1
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Lu J, Cen Z, Tang Q, Dong J, Qin L, Wu W. The absence of B cells disrupts splenic and myocardial Treg homeostasis in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:1-11. [PMID: 35262174 PMCID: PMC9113299 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although B cells are essential for humoral immunity and show noteworthy immunomodulatory activity through antibody-independent functions, the role of B cells in regulating Treg cell responses remains controversial. Tregs (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) are considered to play an immunoprotective role in viral myocarditis (VMC) by controlling autoimmune effector T cells. Here, we proved that B-cell knockout can not only lead to significant reductions in Tregs in the spleen, blood, and heart of VMC mice but also decrease the activation and immune function of splenic Tregs, which was reversed by adoptive transfer of B cells; the transcription levels of TGF-β and Foxp3 in the myocardium were also significantly reduced. B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 impaired the anti-inflammatory function of splenic Tregs and the homeostasis of myocardial Tregs population. Moreover, B cells can convert CD4+CD25- T cells into Foxp3+ and Foxp3-, two functionally suppressive Treg subgroups. Although the reduction in myocardial inflammation in BKO mice indicates that B cells may play a proinflammatory role, the beneficial side of B cells cannot be ignored, that is, to control autoimmunity by maintaining Treg numbers. The results observed in the animal model of VMC highlight the potential harm of rituximab in the nonselective depletion of B cells in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Cen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Quan Tang
- Coronary Care Unit, Nanning First People”s Hospital. Qixing Road 89, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- Department of nuclear medicine, Liuzhou People’s Hospital, Wenchang Road 8, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Lin Qin
- Coronary Care Unit, Nanning First People”s Hospital. Qixing Road 89, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
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2
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Tofighi Zavareh F, Mirshafiey A, Yazdani R, Keshtkar AA, Abolhassani H, Mahdaviani SA, Habibi S, Sohani M, Rezaei N, Aghamohammadi A. Immunophenotypic and functional analysis of lymphocyte subsets in common variable immunodeficiency patients without monogenic defects. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13164. [PMID: 35305035 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is accompanied by various lymphocyte abnormalities believed to be mostly responsible for disease features in patients with no diagnosed monogenic defects. Here, we evaluated the association of B and T lymphocyte abnormalities with the incidence of CVID. Twenty-six genetically unsolved CVID patients were examined for B and T lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry and CD4+ T cell proliferation by Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) test. We detected a reduction in total, naive, memory B cells and plasmablasts, and also total, naive, central memory and regulatory CD4+ T cells, besides naive CD8+ T cells. There were an increase in CD21low and transitional B cells, effector memory (EM) and terminally differentiated effector memory (TEMRA ) CD4+ T cell subsets as well as total, EM, TEMRA , activated and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells among non-monogenic CVID patients. CD4+ T cells proliferation response was reduced regarding both division index and percent divided. In conclusion, regarding the similarity of lymphocyte abnormalities between patients without genetic defects and those with monogenic defects, genetic mutations are not responsible for these specific lymphocyte changes. However, the novel correlations observed between lymphocyte alterations among genetically unsolved CVID patients may serve as a guide to predict the potential of future CVID development for hypogammaglobulinemia children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Tofighi Zavareh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Abbas Ali Keshtkar
- Department of Health Sciences Education Development, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Centre, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Habibi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sohani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
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4
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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The Potential of IgG to Induce Murine and Human Thymic Maturation of IL-10+ B Cells (B10) Revealed in a Pilot Study. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102239. [PMID: 33027887 PMCID: PMC7600151 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B (B10) cells can control several inflammatory diseases, including allergies; however, the origin of peripheral B10 cells is not fully understood, and the involvement of primary lymphoid organs (PLOs) as a primary site of maturation is not known. Here, using a murine model of allergy inhibition mediated by maternal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA), we aimed to evaluate whether B10 cells can mature in the thymus and whether IgG can mediate this process. Female mice were immunized with OVA, and offspring thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lung, and serum samples were evaluated at different times and after passive transfer of purified IgG or thymocytes. A translational approach was implemented using human nonatopic thymus samples, nonatopic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and IgG from atopic or nonatopic individuals. Based on the expression of CD1d on B cells during maturation stages, we suggest that B10 cells can also mature in the murine thymus. Murine thymic B10 cells can be induced in vitro and in vivo by IgG and be detected in the spleen and lungs in response to an allergen challenge. Like IgG from atopic individuals, human IgG from nonatopic individuals can induce B10 cells in the infant thymus and adult PBMCs. Our observations suggest that B10 cells may mature in the thymus and that this mechanism may be mediated by IgG in both humans and mice. These observations may support the future development of IgG-based immunoregulatory therapeutic strategies.
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6
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Manion KP, Baglaenko Y, Chang NH, Talaei N, Wither JE. Impaired B cell anergy is not sufficient to breach tolerance to nuclear antigen in Vκ8/3H9 lupus-prone mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236664. [PMID: 32722684 PMCID: PMC7386585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease in which immune tolerance defects drive production of pathogenic anti-nuclear autoantibodies. Anergic B cells are considered a potential source of these autoantibodies due to their autoreactivity and overrepresentation in SLE patients. Studies of lupus-prone mice have shown that genetic defects mediating autoimmunity can breach B cell anergy, but how this breach occurs with regards to endogenous nuclear antigen remains unclear. We investigated whether B and T cell defects in congenic mice (c1) derived from the lupus-prone New Zealand Black strain can breach tolerance to nuclear self-antigen in the presence of knock-in genes (Vκ8/3H9; dKI) that generate a ssDNA-reactive, anergic B cell population. Methods Flow cytometry was used to assess splenic B and T cells from 8-month-old c1 dKI mice and serum autoantibodies were measured by ELISA. dKI B cells stimulated in vitro with anti-IgM were assessed for proliferation and activation by examining CFSE decay and CD86. Cytokine-producing T cells were identified by flow cytometry following culture of dKI splenocytes with PMA and ionomycin. dKI B cells from 6-8-week-old mice were adoptively transferred into 4-month-old wild type recipients and assessed after 7 days via flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Results c1 dKI mice exhibited B cell proliferation indicative of impaired anergy, but had attenuated autoantibodies and germinal centres compared to wild type littermates. This attenuation appeared to stem from a decrease in PD-1hi T helper cells in the dKI strains, as c1 dKI B cells were recruited to germinal centres when adoptively transferred into c1 wild type mice. Conclusion Anergic, DNA-specific autoreactive B cells only seem to drive profound autoimmunity in the presence of concomitant defects in the T cell subsets that support high-affinity plasma cell production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P. Manion
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuriy Baglaenko
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nan-Hua Chang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Talaei
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan E. Wither
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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7
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Horwitz DA, Fahmy TM, Piccirillo CA, La Cava A. Rebalancing Immune Homeostasis to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:888-908. [PMID: 31601519 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During homeostasis, interactions between tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), self-reactive T cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) contribute to maintaining mammalian immune tolerance. In response to infection, immunogenic DCs promote the generation of proinflammatory effector T cell subsets. When complex homeostatic mechanisms maintaining the balance between regulatory and effector functions become impaired, autoimmune diseases can develop. We discuss some of the newest advances on the mechanisms of physiopathologic homeostasis that can be employed to develop strategies to restore a dysregulated immune equilibrium. Some of these designs are based on selectively activating regulators of immunity and inflammation instead of broadly suppressing these processes. Promising approaches include the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to restore Treg control over self-reactive cells, aiming to achieve long-term disease remission, and potentially to prevent autoimmunity in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Horwitz
- General Nanotherapeutics, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, USA; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Program in Infectious Disease and Immunity in Global Health, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Getahun A, Cambier JC. Non-Antibody-Secreting Functions of B Cells and Their Contribution to Autoimmune Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:337-356. [PMID: 30883216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
B cells play multiple important roles in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disease. Beyond producing pathogenic autoantibodies, B cells can act as antigen-presenting cells and producers of cytokines, including both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here we review our current understanding of the non-antibody-secreting roles that B cells may play during development of autoimmunity, as learned primarily from reductionist preclinical models. Attention is also given to concepts emerging from clinical studies using B cell depletion therapy, which shed light on the roles of these mechanisms in human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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9
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da Silva JMC, Azevedo ADN, Barbosa RPDS, Teixeira MP, Vianna TAG, Fittipaldi J, Cabral VR, Paiva LSD. Ouabain Decreases Regulatory T Cell Number in Mice by Reducing IL-2 Secretion. Neuroimmunomodulation 2019; 26:188-197. [PMID: 31412342 DOI: 10.1159/000501720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ouabain (OUA) is a cardiotonic glycoside originally extracted from African plants. It has also been described as an endogenous component in mammals, being released in stress situations mainly by the adrenal gland. OUA has been reported to be capable of inhibiting mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and also affects B and T lymphocytes. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to show the effects of OUA in peripheral T lymphocytes. METHODS In the in vivo experiments, mice were injected intraperitoneally for 3 consecutive days with RPMI medium (control group) or 0.56 mg/kg of OUA diluted in RPMI medium (OUA group). On the fourth day, spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes were removed. RESULTS OUA significantly reduced the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the spleen, especially regulatory T cells (Tregs). In vitro OUA did not inhibit the proliferation of CD4+T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 neither was able to induce the apoptosis of CD4+ nor Tregs. There was no increase in the number or percentage of T lymphocytes in the mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting that there was no preferential accumulation of these cells in this organ. Secretion of IL-2 by activated T lymphocytes was decreased by the OUA, explaining at least in part the reduction of Tregs, since this cytokine is involved in the peripheral conversion and maintenance of Tregs. CONCLUSION The impact of this reduction in autoimmune diseases, allergy and cancer as well as the potential use of OUA as a therapeutic approach in tumor treatment still needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyle Moreira Carvalho da Silva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Augusto das Neves Azevedo
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Pires Teixeira
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Fittipaldi
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Ribeiro Cabral
- Faculdade de Educação, Departamento de Fundamentos Pedagógicos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Luciana Souza de Paiva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil,
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10
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de Oliveira MG, Lira AADL, Sgnotto FDR, Inoue AHS, Beltrame GR, da Silva D, Menghini RP, Duarte AJDS, Victor JR. Maternal immunization downregulates offspring TCD4 regulatory cells (Tregs) thymic maturation without implications for allergy inhibition. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12721. [PMID: 30403024 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of offspring allergy development mediated by maternal immunization was evidenced by several groups, and this mechanism seems to involve the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on offspring. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether the effect of maternal immunization on offspring Tregs occurs as a result of peripheral or central modulation. Briefly, C57BL/6 female mice were immunized with OVA in Alum or Alum alone and boosted with OVA in saline or saline only after 10 and 20 days. Non-immunized offspring serum, thymus and spleen were evaluated at 3 or 20 days old, and some groups of pups were submitted to neonatal OVA-immunization protocol for the subsequent evaluation of antibody production and allergic response. Our experimental protocol could be validated because maternal OVA-immunization inhibited offspring allergic response as evidenced by the suppression of offspring IgE production and allergic lung inflammation. Interestingly, maternal immunization reduced the frequency of offspring thymic Tregs with an opposite effect on spleen Tregs. Furthermore, after neonatal immunization, the frequency of lung-infiltrated Tregs was also augmented on offspring from immunized mothers. In conclusion, maternal OVA-immunization can inhibit the thymic maturation of offspring Tregs without implications on peripheral Tregs induction and allergy inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Garcia de Oliveira
- Division of Dermatology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida de Lima Lira
- Division of Dermatology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Harumi Sabô Inoue
- Division of Dermatology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Rossi Beltrame
- Division of Dermatology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora da Silva
- Division of Environmental Health, FMU, Laureate International Universities, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Division of Dermatology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Pathology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Russo Victor
- Division of Dermatology, Laboratory of Medical Investigation LIM 56, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Environmental Health, FMU, Laureate International Universities, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Oncogene-specific T cells fail to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells in mice. Blood 2018; 132:924-934. [PMID: 30002144 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-834036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, little is known about the interaction between (pre-)malignant B cells and T cells. We generated transgenic mice that allow B cell-specific induction of the oncogene SV40 large T-antigen (TAg) to analyze the role of oncogene-specific T cells during sporadic B-cell lymphoma development. Constitutive TAg expression in CD19-Cre × LoxP-Tag mice resulted in TAg-tolerant CD8+ T cells and development of B-cell lymphomas. In contrast, CD19-CreERT2 × LoxP-Tag mice retained TAg-competent CD8+ T cells at time of oncogene induction and TAg expression in few B cells of adult mice resulted in exceptionally rare lymphoma formation late in life. Increased lymphoma incidence in the absence of TAg-specific T cells suggested T cell-mediated inhibition of lymphoma progression. However, TAg-initiated B cells were not eliminated by T cells and detected long term. Our results demonstrate a failure of the immune system to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells, retaining the risk of lymphoma development.
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12
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Chien CH, Yu HC, Chen SY, Chiang BL. Characterization of c-Maf +Foxp3 - Regulatory T Cells Induced by Repeated Stimulation of Antigen-Presenting B Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46348. [PMID: 28402334 PMCID: PMC5389357 DOI: 10.1038/srep46348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells in the development of CD4+ regulatory T cells has been emphasized recently. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the antigen-presenting splenic B cells converted naïve CD4+CD25− T cells into CD4+CD25+Foxp3− T cells without additional cytokines or chemicals with regulatory activity and that referred to as Treg-of-B cells. The present study further showed that Treg-of-B cells increased the IL-10-producing population, and the expression of c-Maf, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) as well as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) after repeated stimulation of B cells in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Long-term cultured Treg-of-B cells exerted IL-10 and CTLA4-mediated antigen-specific suppressive activity; moreover, the single antigen-specific Treg-of-B cells inhibited in a non-antigen-specific fashion. In conclusion, these results suggest that repeated stimulation of B cells induced IL-10-producing CD4+Foxp3− regulatory T cells in a contact-dependent manner and these Treg-of-B cells possess IL-10 and CTLA4-dependent suppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hui-Chieh Yu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Szu-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, 10048, Taiwan R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan R.O.C
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13
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Local Delivery of the Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ligand CpG Downregulates Host Immune and Inflammatory Responses, Ameliorating Established Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis Chronic Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00981-16. [PMID: 28052994 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00981-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, the predominant etiologic agent for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia, is characterized by a chronic mixed inflammatory response. Current treatment options are plagued by toxicity, lengthy treatment regimens, and growing evidence of drug resistance. Immunotherapy, modulating the immune system to mount a protective response, may provide an alternate therapeutic approach. We investigated the ability of the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand CpG to modulate established disease in the L (V) panamensis mouse model. Treatment of established infection with a high dose (50 μg) of CpG ameliorated disease and lowered parasite burden. Interestingly, immediately after treatment there was a significant increase in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and concomitantly an increase in T regulatory cell (Treg) function. Although a general reduction in cell-mediated immune cytokine and chemokine (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], interleukin 10 [IL-10], IL-13, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], IL-4, and MIP-1α) responses of the treated mice was observed, certain chemokines (RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1[MCP-1], and IP-10) were increased. Further, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, CpG treatment similarly exhibited a dose-response effect on the production of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, and IL-13, with reductions observed at higher doses. To further understand the underlying mechanisms and cell populations driving the CpG mediated response, we examined the ex vivo dose effects mediated by the TLR9+ cell populations (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) found to accumulate labeled CpG in vivo Notably, B cells altered the production of IL-17, IL-13, and IFN-γ, supporting a role for B cells functioning as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and/or regulatory cells during infection. Interestingly, B cells have been previously demonstrated as a primary type of APC in patients infected with L (V) panamensis and thus may be useful targets of immunotherapy. Collectively, our results show that CpG-induced immune regulation leads to a dampening of the host immune response and healing in the mouse model, and it may provide an alternate approach to treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L (V) panamensis.
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Pan Z, Horton CG, Lawrence C, Farris AD. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and type 1 interferon promote peripheral expansion of forkhead box protein 3(+) regulatory T cells specific for the ubiquitous RNA-binding nuclear antigen La/Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-B. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:18-29. [PMID: 27227559 PMCID: PMC5011359 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding nuclear antigens are a major class of self-antigen to which immune tolerance is lost in rheumatic diseases. Serological tolerance to one such antigen, La/Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-B (La), is controlled by CD4(+) T cells. This study investigated peripheral tolerance to human La (hLa) by tracking the fate of hLa-specific CD4(+) T cells expressing the transgenic (Tg) 3B5.8 T cell receptor (TCR) after adoptive transfer into lymphocyte-replete recipient mice expressing hLa as a neo-self-antigen. After initial antigen-specific cell division, hLa-specific donor CD4(+) T cells expressed forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3). Donor cells retrieved from hLa Tg recipients displayed impaired proliferation and secreted interleukin (IL)-10 in vitro in response to antigenic stimulation. Transfer of highly purified FoxP3-negative donor cells demonstrated that accumulation of hLa-specific regulatory T cells (Treg ) was due primarily to expansion of small numbers of donor Treg . Depletion of recipient plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), but not B cells, severely hampered the accumulation of FoxP3(+) donor Treg in hLa Tg recipients. Recipient pDC expressed tolerogenic markers and higher levels of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules than B cells. Adoptive transfer of hLa peptide-loaded pDC into mice lacking expression of hLa recapitulated the accumulation of hLa-specific Treg . Blockade of the type 1 interferon (IFN) receptor in hLa Tg recipients of hLa-specific T cells impaired FoxP3(+) donor T cell accumulation. Therefore, peripheral expansion of Treg specific for an RNA-binding nuclear antigen is mediated by antigen-presenting pDC in a type 1 IFN-dependent manner. These results reveal a regulatory function of pDC in controlling autoreactivity to RNA-binding nuclear antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z.‐J. Pan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - C. G. Horton
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City
- Department of Biological SciencesSouthwestern Oklahoma State UniversityWeatherfordOKUSA
| | - C. Lawrence
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - A. D. Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology ProgramOklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City
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15
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Enlarged colitogenic T cell population paradoxically supports colitis prevention through the B-lymphocyte-dependent peripheral generation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28573. [PMID: 27353032 PMCID: PMC4926115 DOI: 10.1038/srep28573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation can be induced by the reconstitution of T/B cell-deficient mice with low numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes depleted of CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). Using RAG-knockout mice as recipients of either splenocytes exclusively depleted of CD25+ cells or FACS-purified CD4+CD25−Foxp3− T cells, we found that the augmentation of potentially colitogenic naïve T cell numbers in the inoculum was unexpectedly beneficial for the suppression of colon disease and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Protection against T cell-mediated colitis correlated with a significant increment in the frequency of peripherally-induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (pTreg) cells, especially in the mesenteric lymph nodes, an effect that required the presence of B cells and CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ cells in physiological proportions. Our findings support a model whereby the interplay between B lymphocytes and a diversified naïve T cell repertoire is critical for the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ pTreg cells and colitis suppression.
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16
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Andersson SEM, Eneljung T, Tengvall S, Jirholt P, Stern A, Henningsson L, Liang B, Thorarinsdottir K, Kihlberg J, Holmdahl R, Mårtensson IL, Gustafsson K, Gjertsson I. Collagen epitope expression on B cells is sufficient to confer tolerance to collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:140. [PMID: 27301320 PMCID: PMC4908726 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying tolerance induction and maintenance in autoimmune arthritis remain elusive. In a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis, we explore the contribution of B cells to antigen-specific tolerance. METHODS To generate expression of the CII-peptide specifically on B-cell major histocompatibility complex type II, lentiviral-based gene therapy including a B-cell-specific Igk promoter was used. RESULTS Presentation of the CII-peptide on B cells significantly reduced the frequency and severity of arthritis as well as the serum levels of CII -specific IgG antibodies. Further, both frequency and suppressive function of regulatory T cells were increased in tolerized mice. Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells from tolerized mice to naïve mice ameliorated the development of CII-induced arthritis. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that endogenous presentation of the CII-peptide on B cells is one of the key contributors to arthritis tolerance induction and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia E M Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tove Eneljung
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Tengvall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Jirholt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stern
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Henningsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bibo Liang
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic China
| | - Katrin Thorarinsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic China
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenth Gustafsson
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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17
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Tengvall S, Eneljung T, Jirholt P, Turesson O, Wing K, Holmdahl R, Kihlberg J, Stern A, Mårtensson IL, Henningsson L, Gustafsson K, Gjertsson I. Gene Therapy Induces Antigen-Specific Tolerance in Experimental Collagen-Induced Arthritis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154630. [PMID: 27159398 PMCID: PMC4861286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigate induction of immunological tolerance by lentiviral based gene therapy in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA). Targeting the expression of the collagen type II (CII) to antigen presenting cells (APCs) induced antigen-specific tolerance, where only 5% of the mice developed arthritis as compared with 95% of the control mice. In the CII-tolerized mice, the proportion of Tregs as well as mRNA expression of SOCS1 (suppressors of cytokine signaling 1) increased at day 3 after CII immunization. Transfer of B cells or non-B cell APC, as well as T cells, from tolerized to naïve mice all mediated a certain degree of tolerance. Thus, sustainable tolerance is established very early during the course of arthritis and is mediated by both B and non-B cells as APCs. This novel approach for inducing tolerance to disease specific antigens can be used for studying tolerance mechanisms, not only in CIA but also in other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tengvall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tove Eneljung
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Jirholt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Turesson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Wing
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of medical Biochemistry and biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Dept of medical Biochemistry and biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Stern
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Henningsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenth Gustafsson
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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18
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Nogueira JDS, Canto FBD, Nunes CFCG, Vianna PHO, Paiva LDS, Nóbrega A, Bellio M, Fucs R. Enhanced renewal of regulatory T cells in relation to CD4(+) conventional T lymphocytes in the peripheral compartment. Immunology 2015; 147:221-39. [PMID: 26572097 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are necessary for the maintenance of self-tolerance and T-cell homeostasis. This population is kept at stable frequencies in secondary lymphoid organs for the majority of the lifetime, despite permanent thymic emigration or in the face of thymic involution. Continuous competition is expected to occur between recently thymus-emigrated and resident Treg cells (either natural or post-thymically induced). In the present work, we analysed the renewal dynamics of Treg cells compared with CD4(+) Foxp3- conventional T cells (Tconv), using protocols of single or successive T-cell transfers into syngeneic euthymic or lymphopenic (nu/nu or RAG2(-/-)) mice, respectively. Our results show a higher turnover for Treg cells in the peripheral compartment, compared with Tconv cells, when B cell-sufficient euthymic or nude hosts are studied. This increased renewal within the Treg pool, shown by the greater replacement of resident Treg cells by donor counterparts, correlates with augmented rates of proliferation and is not modified following temporary environmental perturbations induced by inflammatory state or microbiota alterations. Notably, the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes was not observed in RAG2(-/-) hosts. We showed that limited B-cell replenishment in the RAG2(-/-) hosts decisively contributed to the altered peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Accordingly, weekly transfers of B cells to RAG2(-/-) hosts rescued the preferential substitution of Treg lymphocytes. Our study discloses a new aspect of T-cell homeostasis that depends on the presence of B lymphocytes to regulate the relative incorporation of recently arrived Treg and Tconv cells in the peripheral compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane de Souza Nogueira
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Barrozo do Canto
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Caroline Fraga Cabral Gomes Nunes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Oliveira Vianna
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Souza Paiva
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nóbrega
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goés (IMPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita Fucs
- Departamento de Imunobiologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Santori FR. The immune system as a self-centered network of lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2015; 166:109-16. [PMID: 26092524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This essay makes a brief historical and comparative review of selective and network theories of the immune system which is presented as a chemical sensory system with immune and non-immune functions. The ontogeny of immune networks is the result of both positive and negative selection of lymphocytes to self-epitopes that serve as a "template" for the recognition of foreign antigens. The development of immune networks progresses from single individual clones in early ontogeny into complex "information processing networks" in which lymphocytes are linked to inhibitory and stimulatory immune cells. The results of these regulatory interactions modulate immune responses and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Santori
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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20
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Lu FT, Yang W, Wang YH, Ma HD, Tang W, Yang JB, Li L, Ansari AA, Lian ZX. Thymic B cells promote thymus-derived regulatory T cell development and proliferation. J Autoimmun 2015; 61:62-72. [PMID: 26071985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thymic CD4(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical for the development of immunological tolerance and immune homeostasis and requires contributions of both thymic dendritic and epithelial cells. Although B cells have been reported to be present within the thymus, there has not hitherto been a definition of their role in immune cell development and, in particular, whether or how they contribute to the Treg cellular thymic compartment. Herein, using both phenotypic and functional approaches, we demonstrate that thymic B cells contribute to the maintenance of thymic Treg cells and, using an in vitro culture system, demonstrate that thymic B cells contribute to the size of the thymic Treg compartment via cell-cell MHC II contact and the involvement of two independent co-stimulatory pathways that include interactions between the CD40/CD80/CD86 co-stimulatory molecules. Our data also suggest that thymic B cells promote the generation of thymic Treg cell precursors (pre-Treg cells), but not the conversion of FoxP3(+) Treg cells from pre-Treg cells. In addition, thymic B cells directly promote the proliferation of thymic Treg cells that is MHC II contact dependent with a minimal if any role for co-stimulatory molecules including CD40/CD80/CD86. Both pathways are independent of TGFβ. In conclusion, we rigorously define the critical role of thymic B cells in the development of thymic Treg cells from non-Treg to precursor stage and in the proliferation of mature thymic Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ting Lu
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Yin-Hu Wang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Jing-Bo Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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21
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Nassef Kadry Naguib Roufaiel M, Wells JW, Steptoe RJ. Impaired T-Cell Function in B-Cell Lymphoma: A Direct Consequence of Events at the Immunological Synapse? Front Immunol 2015; 6:258. [PMID: 26082776 PMCID: PMC4451642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors can escape immune destruction through the development of antigen loss variants and loss of antigen processing/presentation pathways, thereby rendering them invisible to T cells. Alternatively, mechanisms of peripheral T-cell tolerance that would normally be important for protection from the development of autoimmunity may also be co-opted to (i) generate an immuno-inhibitory tumor environment, (ii) promote development of regulatory cell populations, or (iii) cell-intrinsically inactivate tumor-specific T cells. Emerging evidence suggests that T-cell function is impaired in hematological malignancies, which may manifest from cognate interactions between T cells and the tumor. The immunological synapse forms the cognate T-cell and antigen-presenting cell interaction and is the site where key signalling events, including those delivered by co-inhibitory receptors, that determine the fate of T cells occur. Here, we review evidence that events at the immune synapse between T cells and malignant B cells and alterations in immune synapse function may contribute to loss of T-cell function in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Nassef Kadry Naguib Roufaiel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - James W Wells
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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22
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Hsu LH, Li KP, Chu KH, Chiang BL. A B-1a cell subset induces Foxp3(-) T cells with regulatory activity through an IL-10-independent pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:354-65. [PMID: 25132452 PMCID: PMC4654317 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a critical role in the maintenance of tolerance. B-1a cells belong to a specific and functionally important B-cell subset that exerts its regulatory role through the production of IL-10. While IL-10 has been correlated with the induction of type 1 Treg (Tr1) cells or Tr1-like cells, whether IL-10-producing B-1a cells are able to induce Treg cells, especially the Tr1 lineage, is poorly understood. We have demonstrated that, similar to the reported B-2 cells, B-1a cells are able to convert naïve CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells into a subset of T cells with suppressive function, which we called 'Treg-of-B1a' cells. Treg-of-B1a cells do not express Foxp3, but upregulate the Treg markers OX40, programmed death 1 (PD-1), inducible costimulator (ICOS) and IL-10R. Moreover, Treg-of-B1a cells do not express Foxp3 and produce high levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, but minimal amounts of IL-4; therefore, they resemble Tr1 cells. However, utilizing IL-10(-/-) mice, we showed that IL-10 was not involved in the induction of Treg-of-B1a cells. On the contrary, CD86-mediated costimulation was essential for B-1a cells to drive the induction of Treg-of-B1a cells. Finally, we demonstrated that, in contrast to the Treg cells generated by B-2 cells that mediate contact-dependent suppression, Treg-of-B1a cells suppress through secreting soluble factors. While Tr1 cells mediate suppression mainly through IL-10 or TGF-β secretion, Treg-of-B1a cells mediate suppression through an IL-10- and TGF-β-independent pathway. Together, these findings suggest that B-1a cells induce a functionally and phenotypically distinct Treg population that is dissimilar to the reported Foxp3(+) Treg or Tr1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hui Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Kun-Po Li
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Kuan-Hua Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- 1] Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China [2] Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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23
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The development and function of thymic B cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2657-63. [PMID: 25837998 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thymic B cells are a unique population of B lymphocytes that reside at the cortico-medullary junction of the thymus, an organ that is specialized for the development and selection of T cells. These B cells are distinct from peripheral B cells both in terms of their origin and phenotype. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that they develop within the thymus from B lineage-committed progenitors and are not recirculating peripheral B cells. Furthermore, thymic B cells have a highly activated phenotype. Because of their location in the thymic medulla, they have been thought to play a role in T cell negative selection. Thymic B cells are capable of inducing negative selection in a number of model antigen systems, including viral super antigen, peptides from immunoglobulin, and cognate self antigen presented by B cell receptor-mediated uptake. These findings establish thymic B cells as a novel and important population to study; however, much work remains to be done to understand how all of these unique aspects of thymic B cell biology inform their function.
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Nouël A, Pochard P, Simon Q, Ségalen I, Le Meur Y, Pers JO, Hillion S. B-Cells induce regulatory T cells through TGF-β/IDO production in A CTLA-4 dependent manner. J Autoimmun 2015; 59:53-60. [PMID: 25753821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have suggested that B cell mediated-regulation contributes to the establishment of immunological tolerance. However, the precise mechanisms by which regulatory B cells establish and maintain tolerance in humans remain to be determined. The objective of the current study is to understand the cellular and molecular bases of B-cell regulatory functions in humans. To describe the mechanisms regulating the functional plasticity of regulatory B cells, we used an in vitro co-culture model based on autologous mixed lymphocyte cultures involving freshly isolated B and T cells. The results show that activated B cells regulate T cell proliferation through producing transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). The production of TGF-β and IDO leads to the induction of not only "natural" regulatory T cells but also of TGF-β-producing CD4(+) T cells and IL-10-producing regulatory T cells. Furthermore, we evidenced for the first time that CTLA-4 induces B-cells to produce IDO and to become effective induced regulatory B cells (iBregs). This study emphasizes a novel regulatory axis and open news insights in how to manage regulatory B cell functions in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nouël
- EA2216, INSERM ESPRI, ERI 29, Université de Brest and LabEx IGO, Brest, France
| | - P Pochard
- EA2216, INSERM ESPRI, ERI 29, Université de Brest and LabEx IGO, Brest, France
| | - Q Simon
- EA2216, INSERM ESPRI, ERI 29, Université de Brest and LabEx IGO, Brest, France
| | - I Ségalen
- EA2216, INSERM ESPRI, ERI 29, Université de Brest and LabEx IGO, Brest, France; Department of Nephrology, CHRU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - Y Le Meur
- EA2216, INSERM ESPRI, ERI 29, Université de Brest and LabEx IGO, Brest, France; Department of Nephrology, CHRU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - J O Pers
- EA2216, INSERM ESPRI, ERI 29, Université de Brest and LabEx IGO, Brest, France.
| | - S Hillion
- EA2216, INSERM ESPRI, ERI 29, Université de Brest and LabEx IGO, Brest, France
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25
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Moreau A, Blair PA, Chai JG, Ratnasothy K, Stolarczyk E, Alhabbab R, Rackham CL, Jones PM, Smyth L, Elgueta R, Howard JK, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Transitional-2 B cells acquire regulatory function during tolerance induction and contribute to allograft survival. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:843-53. [PMID: 25408265 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, tolerance to renal transplants has been associated with alterations in B-cell gene transcription and maintenance of the numbers of circulating transitional B cells. Here, we use a mouse model of transplantation tolerance to investigate the contribution of B cells to allograft survival. We demonstrate that transfer of B cells from mice rendered tolerant to MHC class I mismatched skin grafts can prolong graft survival in a dose-dependent and antigen-specific manner to a degree similar to that afforded by graft-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells. Tolerance in this model was associated with an increase in transitional-2 (T2) B cells. Only T2 B cells from tolerized mice, not naïve T2 nor alloantigen experienced T2, were capable of prolonging skin allograft survival, and suppressing T-cell activation. Tolerized T2 B cells expressed lower levels of CD86, increased TIM-1, and demonstrated a preferential survival in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate a synergistic effect between tolerized B cells and graft-specific Treg cells. IL-10 production by T2 B cells did not contribute to tolerance, as shown by transfer of B cells from IL-10(-/-) mice. These results suggest that T2 B cells in tolerant patients may include a population of regulatory B cells that directly inhibit graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Moreau
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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26
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Abstract
Despite significant effort, the development of effective vaccines inducing strong and durable T-cell responses against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells has remained a challenge. The initiation of effector CD8+ T-cell responses requires the presentation of peptides derived from internalized antigen on class I major histocompatibility complex molecules by dendritic cells (DCs) in a process called cross-presentation. A current strategy to enhance the effectiveness of vaccination is to deliver antigens directly to DCs. This is done via selective targeting of antigen using monoclonal antibodies directed against endocytic receptors on the surface of the DCs. In this review, we will discuss considerations relevant to the design of such vaccines: the existence of DC subsets with specialized functions, the impact of the antigen intracellular trafficking on cross-presentation, and the influence of maturation signals received by DCs on the outcome of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Cohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University , New York, NY , USA
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27
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Metenou S, Coulibaly YI, Sturdevant D, Dolo H, Diallo AA, Soumaoro L, Coulibaly ME, Kanakabandi K, Porcella SF, Klion AD, Nutman TB. Highly heterogeneous, activated, and short-lived regulatory T cells during chronic filarial infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2036-47. [PMID: 24737144 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the increase in the numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells in chronic infection settings remain unclear. Here we have delineated the phenotype and transcriptional profiles of Treg cells from 18 filarial-infected (Fil(+) ) and 19 filarial-uninfected (Fil(-) ) subjects. We found that the frequencies of Foxp3(+) Treg cells expressing CTLA-4, GITR, LAG-3, and IL-10 were significantly higher in Fil(+) subjects compared with that in Fil(-) subjects. Foxp3-expressing Treg-cell populations in Fil(+) subjects were also more heterogeneous and had higher expression of IL-10, CCL-4, IL-29, CTLA-4, and TGF-β than Fil(-) subjects, each of these cytokines having been implicated in immune suppression. Moreover, Foxp3-expressing Treg cells from Fil(+) subjects had markedly upregulated expression of activation-induced apoptotic genes with concomitant downregulation of those involved in cell survival. To determine whether the expression of apoptotic genes was due to Treg-cell activation, we found that the expression of CTLA-4, CDk8, RAD50, TNFRSF1A, FOXO3, and RHOA were significantly upregulated in stimulated cells compared with unstimulated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that in patent filarial infection, the expanded Treg-cell populations are heterogeneous, short-lived, activated, and express higher levels of molecules known to modulate immune responsiveness, suggesting that filarial infection is associated with high Treg-cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Swee LK, Nusser A, Curti M, Kreuzaler M, Rolink H, Terracciano L, Melchers F, Andersson J, Rolink A. The amount of self-antigen determines the effector function of murine T cells escaping negative selection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1299-312. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee K. Swee
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Anja Nusser
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Maurus Curti
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kreuzaler
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Hannie Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Department of Pathology; University Hospital of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology; Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Andersson
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Antonius Rolink
- Developmental and Molecular Immunology; Department of Biomedicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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29
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Murray SE, Toren KG, Parker DC. Peripheral CD4(+) T-cell tolerance is induced in vivo by rare antigen-bearing B cells in follicular, marginal zone, and B-1 subsets. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1818-27. [PMID: 23532986 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
B cells are efficient APCs when they internalize antigen via BCR-mediated uptake. Adoptively transferred antigen-presenting B cells can induce T-cell tolerance to foreign and self antigens; however, it is unknown whether endogenous B cells presenting self-peptides interact with naïve T cells and contribute to peripheral T-cell self-tolerance. Moreover, the relative abilities of mature B-cell subsets to induce T-cell tolerance have not been examined. To address these questions, we created a new mouse model wherein a very small fraction of B cells expresses an antigen transgene that cannot be transferred to other APCs. We limited antigen expression to follicular, marginal zone, or B-1 B-cell subsets and found that small numbers of each subset interacted with naïve antigen-specific T cells. Although antigen expressed by B-1 B cells induced the most T-cell division, divided T cells subsequently disappeared from secondary lymphoid tissues. Independent of which B-cell subset presented antigen, the remaining T cells were rendered hypo-responsive, and this effect was not associated with Foxp3 expression. Our data show that physiologically relevant proportions of B cells can mediate peripheral T-cell tolerance, and suggest that the mechanisms of tolerance induction might differ among follicular, marginal zone, and B-1 B-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Murray
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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30
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Salinas GF, Braza F, Brouard S, Tak PP, Baeten D. The role of B lymphocytes in the progression from autoimmunity to autoimmune disease. Clin Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23202542 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity, defined as the presence of autoreactive T and/or B lymphocytes in the periphery, is a frequent and probably even physiological condition. It is mainly caused by the fact that the central tolerance mechanisms, which are responsible for counter-selection of autoreactive lymphocytes, are not perfect and thus a limited number of these autoreactive cells can mature and enter the periphery. Nonetheless, autoreactive cells do not lead automatically to autoimmune disease as evidenced by a multitude of experimental and human data sets. Interestingly, the progression from autoimmunity to autoimmune disease is not only determined by the degree of central tolerance leakage and thus the amount of autoreactive lymphocytes in the periphery, but also by peripheral mechanism of activation and control of the autoreactive cells. In this review, we discuss the contribution of peripheral B lymphocytes in this process, ranging from activation of T cells and epitope spreading to control of the autoimmune process by regulatory mechanisms. We also discuss the parallels with the role of B cells in the induction and control of alloimmunity in the context of organ transplantation, as more precise knowledge of the pathogenic antigens and time of initiation of the immune response in allo- versus auto-immunity allows better dissection of the exact role of B cells. Since peripheral mechanisms may be easier to modulate than central tolerance, a more thorough understanding of the role of peripheral B cells in the progression from autoimmunity to autoimmune disease may open new avenues for treatment and prevention of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Franco Salinas
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Berthelot JM, Jamin C, Amrouche K, Le Goff B, Maugars Y, Youinou P. Regulatory B cells play a key role in immune system balance. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 80:18-22. [PMID: 22858147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) may act earlier than regulatory T cells (Tregs) and may play as important a role in autoimmune and allergic diseases. Obstacles to the investigation of Bregs are the same as those encountered for Tregs: the regulatory effects are short-lived in some cases, there is no consistent phenotype (C5 expression is neither indispensable nor sufficient), differences exist across species (e.g., between humans and mice), and there are a number of suppression modalities (IL-10, TGF-beta, expression of proapoptotic membrane molecules) that vary across Breg subtypes. The Breg subtypes may be homologous to the Treg subtypes (Br1 cells expressing IL-10, Br3 cells expressing TGF-beta, and B-Foxp3 cells), although the Br1 subtype seems to predominate. Nevertheless, differences with Treg cells may exist: Breg activation may chiefly involve the toll-like receptors rather than the antigen receptor; and Bregs act earlier, facilitating the recruitment of Tregs then disappearing once the Tregs become operational. Bregs make a major contribution to autoimmune disorders associated with several forms of immune deficiency, as well as to the absence of transplant rejection when there is a strong B cell response. Breg deficiencies have been reported in lupus, and the disappointing effects in this disease of treatments designed to inhibit the B cell response may be related to further Breg impairment. In several animal models, Breg stimulation is effective in correcting a variety of autoimmune disorders, most notably those initiated in the mucous membranes. Research into the interactions between the gut microbiota and Bregs holds considerable promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Berthelot
- Service de rhumatologie, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes cedex 01, France.
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32
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Mann MK, Ray A, Basu S, Karp CL, Dittel BN. Pathogenic and regulatory roles for B cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:388-99. [PMID: 22443691 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.665523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A dual role of B cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS), has been established. In the first role, B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of EAE through the production of anti-myelin antibodies that contribute to demyelination. On the contrary, B cells have also been shown to have protective functions in that they play an essential role in the spontaneous recovery from EAE. In this review, we summarize studies conducted in a number of species demonstrating the conditions under which B cells are pathogenic in EAE. We also discuss the phenotype and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Mann
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-2178, USA
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