/−) and CGRP signaling (RAMP1−/−) were used to probe the neuropeptide dependence of post-fracture sensitization and antibody production. The deposition of IgM in the spinal cord, sciatic nerves, and skin was followed using Western blotting, as was expression of the CRPS-related autoantigen cytokeratin 16 (Krt16). Passive serum transfer to B-cell-deficient muMT mice was used to assess the production of functional autoantibodies in CRPS model mice. The use of immunohistochemistry allowed us to assess neuropeptide-containing fiber distribution and Langerhans cell abundance in mouse and human CRPS patient skin, while Langerhans cell-deficient mice were used to assess the functional contributions of these cells. Results Functional SP and CGRP signaling were required both for the full development of nociceptive sensitization after fracture and the deposition of IgM in skin and neural tissues. Furthermore, the passive transfer of serum from wildtype but not neuropeptide-deficient mice to fractured muMT mice caused enhanced allodynia and postural unweighting. Langerhans cells were increased in number in the skin of fracture mice and CRPS patients, and those increases in mice were reduced in neuropeptide signaling-deficient animals. Unexpectedly, Langerhans cell-deficient mice showed normal nociceptive sensitization after fracture. However, the increased expression of Krt16 after tibia fracture was not seen in neuropeptide-deficient mice. Conclusions Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that neuropeptide signaling in the fracture limb of mice is required for autoantigenic IgM production and nociceptive sensitization. The mechanism may be related to neuropeptide-supported autoantigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wu Li
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tian-Zhi Guo
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyou Shi
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frank Birklein
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schlereth
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Neurology, DKD Helios Klinik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Wade S Kingery
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J David Clark
- Anesthesiology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Santos e Sousa P, Ciré S, Conlan T, Jardine L, Tkacz C, Ferrer IR, Lomas C, Ward S, West H, Dertschnig S, Blobner S, Means TK, Henderson S, Kaplan DH, Collin M, Plagnol V, Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Peripheral tissues reprogram CD8+ T cells for pathogenicity during graft-versus-host disease. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97011. [PMID: 29515032 PMCID: PMC5922296 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation induced by the influx of donor-derived effector T cells (TE) into peripheral tissues. Current treatment strategies rely on targeting systemic T cells; however, the precise location and nature of instructions that program TE to become pathogenic and trigger injury are unknown. We therefore used weighted gene coexpression network analysis to construct an unbiased spatial map of TE differentiation during the evolution of GVHD and identified wide variation in effector programs in mice and humans according to location. Idiosyncrasy of effector programming in affected organs did not result from variation in T cell receptor repertoire or the selection of optimally activated TE. Instead, TE were reprogrammed by tissue-autonomous mechanisms in target organs for site-specific proinflammatory functions that were highly divergent from those primed in lymph nodes. In the skin, we combined the correlation-based network with a module-based differential expression analysis and showed that Langerhans cells provided in situ instructions for a Notch-dependent T cell gene cluster critical for triggering local injury. Thus, the principal determinant of TE pathogenicity in GVHD is the final destination, highlighting the need for target organ-specific approaches to block immunopathology while avoiding global immune suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Reprogramming/genetics
- Cellular Reprogramming/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Humans
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Male
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transplantation Chimera
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Santos e Sousa
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Séverine Ciré
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Thomas Conlan
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Laura Jardine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Ivana R. Ferrer
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Cara Lomas
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Sophie Ward
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Heather West
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Simone Dertschnig
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Sven Blobner
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Terry K. Means
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Clare L. Bennett
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
| | - Ronjon Chakraverty
- Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute and Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, London, United Kingdom (UK)
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14
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West HC, Bennett CL. Redefining the Role of Langerhans Cells As Immune Regulators within the Skin. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1941. [PMID: 29379502 PMCID: PMC5770803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin, but which have the ability to migrate from the epidermis to draining lymph nodes (LN). Their location at the skin barrier suggests a key role as immune sentinels. However, despite decades of research, the role of LC in skin immunity is unclear; ablation of LC results in neither fatal susceptibility to skin infection nor overt autoimmunity due to lack of immune regulation. Our understanding of immune processes has traditionally been centered on secondary lymphoid organs as sites of lymphocyte priming and differentiation, which is exemplified by LC, initially defined as a paradigm for tissue dendritic cells that migrate to draining LN on maturation. But, more recently, an awareness of the importance of the tissue environment in shaping effector immunity has emerged. In this mini-review, we discuss whether our lack of understanding of LC function stems from our lymph node-centric view of these cells, and question whether a focus on LC as immune regulators in situ in the skin may reveal clearer answers about their function in cutaneous immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. West
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L. Bennett
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Chakraborty R, Chandra J, Cui S, Tolley L, Cooper MA, Kendall M, Frazer IH. CD
8
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lineage dendritic cells determine adaptive immune responses to inflammasome activation upon sterile skin injury. Exp Dermatol 2017; 27:71-79. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janin Chandra
- Diamantina Institute University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Shuai Cui
- Diamantina Institute University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Lynn Tolley
- Diamantina Institute University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Mark Kendall
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2) Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Diamantina Institute University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
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16
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Ontogeny and function of murine epidermal Langerhans cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1068-1075. [PMID: 28926543 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermis-resident antigen-presenting cells that share a common ontogeny with macrophages but function as dendritic cells (DCs). Their development, recruitment and retention in the epidermis is orchestrated by interactions with keratinocytes through multiple mechanisms. LC and dermal DC subsets often show functional redundancy, but LCs are required for specific types of adaptive immune responses when antigen is concentrated in the epidermis. This Review will focus on those developmental and functional properties that are unique to LCs.
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17
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van den Hout MFCM, Koster BD, Sluijter BJR, Molenkamp BG, van de Ven R, van den Eertwegh AJM, Scheper RJ, van Leeuwen PAM, van den Tol MP, de Gruijl TD. Melanoma Sequentially Suppresses Different DC Subsets in the Sentinel Lymph Node, Affecting Disease Spread and Recurrence. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:969-977. [PMID: 28935649 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma exerts immune-suppressive effects to facilitate tumor progression and metastatic spread. We studied these effects on dendritic cell (DC) and T-cell subsets in 36 melanoma sentinel lymph node (SLN) from 28 stage I-III melanoma patients and determined their clinical significance. Four conventional DC subsets, plasmacytoid DCs, and CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), were analyzed by flow cytometry. We correlated these data to clinical parameters and determined their effect on local and distant melanoma recurrence, with a median follow-up of 75 months. In stage I and II melanoma, increased Breslow thickness (i.e., invasion depth of the primary melanoma) was associated with progressive suppression of skin-derived migratory CD1a+ DC subsets. In contrast, LN-resident DC subsets and T cells were only affected once metastasis to the SLN had occurred. In stage III patients, increased CD4:CD8 ratios in concert with the accumulation of Tregs resulted in decreased CD8:Treg ratios. On follow-up, lower frequencies of migratory DC subsets proved related to local melanoma recurrence, whereas reduced maturation of LN-resident DC subsets was associated with distant recurrence and melanoma-specific survival. In conclusion, melanoma-mediated suppression of migratory DC subsets in the SLN precedes local spread, whereas suppression of LN-resident DC subsets follows regional spread and precedes further melanoma dissemination to distant sites. This study offers a rationale to target migratory as well as LN-resident DC subsets for early immunotherapeutic interventions to prevent melanoma recurrence and spread. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(11); 969-77. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari F C M van den Hout
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas D Koster
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berbel J R Sluijter
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara G Molenkamp
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M van den Eertwegh
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul A M van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Petrousjka van den Tol
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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18
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Abstract
The maintenance of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) involves manifold pathways of ontogeny and homeostasis that have been the subject of intense study in recent years. The concept of a peripheral mononuclear phagocyte system continually renewed by blood-borne monocytes has been modified to include specialized DC pathways of development that do not involve monocytes, and longevity through self-renewal of tissue macrophages. The study of development remains difficult owing to the plasticity of phenotypes and misconceptions about the fundamental structure of hematopoiesis. However, greater clarity has been achieved in distinguishing inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs from DCs arising in the steady state, and new concepts of conjoined lymphomyeloid hematopoiesis more easily accommodate the shared lymphoid and myeloid phenotypes of some DCs. Cross-species comparisons have also yielded coherent systems of nomenclature for all mammalian monocytes, macrophages, and DCs. Finally, the clear relationships between ontogeny and functional specialization offer information about the regulation of immune responses and provide new tools for the therapeutic manipulation of myeloid mononuclear cells in medicine.
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Michonneau D, Sagoo P, Breart B, Garcia Z, Celli S, Bousso P. The PD-1 Axis Enforces an Anatomical Segregation of CTL Activity that Creates Tumor Niches after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Immunity 2016; 44:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Tolerance induction via mixed chimerism in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2015; 20:602-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) 6 and 11 are part of a large family of small DNA viruses, some of which are commensal. Although much of the population can contain or clear infection with these viruses, there is a subset of individuals who develop persistent infection that can cause significant morbidity and on occasion mortality. Depending on the site of infection, patients chronically infected with these viruses develop either recurrent, and on occasion, severe genital warts or recurrent respiratory papillomas that can obstruct the upper airway. The HPV-induced diseases described are likely the result of a complex and localized immune suppressive milieu that is characteristic of patients with persistent HPV infection. We review data that documents impaired Langerhans cell responses and maturation, describes the polarized adaptive T-cell immune responses made to these viruses, and the expression of class select II MHC and KIR genes that associate with severe HPV6 and 11 induced disease. Finally, we review evidence that documents the polarization of functional TH2 and T-regulatory T-cells in tissues persistently infected with HPV6 and 11, and we review evidence that there is suppression of natural killer cell function. Together, these altered innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to the cellular and humoral microenvironment that supports HPV 6 and 11-induced disease.
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Mirshafiey A, Simhag A, El Rouby NMM, Azizi G. T-helper 22 cells as a new player in chronic inflammatory skin disorders. Int J Dermatol 2015; 54:880-8. [PMID: 26183243 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 22 (Th22) cell is a new subset of CD4+ T cells that secrets interleukin (IL)-22 but not IL-17 or interferon-γ. Th22 is distinct from Th17 and other known CD4+ T-cell subsets with distinguished gene expression and function. Th22 subsets have chemokine receptors CCR6+ CCR4+ CCR10+ phenotype and aryl hydrocarbon receptor as the key transcription factor. This T-helper subset, by producing cytokines such as IL-22, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor-α, is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorder. This review discusses the role of Th22 and its cytokine IL-22 in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anita Simhag
- Karolinska Institutet Science Park AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Reynolds G, Haniffa M. Human and Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte Networks: A Tale of Two Species? Front Immunol 2015; 6:330. [PMID: 26124761 PMCID: PMC4479794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are a heterogeneous population of mononuclear phagocytes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation to initiate and regulate immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, tumor, and tolerance to self. In addition to their afferent sentinel function, DCs and macrophages are also critical as effectors and coordinators of inflammation and homeostasis in peripheral tissues. Harnessing DCs and macrophages for therapeutic purposes has major implications for infectious disease, vaccination, transplantation, tolerance induction, inflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. There has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the developmental origin and function of the cellular constituents of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Significant progress has been made in tandem in both human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology. This progress has been accelerated by comparative biology analysis between mouse and human, which has proved to be an exceptionally fruitful strategy to harmonize findings across species. Such analyses have provided unexpected insights and facilitated productive reciprocal and iterative processes to inform our understanding of human and mouse mononuclear phagocytes. In this review, we discuss the strategies, power, and utility of comparative biology approaches to integrate recent advances in human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology and its potential to drive forward clinical translation of this knowledge. We also present a functional framework on the parallel organization of human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Reynolds
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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24
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Abstract
It is well accepted that T cell responses are integral in providing protection during pathogenic infections. In numerous tissues, T cell responses are generated to combat infection. Typically, these T cell responses are primed in draining lymph nodes (LN) by dendritic cells (DC) that have migrated from the infected tissue. Previously, it was thought that after the initial encounter between DC and T cells in the LN, the T cells underwent a programmed response. However, it has become increasingly clear that direct interactions between DCs and T cells in infected, peripheral tissues can modulate the activation, effector function, tissue residence, and memory responses of these T cells. This review will highlight the contribution of local, direct DC: T cell interactions to the regulation of T cell responses in various tissues during inflammation and infection .
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25
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Collin M, Jardine L. A question of persistence: Langerhans cells and graft-versus-host disease. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:234-5. [PMID: 24443966 PMCID: PMC4150527 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) have been scrutinized many times in studies of the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). As migratory dendritic cells, LCs are capable of direct antigen presentation to cytotoxic T cells. Their self-renewal capacity has led to speculation that persistent recipient LCs could provide a continuous source of host antigen to donor T cells infused during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this issue of Experimental Dermatology, a new study examines at the relationship between recipient LCs and chronic GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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26
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Langerhans cell homeostasis and turnover after nonmyeloablative and myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transplantation 2014; 98:563-8. [PMID: 24717220 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Langerhans cells (LCs) are self-renewing epidermal myeloid cells that can migrate and mature into dendritic cells. Recipient LCs that survive cytotoxic therapy given in preparation for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation may prime donor T cells to mediate cutaneous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This possible association, however, has not been investigated in the setting of nonmyeloablative allografting. METHODS We prospectively studied the kinetics of LC-chimerism after sex-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative (n=23) or myeloablative (n=25) conditioning. Combined XY-FISH and Langerin-staining was used to assess donor LC-chimerism in skin biopsies obtained on days 28, 56, and 84 after transplant. The degree of donor LC-chimerism was correlated with the development of skin GVHD. RESULTS We observed significantly delayed donor LC-engraftment after nonmyeloablative transplantation compared with other hematopoietic compartments and compared with LC-engraftment after myeloablative conditioning. In most recipients of nonmyeloablative transplants, recipient LCs proliferated in situ, recruitment of donor-LCs was delayed by two months, and full donor LC-chimerism was only reached by day 84 after transplant. Although persistence of host LCs on day-28 after transplant was not predictive for acute or chronic skin GVHD, the recruitment of donor-derived LCs was associated with nonspecific inflammatory infiltrates (P=0.009). CONCLUSIONS These results show that LCs can self-renew locally but are replaced by circulating precursors even after minimally toxic nonmyeloablative transplant conditioning. Cutaneous inflammation accompanies donor LC-engraftment, but differences in LC conversion-kinetics do not predict clinical or histopathological GVHD.
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27
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Summerfield A, Meurens F, Ricklin ME. The immunology of the porcine skin and its value as a model for human skin. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:14-21. [PMID: 25466611 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The porcine skin has striking similarities to the human skin in terms of general structure, thickness, hair follicle content, pigmentation, collagen and lipid composition. This has been the basis for numerous studies using the pig as a model for wound healing, transdermal delivery, dermal toxicology, radiation and UVB effects. Considering that the skin also represents an immune organ of utmost importance for health, immune cells present in the skin of the pig will be reviewed. The focus of this review is on dendritic cells, which play a central role in the skin immune system as they serve as sentinels in the skin, which offers a large surface area exposed to the environment. Based on a literature review and original data we propose a classification of porcine dendritic cell subsets in the skin corresponding to the subsets described in the human skin. The equivalent of the human CD141(+) DC subset is CD1a(-)CD4(-)CD172a(-)CADM1(high), that of the CD1c(+) subset is CD1a(+)CD4(-)CD172a(+)CADM1(+/low), and porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells are CD1a(-)CD4(+)CD172a(+)CADM1(-). CD209 and CD14 could represent markers of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells, either dendritic cells or macrophages. Future studies for example using transriptomic analysis of sorted populations are required to confirm the identity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | - François Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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28
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Levin C, Perrin H, Combadiere B. Tailored immunity by skin antigen-presenting cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 11:27-36. [PMID: 25483512 PMCID: PMC4514408 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin vaccination aims at targeting epidermal and dermal antigen-presenting cells (APCs), indeed many subsets of different origin endowed with various functions populate the skin. The idea that the skin could represent a particularly potent site to induce adaptive and protective immune response emerged after the success of vaccinia virus vaccination by skin scarification. Recent advances have shown that multiple subsets of APCs coexist in the skin and participate in immunity to infectious diseases. Induction of an adaptive immune response depends on the initial recognition and capture of antigens by skin APCs and their transport to lymphoid organs. Innovative strategies of vaccination have thus been developed to target skin APCs for tailored immunity, hence this review will discuss recent insights into skin APC subsets characterization and how they can shape adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Levin
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC University Paris 06; UMR S CR7; Centre d’Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses; Paris, France
- INSERM U1135; Paris, France
| | - Helene Perrin
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC University Paris 06; UMR S CR7; Centre d’Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses; Paris, France
- INSERM U1135; Paris, France
| | - Behazine Combadiere
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC University Paris 06; UMR S CR7; Centre d’Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses; Paris, France
- INSERM U1135; Paris, France
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29
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DeVoti J, Hatam L, Lucs A, Afzal A, Abramson A, Steinberg B, Bonagura V. Decreased Langerhans cell responses to IL-36γ: altered innate immunity in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Mol Med 2014; 20:372-80. [PMID: 24950037 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare, chronic disease caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) types 6 and 11 that is characterized by the polarization of adaptive immune responses that support persistent HPV infection. Respiratory papillomas express elevated mRNA levels of IL-36γ, a proinflammatory cytokine in comparison to autologous clinically normal laryngeal tissues; however there is no evidence of inflammation in these lesions. Consistent with this, respiratory papillomas do not contain TH1-like CD4(+) T-cells or cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cells, but instead contain a predominance of TH2-like and T regulatory cells (Tregs). In addition, papillomas also are infiltrated with immature Langerhans cells (iLCs). In this study, we show that papilloma cells express IL-36γ protein, and that human keratinocytes transduced with HPV11 have reduced IL-36γ secretion. We now provide the first evidence that peripheral blood-derived iLCs respond to IL-36γ by expressing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. When stimulated with IL-36γ, iLCs from patients with RRP had lower expression levels of the TH2-like chemokine CCL-20 as compared with controls. Patients' iLCs also had decreased steady state levels of CCL-1, which is a proinflammatory chemokine. Moreover, CCL-1 levels in iLCs inversely correlated with the severity of RRP. The combined decrease of TH1- and a TH2-like chemokines by iLCs from patients could have consequences in the priming of IFN-γ expression by CD8(+) T-cells. Taken together, our results suggest that, in RRP, there is a defect in the proinflammatory innate immune responses made by iLCs in response to IL-36γ. The consequence of this defect may lead to persistent HPV infection by failing to support an effective HPV-specific, TH1-like and/or Tc1-like adaptive response, thus resulting in the predominant TH2-like and/or Treg micromilieu present in papillomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- James DeVoti
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Lynda Hatam
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Lucs
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Department of Otolaryngology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Ali Afzal
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Allan Abramson
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Department of Otolaryngology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Bettie Steinberg
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Department of Otolaryngology, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent Bonagura
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, New York, United States of America Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, United States of America
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30
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Andani R, Robertson I, Macdonald KPA, Durrant S, Hill GR, Khosrotehrani K. Origin of Langerhans cells in normal skin and chronic GVHD after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:75-7. [PMID: 24313654 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a common complication following allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT). Past studies have implicated the persistence of host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in GVHD. Our objective was to determine the frequency of host Langerhans cells (LCs) in normal skin post-SCT and ask if their persistence could predict cGVHD. Biopsies of normal skin from 124 sex-mismatched T-cell-replete allogenic SCT recipients were taken 100 days post-transplant. Patients with acute GVHD and those with <9 months of follow-up were excluded and prospective follow-up information was collected from remaining 22 patients. CD1a staining and X and Y chromosome in-situ hybridization were performed to label LCs and to identify their host or donor origin. At 3 months, 59 ± 5% of LCs were host derived. The density of LCs and the proportion of host-derived LCs were similar between patients that did or did not develop cGVHD. Most LCs in the skin remained of host origin 3 months after SCT regardless of cGVHD status. This finding is in line with the redundant role of LCs in acute GVHD initiation uncovered in recent experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiq Andani
- Experimental Dermatology Laboratory, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Elnekave M, Furmanov K, Shaul Y, Capucha T, Eli-Berchoer L, Zelentsova K, Clausen BE, Hovav AH. Second-generation Langerhans cells originating from epidermal precursors are essential for CD8+ T cell priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1395-403. [PMID: 24420922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In vivo studies questioned the ability of Langerhans cells (LCs) to mediate CD8(+) T cell priming. To address this issue, we used intradermal immunization with plasmid DNA, a system in which activation of CD8(+) T cells depends on delayed kinetics of Ag presentation. We found that dendritic cells (DCs) located in the skin at the time of immunization have limited ability to activate CD8(+) T cells. This activity was mediated by a second generation of DCs that differentiated in the skin several days after immunization, as well as by lymph node-resident DCs. Intriguingly, CD8(+) T cell responses were not affected following treatment with clodronate liposomes, immunization of CCR2(-/-) mice, or local neutralization of CCL20. This suggests that local, rather than blood-derived, DC precursors mediate CD8(+) T cell priming. Analysis of DC differentiation in the immunized skin revealed a gradual increase in the number of CD11c(+) cells, which reached their maximum 2 wk after immunization. A similar differentiation kinetics was observed for LCs, with the majority of differentiating LCs proliferating in situ from epidermal precursors. By using B6/Langerin-diphtheria toxin receptor chimeric mice and LC ablation, we demonstrated that epidermal LCs were crucial for the elicitation of CD8(+) T cell responses in vivo. Furthermore, LCs isolated from lymph nodes 2 wk after immunization contained the immunization plasmid and directly activated Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells ex vivo. Thus, these results indicate that second-generation Ag-expressing LCs differentiating from epidermal precursors directly prime CD8(+) T cells and are essential for optimal cellular immune responses following immunization with plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Elnekave
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident dendritic cells (DC) located in the epidermis that migrate to skin-draining lymph nodes during the steady state and in response to inflammatory stimuli. TGF-β1 is a critical immune regulator that is highly expressed by LCs. The ability to test the functional importance of LC-derived TGF-β1 is complicated by the requirement of TGF-β1 for LC development and by the absence of LCs in mice with an LC-specific ablation of TGF-β1 or its receptor. To overcome these problems, we have engineered transgenic huLangerin-CreER(T2) mice that allow for inducible LC-specific excision. Highly efficient and LC-specific expression was confirmed in mice bred onto a YFP Cre reporter strain. We next generated huLangerin-CreER(T2) × TGF-βRII(fl) and huLangerin-CreER(T2) × TGF-β1(fl) mice. Excision of the TGFβRII or TGFβ1 genes induced mass migration of LCs to the regional lymph node. Expression of costimulatory markers and inflammatory cytokines was unaffected, consistent with homeostatic migration. In addition, levels of p-SMAD2/3 were decreased in LCs from wild-type mice before inflammation-induced migration. We conclude that TGF-β1 acts directly on LCs in an autocrine/paracrine manner to inhibit steady-state and inflammation-induced migration. This is a readily targetable pathway with potential therapeutic implications for skin disease.
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Di Meglio P, Perera GK, Nestle FO. The multitasking organ: recent insights into skin immune function. Immunity 2012; 35:857-69. [PMID: 22195743 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skin provides the first line defense of the human body against injury and infection. By integrating recent findings in cutaneous immunology with fundamental concepts of skin biology, we portray the skin as a multitasking organ ensuring body homeostasis. Crosstalk between the skin and its microbial environment is also highlighted as influencing the response to injury, infection, and autoimmunity. The importance of the skin immune network is emphasized by the identification of several skin-resident cell subsets, each with its unique functions. Lessons learned from targeted therapy in inflammatory skin conditions, such as psoriasis, provide further insights into skin immune function. Finally, we look at the skin as an interacting network of immune signaling pathways exemplified by the development of a disease interactome for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Meglio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London & National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center, Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Bennett CL, Chakraverty R. Dendritic cells in tissues: in situ stimulation of immunity and immunopathology. Trends Immunol 2011; 33:8-13. [PMID: 22030236 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) prime and orchestrate naïve T cell immunity in lymphoid organs, but recent data also highlight the importance of DC-effector T cell interactions in tissues. These studies suggest that effector T cells require a second activating step in situ from tissue DCs to become fully competent for effector functions and/or proliferation and survival. DC stimulation of effector T cells within tissues has evolved as a mechanism to ensure that T cells are activated to their full potential only at the site of ongoing infection. Here, we propose that under conditions of uncontrolled inflammation and release of tissue antigens, the same DC-dependent checkpoint perpetuates a destructive response and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Bennett
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer Studies, UCL Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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