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Bercier P, de Thé H. History of Developing Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treatment and Role of Promyelocytic Leukemia Bodies. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1351. [PMID: 38611029 PMCID: PMC11011038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The story of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) discovery, physiopathology, and treatment is a unique journey, transforming the most aggressive form of leukemia to the most curable. It followed an empirical route fueled by clinical breakthroughs driving major advances in biochemistry and cell biology, including the discovery of PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) and their central role in APL physiopathology. Beyond APL, PML NBs have emerged as key players in a wide variety of biological functions, including tumor-suppression and SUMO-initiated protein degradation, underscoring their broad importance. The APL story is an example of how clinical observations led to the incremental development of the first targeted leukemia therapy. The understanding of APL pathogenesis and the basis for cure now opens new insights in the treatment of other diseases, especially other acute myeloid leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75231 Paris, France;
- GenCellDis, Inserm U944, CNRS UMR7212, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Hugues de Thé
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75231 Paris, France;
- GenCellDis, Inserm U944, CNRS UMR7212, Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
- Hematology Laboratory, Hôpital St Louis, AP/HP, 75010 Paris, France
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2
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Rérolle D, de Thé H. The PML hub: An emerging actor of leukemia therapies. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221213. [PMID: 37382966 PMCID: PMC10309189 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PML assembles into nuclear domains that have attracted considerable attention from cell and cancer biologists. Upon stress, PML nuclear bodies modulate sumoylation and other post-translational modifications, providing an integrated molecular framework for the multiple roles of PML in apoptosis, senescence, or metabolism. PML is both a sensor and an effector of oxidative stress. Emerging data has demonstrated its key role in promoting therapy response in several hematological malignancies. While these membrane-less nuclear hubs can enforce efficient cancer cell clearance, their downstream pathways deserve better characterization. PML NBs are druggable and their known modulators may have broader clinical utilities than initially thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domitille Rérolle
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U944, CNRS, GenCellDis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Hugues de Thé
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U944, CNRS, GenCellDis, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
- Chaire d'Oncologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Collège de France, Paris, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France
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3
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Winkler R, Piskor EM, Kosan C. Lessons from Using Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of MYC-Induced Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010037. [PMID: 36611833 PMCID: PMC9818924 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic overexpression of MYC leads to the fatal deregulation of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, and cell growth. MYC rearrangements are found frequently among non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas enforcing MYC overexpression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) were developed to understand MYC-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Here, we highlight the advantages of using Eµ-Myc transgenic mice. We thoroughly compiled the available literature to discuss common challenges when using such mouse models. Furthermore, we give an overview of pathways affected by MYC based on knowledge gained from the use of GEMMs. We identified top regulators of MYC-induced lymphomagenesis, including some candidates that are not pharmacologically targeted yet.
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4
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The RBPJ/DAPK3/UBE3A signaling axis induces PBRM1 degradation to modulate the sensitivity of renal cell carcinoma to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:295. [PMID: 35368029 PMCID: PMC8976838 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kind of malignant tumor originating from the renal tubular epithelium. Approximately 30% of patients with renal cancer are found to have metastasis when first diagnosed. Exploring other effective treatment methods in addition to surgery is an urgent need in the research field of renal cell carcinoma. Polybromo 1 (PBRM1) is the second most mutated gene in RCC, with a mutation rate of ~40%. Notably, the posttranscriptional modification of PBRM1 in RCC is unclear. In this study, we performed unbiased mass spectrometry of PBRM1 and identified ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A), an extensively studied E3 ligase that can bind with PBRM1 and regulate the stability of PBRM1 in renal cancer cells. We further found that RBPJ/DAPK3 modulated the E3 ligase activity of UBE3A by interfering with the PKA phosphorylation of UBE3A. Finally, we demonstrated that the RBPJ/DAPK3/UBE3A/PBRM1/p21 axis contributed to the sensitivity of renal cancer cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors. In addition, in combination with RBPJ inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors showed synergistically enhanced effects on renal cancer cells. In summary, we not only revealed a novel RBPJ/DAPK3/UBE3A/PBRM1/p21 signaling axis but also identified a combination strategy for overcoming the resistance of renal cancer cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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5
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Delvecchio VS, Fierro C, Giovannini S, Melino G, Bernassola F. Emerging roles of the HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases in hematological malignancies. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:39. [PMID: 35201500 PMCID: PMC8777521 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis or regulation of proteins, ultimately executed by E3 ubiquitin ligases, control a wide array of cellular processes, including transcription, cell cycle, autophagy and apoptotic cell death. HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases can be distinguished from other subfamilies of E3 ubiquitin ligases because they have a C-terminal HECT domain that directly catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to their substrate proteins. Deregulation of HECT-type E3-mediated ubiquitination plays a prominent role in cancer development and chemoresistance. Several members of this subfamily are indeed frequently deregulated in human cancers as a result of genetic mutations and altered expression or activity. HECT-type E3s contribute to tumorigenesis by regulating the ubiquitination rate of substrates that function as either tumour suppressors or oncogenes. While the pathological roles of the HECT family members in solid tumors are quite well established, their contribution to the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies has only recently emerged. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the involvement of the HECT-type E3s in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Simona Delvecchio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fierro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Giovannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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6
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Zheng Z, Zhang B, Yu H, Li S, Song N, Jin X, Li J. UBE3A activates the NOTCH pathway and promotes esophageal cancer progression by degradation of ZNF185. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3024-3035. [PMID: 34421347 PMCID: PMC8375240 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.61117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Esophageal cancer is the sixth-most common fatal malignant tumor worldwide. Little is known regarding the genetic drivers that influence targeted therapy outcomes in patients with esophageal cancer. Exploring the pathogenesis of this lethal tumor could provide clues for developing appropriate therapeutic drugs. Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) reportedly promotes or suppresses various types of malignant tumors. However, the cancer-related role of UBE3A in esophageal cancer remains unclear. Methods: The relationship of UBE3A with the clinicopathological features of pancreatic tumors was bioinformatically investigated in the TCGA dataset. The protein levels of UBE3A and ZNF185 were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. The role of UBE3A and ZNF185 in esophageal cancer growth was assessed by MTS assays, colony formation assays, and experiments in mouse xenograft models. The interaction between UBE3A and ZNF185 was investigated by co-immunoprecipitation. The relationship between UBE3A, ZNF185, and NOTCH signaling pathway was explored by Western blot and quantitative real-time PCR. Results: We found that UBE3A was upregulated in patients with esophageal cancer and enhanced the cellular progression of esophageal cancer. Moreover, we found that UBE3A degraded ZNF185 in esophageal cancer. Additionally, ZNF185 suppressed the progression of esophageal cancer by inactivating the NOTCH pathway. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that aberrant expression of UBE3A led to enhanced progression of esophageal cancer through the ZNF185/NOTCH signaling axis. Therefore, UBE3A might be an ideal therapeutic candidate for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Bin Zhang
- Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Haixin Yu
- Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shoukang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Naicheng Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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7
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Pan M, Blattner C. Regulation of p53 by E3s. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:745. [PMID: 33670160 PMCID: PMC7916862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years of research on p53 have given us tremendous knowledge about this protein. Today we know that p53 plays a role in different biological processes such as proliferation, invasion, pluripotency, metabolism, cell cycle control, ROS (reactive oxygen species) production, apoptosis, inflammation and autophagy. In the nucleus, p53 functions as a bona-fide transcription factor which activates and represses transcription of a number of target genes. In the cytoplasm, p53 can interact with proteins of the apoptotic machinery and by this also induces cell death. Despite being so important for the fate of the cell, expression levels of p53 are kept low in unstressed cells and the protein is largely inactive. The reason for the low expression level is that p53 is efficiently degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the vast inactivity of the tumor suppressor protein under normal growth conditions is due to the absence of activating and the presence of inactivating posttranslational modifications. E3s are important enzymes for these processes as they decorate p53 with ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like proteins and by this control p53 degradation, stability and its subcellular localization. In this review, we provide an overview about E3s that target p53 and discuss the connection between p53, E3s and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Blattner
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO-box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany;
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8
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Development and survival of MYC-driven lymphomas require the MYC antagonist MNT to curb MYC-induced apoptosis. Blood 2020; 135:1019-1031. [PMID: 31978211 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated overexpression of MYC is implicated in the development and malignant progression of most (∼70%) human tumors. MYC drives cell growth and proliferation, but also, at high levels, promotes apoptosis. Here, we report that the proliferative capacity of MYC-driven normal and neoplastic B lymphoid cells depends on MNT, a MYC-related transcriptional repressor. Our genetic data establish that MNT synergizes with MYC by suppressing MYC-driven apoptosis, and that it does so primarily by reducing the level of pro-apoptotic BIM. In Eμ-Myc mice, which model the MYC/IGH chromosome translocation in Burkitt's lymphoma, homozygous Mnt deletion greatly reduced lymphoma incidence by enhancing apoptosis and markedly decreasing premalignant B lymphoid cell populations. Strikingly, by inducing Mnt deletion within transplanted fully malignant Eμ-Myc lymphoma cells, we significantly extended transplant recipient survival. The dependency of lymphomas on MNT for survival suggests that drugs inhibiting MNT could significantly boost therapy of MYC-driven tumors by enhancing intrinsic MYC-driven apoptosis.
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9
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The HECT E3 Ligase E6AP/UBE3A as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer and Neurological Disorders. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082108. [PMID: 32751183 PMCID: PMC7464832 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HECT (Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxyl Terminus)-family protein E6AP (E6-associated protein), encoded by the UBE3A gene, is a multifaceted ubiquitin ligase that controls diverse signaling pathways involved in cancer and neurological disorders. The oncogenic role of E6AP in papillomavirus-induced cancers is well known, with its action to trigger p53 degradation in complex with the E6 viral oncoprotein. However, the roles of E6AP in non-viral cancers remain poorly defined. It is well established that loss-of-function alterations of the UBE3A gene cause Angelman syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance modified by genomic imprinting on chromosome 15q. Moreover, excess dosage of the UBE3A gene markedly increases the penetrance of autism spectrum disorders, suggesting that the expression level of UBE3A must be regulated tightly within a physiologically tolerated range during brain development. In this review, current the knowledge about the substrates of E6AP-mediated ubiquitination and their functions in cancer and neurological disorders is discussed, alongside with the ongoing efforts to pharmacologically modulate this ubiquitin ligase as a promising therapeutic target.
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10
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Li Y, Ma X, Wu W, Chen Z, Meng G. PML Nuclear Body Biogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Targeted Therapy. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:889-906. [PMID: 32527650 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy has become increasingly important in cancer therapy. For example, targeting the promyelocytic leukemia PML protein in leukemia has proved to be an effective treatment. PML is the core component of super-assembled structures called PML nuclear bodies (NBs). Although this nuclear megaDalton complex was first observed in the 1960s, the mechanism of its assembly remains poorly understood. We review recent breakthroughs in the PML field ranging from a revised assembly mechanism to PML-driven genome organization and carcinogenesis. In addition, we highlight that oncogenic oligomerization might also represent a promising target in the treatment of leukemias and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Guoyu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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11
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Wang Y, Argiles-Castillo D, Kane EI, Zhou A, Spratt DE. HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases - emerging insights into their biological roles and disease relevance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/7/jcs228072. [PMID: 32265230 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) E3 ubiquitin ligases play a critical role in various cellular pathways, including but not limited to protein trafficking, subcellular localization, innate immune response, viral infections, DNA damage responses and apoptosis. To date, 28 HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases have been identified in humans, and recent studies have begun to reveal how these enzymes control various cellular pathways by catalyzing the post-translational attachment of ubiquitin to their respective substrates. New studies have identified substrates and/or interactors with different members of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase family, particularly for E6AP and members of the neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) family. However, there still remains many unanswered questions about the specific roles that each of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases have in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The present Review discusses our current understanding on the biological roles of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases in the cell and how they contribute to disease development. Expanded investigations on the molecular basis for how and why the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases recognize and regulate their intracellular substrates will help to clarify the biochemical mechanisms employed by these important enzymes in ubiquitin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shanxi, China 710054.,Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Diana Argiles-Castillo
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Emma I Kane
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Anning Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shanxi, China 710054
| | - Donald E Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main St., Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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12
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Jiang Q, Li F, Cheng Z, Kong Y, Chen C. The role of E3 ubiquitin ligase HECTD3 in cancer and beyond. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1483-1495. [PMID: 31637449 PMCID: PMC11105068 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin modification plays significant roles in protein fate determination, signaling transduction, and cellular processes. Over the past 2 decades, the number of studies on ubiquitination has demonstrated explosive growth. E3 ubiquitin ligases are the key enzymes that determine the substrate specificity and are involved in cancer. Several recent studies shed light on the functions and mechanisms of HECTD3 E3 ubiquitin ligase. This review describes the progress in the recent studies of HECTD3 in cancer and other diseases. We propose that HECTD3 is a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target, and discuss the future directions for HECTD3 investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Fubing Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Yanjie Kong
- Institute of Translation Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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13
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Bisso A, Sabò A, Amati B. MYC in Germinal Center-derived lymphomas: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:178-197. [PMID: 30874346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rearrangement of immunoglobulin loci during the germinal center reaction is associated with an increased risk of chromosomal translocations that activate oncogenes such as MYC, BCL2 or BCL6, thus contributing to the development of B-cell lymphomas. MYC and BCL2 activation are initiating events in Burkitt's (BL) and Follicular Lymphoma (FL), respectively, but can occur at later stages in other subtypes such as Diffuse Large-B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). MYC can also be activated during the progression of FL to the transformed stage. Thus, either DLBCL or FL can give rise to aggressive double-hit lymphomas (DHL) with concurrent activation of MYC and BCL2. Research over the last three decades has improved our understanding of the functions of these oncogenes and the basis for their cooperative action in lymphomagenesis. MYC, in particular, is a transcription factor that contributes to cell activation, growth and proliferation, while concomitantly sensitizing cells to apoptosis, the latter being blocked by BCL2. Here, we review our current knowledge about the role of MYC in germinal center B-cells and lymphomas, discuss MYC-induced dependencies that can sensitize cancer cells to select pharmacological inhibitors, and illustrate their therapeutic potential in aggressive lymphomas-and in particular in DHL, in combination with BCL2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bisso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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14
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Bernassola F, Chillemi G, Melino G. HECT-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:1057-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Gamell C, Bandilovska I, Gulati T, Kogan A, Lim SC, Kovacevic Z, Takano EA, Timpone C, Agupitan AD, Litchfield C, Blandino G, Horvath LG, Fox SB, Williams SG, Russo A, Gallo E, Paul PJ, Mitchell C, Sandhu S, Keam SP, Haupt S, Richardson DR, Haupt Y. E6AP Promotes a Metastatic Phenotype in Prostate Cancer. iScience 2019; 22:1-15. [PMID: 31739170 PMCID: PMC6864340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although primary prostate cancer is largely curable, progression to metastatic disease is associated with very poor prognosis. E6AP is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a transcriptional co-factor involved in normal prostate development. E6AP drives prostate cancer when overexpressed. Our study exposed a role for E6AP in the promotion of metastatic phenotype in prostate cells. We revealed that elevated levels of E6AP in primary prostate cancer correlate with regional metastasis and demonstrated that E6AP promotes acquisition of mesenchymal features, migration potential, and ability for anchorage-independent growth. We identified the metastasis suppressor NDRG1 as a target of E6AP and showed it is key in E6AP induction of mesenchymal phenotype. We showed that treatment of prostate cancer cells with pharmacological agents upregulated NDRG1 expression suppressed E6AP-induced cell migration. We propose that the E6AP-NDRG1 axis is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of E6AP-driven metastatic prostate cancer. Elevated E6AP levels in primary PC in men correlate with regional metastasis Elevated E6AP levels promote mesenchymal features and migration potential E6AP promotes a metastatic phenotype by reducing NDRG1 expression levels Pharmacological upregulation of NDRG1 suppresses E6AP-induced cell migration
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gamell
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ivona Bandilovska
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Arielle Kogan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Syer Choon Lim
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elena A Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Clelia Timpone
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Arjelle D Agupitan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Cassandra Litchfield
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | | | - Lisa G Horvath
- The Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Scott G Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrea Russo
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Gallo
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Piotr J Paul
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Catherine Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia.
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16
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Cabrita MA, Renart LI, Lau R, Pratt MAC. Intrinsically Disordered SRC-3/AIB1 Protein Undergoes Homeostatic Nuclear Extrusion by Nuclear Budding While Ectopic Expression Induces Nucleophagy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101278. [PMID: 31635050 PMCID: PMC6830083 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SRC-3/AIB1 (Amplified in Breast Cancer-1) is a nuclear receptor coactivator for the estrogen receptor in breast cancer cells. It is also an intrinsically disordered protein when not engaged with transcriptional binding partners and degraded upon transcriptional coactivation. Given the amplified expression of SRC-3 in breast cancers, the objective of this study was to determine how increasing SRC-3 protein levels are regulated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We found that endogenous SRC-3 was expelled from the nucleus in vesicle-like spheres under normal growth conditions suggesting that this form of nuclear exclusion of SRC-3 is a homeostatic mechanism for regulating nuclear SRC-3 protein. Only SRC-3 not associated with CREB-binding protein (CBP) was extruded from the nucleus. We found that overexpression in MCF-7 cells results in aneuploid senescence and cell death with frequent formation of nuclear aggregates which were consistently juxtaposed to perinuclear microtubules. Transfected SRC-3 was SUMOylated and caused redistribution of nuclear promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies and perturbation of the nuclear membrane lamin B1, hallmarks of nucleophagy. Increased SRC-3 protein-induced autophagy and resulted in SUMO-1 localization to the nuclear membrane and formation of protrusions variously containing SRC-3 and chromatin. Aspects of SRC-3 overexpression and toxicity were recapitulated following treatment with clinically relevant agents that stabilize SRC-3 in breast cancer cells. We conclude that amplified SRC-3 levels have major impacts on nuclear protein quality control pathways and may mark cancer cells for sensitivity to protein stabilizing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Cabrita
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - L Isabel Renart
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rosanna Lau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - M A Christine Pratt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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17
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Wang J, Wang Z, Wang H, Wanyan Z, Pan Y, Zhu F, Tao Q, Zhai Z. Stress-Induced Premature Senescence Promotes Proliferation by Activating the SENEX and p16 INK4a/Retinoblastoma (Rb) Pathway in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Turk J Haematol 2019; 36:247-254. [PMID: 31327185 PMCID: PMC6863019 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cellular senescence has been thought to be an important barrier to tumor formation. Recent studies have shown that stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) can promote partial tumor invasion, but how SIPS affects diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains inconclusive. This study aimed to address that issue. Materials and Methods The immunophenotype of the LY8 cell line was measured with flow cytometry. SIPS induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) was detected by senescence β-galactosidase staining. Cell proliferation was analyzed with CCK8 and expression levels of ARHGAP18 (SENEX gene-encoding protein), p16/p21, and
Rb/pRb were measured with western blot. LY8 cells were transfected with SENEX-SiRNA/NC and verified by western blot. Results Our results suggested that the immunophenotype of the LY8 cell line is CD19-, CD20-, and CD10-positive and the immunoglobulin light chain is the kappa type. The cellular senescence model of DLBCL could be successfully induced by 30 μM tBHP. ARHGAP18, p21, p16, and Rb protein levels were significantly increased but the level of pRb expression was decreased in the SIPS group compared with other groups. Meanwhile, the proliferation rate was increased in the SIPS group more than other tBHP groups. Furthermore, the expressions of p21 and p16 were significantly decreased in the SENEX-SiRNA group compared with the negative control group. Conclusion SIPS formation activates ARHGAP18 and the p16/Rb pathway and promotes DLBCL cell proliferation. Furthermore, SENEX activates the p16 pathway in DLBCL. SIPS promotes proliferation by activating SENEX and the p16/Rb pathway in DLBCL. SENEX-related SIPS may serve as an important target for relapsed/refractory DLBCL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wanyan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Fengfeng Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Qianshan Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Hematology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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18
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Gheit T. Mucosal and Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cancer Biology. Front Oncol 2019; 9:355. [PMID: 31134154 PMCID: PMC6517478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviridae is a family of small non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with double-stranded circular DNA. More than 200 different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been listed so far. Based on epidemiological data, a subgroup of alphapapillomaviruses (alpha HPVs) was referred to as high-risk (HR) HPV types. HR HPVs are the etiological agents of anogenital cancer and a subset of head and neck cancers. The cutaneous HPV types, mainly from beta and gamma genera, are widely present on the surface of the skin in the general population. However, there is growing evidence of an etiological role of betapapillomaviruses (beta HPVs) in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), together with ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Studies performed on mucosal HR HPV types, such as 16 and 18, showed that both oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a key role in cervical cancer by altering pathways involved in the host immune response to establish a persistent infection and by promoting cellular transformation. Continuous expression of E6 and E7 of mucosal HR HPV types is essential to initiate and to maintain the cellular transformation process, whereas expression of E6 and E7 of cutaneous HPV types is not required for the maintenance of the skin cancer phenotype. Beta HPV types appear to play a role in the initiation of skin carcinogenesis, by exacerbating the accumulation of UV radiation-induced DNA breaks and somatic mutations (the hit-and-run mechanism), and they would therefore act as facilitators rather than direct actors in NMSC. In this review, the natural history of HPV infection and the transforming properties of various HPV genera will be described, with a particular focus on describing the state of knowledge about the role of cutaneous HPV types in NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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19
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Bandilovska I, Keam SP, Gamell C, Machicado C, Haupt S, Haupt Y. E6AP goes viral: the role of E6AP in viral- and non-viral-related cancers. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:707-714. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since its discovery, the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) has been studied extensively in two pathological contexts: infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and the neurodevelopmental disorder, Angelman syndrome. Vital biological links between E6AP and other viruses, namely hepatitis C virus and encephalomyocarditis virus, have been recently uncovered. Critically, oncogenic E6AP activities have been demonstrated to contribute to cancers of both viral and non-viral origins. HPV-associated cancers serve as the primary example of E6AP involvement in cancers driven by viruses. Studies over the past few years have exposed a role for E6AP in non-viral-related cancers. This has been demonstrated in B-cell lymphoma and prostate cancers, where oncogenic E6AP functions drive these cancers by acting on key tumour suppressors. In this review we discuss the role of E6AP in viral infection, viral propagation and viral-related cancer. We discuss processes affected by oncogenic E6AP, which promote cancers of viral and non-viral aetiology. Overall, recent findings support the role of oncogenic E6AP in disrupting key cellular processes, including tumour suppression and the immune response. E6AP is consequently emerging as an attractive therapeutic target for a number of specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Bandilovska
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Machicado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Weber J, Polo S, Maspero E. HECT E3 Ligases: A Tale With Multiple Facets. Front Physiol 2019; 10:370. [PMID: 31001145 PMCID: PMC6457168 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays a pivotal role in several cellular processes and is critical for protein degradation and signaling. E3 ubiquitin ligases are the matchmakers in the ubiquitination cascade, responsible for substrate recognition. In order to achieve selectivity and specificity on their substrates, HECT E3 enzymes are tightly regulated and exert their function in a spatially and temporally controlled fashion in the cells. These characteristics made HECT E3s intriguing targets in drug discovery in the context of cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Weber
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Polo
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Maspero
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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21
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Raghu D, Paul PJ, Gulati T, Deb S, Khoo C, Russo A, Gallo E, Blandino G, Chan AL, Takano E, Sandhu SK, Fox SB, Williams S, Haupt S, Gamell C, Haupt Y. E6AP promotes prostate cancer by reducing p27 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42939-42948. [PMID: 28477016 PMCID: PMC5522117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men. Elevated levels of E3 ligase, E6-Associated Protein (E6AP) were previously linked to PC, consistent with increased protein expression in a subset of PC patients. In cancers, irregular E3 ligase activity drives proteasomal degradation of tumor suppressor proteins. Accordingly, E3 ligase inhibitors define a rational therapy to restore tumor suppression. The relevant tumor suppressors targeted by E6AP in PC are yet to be fully identified. In this study we show that p27, a key cell cycle regulator, is a target of E6AP in PC. Down regulation of E6AP increases p27 expression and enhances its nuclear accumulation in PC. We demonstrate that E6AP regulates p27 expression by inhibiting its transcription in an E2F1-dependent manner. Concomitant knockdown of E6AP and p27 partially restores PC cell growth, supporting the contribution of p27 to the overall effect of E6AP on prostate tumorigenesis. Overall, we unravelled the E6AP-p27 axis as a new promoter of PC, exposing an attractive target for therapy through the restoration of tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Raghu
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piotr Jan Paul
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Anatpath Services Pty Ltd, Gardenvale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Gallo
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ai-Leen Chan
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Current address: Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahneen K Sandhu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Gulati T, Huang C, Caramia F, Raghu D, Paul PJ, Goode RJA, Keam SP, Williams SG, Haupt S, Kleifeld O, Schittenhelm RB, Gamell C, Haupt Y. Proteotranscriptomic Measurements of E6-Associated Protein (E6AP) Targets in DU145 Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1170-1183. [PMID: 29463595 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common cause of cancer-related death in men. E6AP (E6-Associated Protein), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a transcription cofactor, is elevated in a subset of prostate cancer patients. Genetic manipulations of E6AP in prostate cancer cells expose a role of E6AP in promoting growth and survival of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo However, the effect of E6AP on prostate cancer cells is broad and it cannot be explained fully by previously identified tumor suppressor targets of E6AP, promyelocytic leukemia protein and p27. To explore additional players that are regulated downstream of E6AP, we combined a transcriptomic and proteomic approach. We identified and quantified 16,130 transcripts and 7,209 proteins in castration resistant prostate cancer cell line, DU145. A total of 2,763 transcripts and 308 proteins were significantly altered on knockdown of E6AP. Pathway analyses supported the known phenotypic effects of E6AP knockdown in prostate cancer cells and in parallel exposed novel potential links of E6AP with cancer metabolism, DNA damage repair and immune response. Changes in expression of the top candidates were confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of these, clusterin, a stress-induced chaperone protein, commonly deregulated in prostate cancer, was pursued further. Knockdown of E6AP resulted in increased clusterin transcript and protein levels in vitro and in vivo Concomitant knockdown of E6AP and clusterin supported the contribution of clusterin to the phenotype induced by E6AP. Overall, results from this study provide insight into the potential biological pathways controlled by E6AP in prostate cancer cells and identifies clusterin as a novel target of E6AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twishi Gulati
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- ¶Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franco Caramia
- §Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dinesh Raghu
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piotr J Paul
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J A Goode
- ¶Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- §Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott G Williams
- ‖Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- **Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- ¶Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; .,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,‡‡Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§§Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,¶¶Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Hsu KS, Kao HY. PML: Regulation and multifaceted function beyond tumor suppression. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:5. [PMID: 29416846 PMCID: PMC5785837 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) was originally identified as a fusion partner of retinoic acid receptor alpha in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients with the (15;17) chromosomal translocation, giving rise to PML–RARα and RARα–PML fusion proteins. A body of evidence indicated that PML possesses tumor suppressing activity by regulating apoptosis, cell cycle, senescence and DNA damage responses. PML is enriched in discrete nuclear substructures in mammalian cells with 0.2–1 μm diameter in size, referred to as alternately Kremer bodies, nuclear domain 10, PML oncogenic domains or PML nuclear bodies (NBs). Dysregulation of PML NB formation results in altered transcriptional regulation, protein modification, apoptosis and cellular senescence. In addition to PML NBs, PML is also present in nucleoplasm and cytoplasmic compartments, including the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-associated membranes. The role of PML in tumor suppression has been extensively studied but increasing evidence indicates that PML also plays versatile roles in stem cell renewal, metabolism, inflammatory responses, neural function, mammary development and angiogenesis. In this review, we will briefly describe the known PML regulation and function and include new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Sheng Hsu
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.,Present Address: Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Hung-Ying Kao
- 1Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA.,The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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24
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Wang Y, Liu X, Zhou L, Duong D, Bhuripanyo K, Zhao B, Zhou H, Liu R, Bi Y, Kiyokawa H, Yin J. Identifying the ubiquitination targets of E6AP by orthogonal ubiquitin transfer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2232. [PMID: 29263404 PMCID: PMC5738348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin (UB) ligases are the ending modules of the E1–E2-E3 cascades that transfer UB to cellular proteins and regulate their biological functions. Identifying the substrates of an E3 holds the key to elucidate its role in cell regulation. Here, we construct an orthogonal UB transfer (OUT) cascade to identify the substrates of E6AP, a HECT E3 also known as Ube3a that is implicated in cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. We use yeast cell surface display to engineer E6AP to exclusively transfer an affinity-tagged UB variant (xUB) to its substrate proteins. Proteomic identification of xUB-conjugated proteins in HEK293 cells affords 130 potential E6AP targets. Among them, we verify that MAPK1, CDK1, CDK4, PRMT5, β-catenin, and UbxD8 are directly ubiquitinated by E6AP in vitro and in the cell. Our work establishes OUT as an efficient platform to profile E3 substrates and reveal the cellular circuits mediated by the E3 enzymes. E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate biological functions by ubiquitinating defined substrate proteins but overlapping specificities complicate the identification of E3-substrate relationships. Here, the authors construct an orthogonal UB transfer cascade and identify specific substrates of the E3 enzyme E6AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Xianpeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Duc Duong
- Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Karan Bhuripanyo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ruochuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yingtao Bi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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25
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Wang YT, Chen J, Chang CW, Jen J, Huang TY, Chen CM, Shen R, Liang SY, Cheng IC, Yang SC, Lai WW, Cheng KH, Hsieh TS, Lai MZ, Cheng HC, Wang YC, Chen RH. Ubiquitination of tumor suppressor PML regulates prometastatic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2982-2997. [PMID: 28691927 DOI: 10.1172/jci89957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which tumor cells regulate the cell and non-cell constituents of surrounding stroma remains incompletely understood. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) is a pleiotropic tumor suppressor, but its role in tumor microenvironment regulation is poorly characterized. PML is frequently downregulated in many cancer types, including lung cancer. Here, we identify a PML ubiquitination pathway that is mediated by WD repeat 4-containing cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4WDR4). Clinically, this PML degradation pathway is hyperactivated in lung cancer and correlates with poor prognosis. The WDR4/PML axis induces a set of cell-surface or secreted factors, including CD73, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), and serum amyloid A2 (SAA2), which elicit paracrine effects to stimulate migration, invasion, and metastasis in multiple lung cancer models. In xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models, the WDR4/PML axis elevates intratumoral Tregs and M2-like macrophages and reduces CD8+ T cells to promote lung tumor growth. These immunosuppressive effects were all reversed by CD73 blockade. Our study identifies WDR4 as an oncoprotein that negatively regulates PML via ubiquitination to promote lung cancer progression by fostering an immunosuppressive and prometastatic tumor microenvironment, suggesting the potential of immune-modulatory approaches for treating lung cancer with aberrant PML degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jocelyn Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Wei Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jayu Jen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Suh-Yuen Liang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Cheng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wu-Wei Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Shih Hsieh
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Zong Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Cheng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Chhabra S, Kumar Y, Thacker G, Kapoor I, Lochab S, Sanyal S, Bhatt MLB, Chattopadhyay N, Trivedi AK. E6AP inhibits G-CSFR turnover and functions by promoting its ubiquitin-dependent proteasome degradation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1545-1553. [PMID: 28578910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) plays a crucial role in regulating myeloid cell survival, proliferation, and neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells maturation. Previously, we demonstrated that Fbw7α negatively regulates G-CSFR and its downstream signaling through ubiquitin-proteasome mediated degradation. However, whether additional ubiquitin ligases for G-CSFR exist is not known. Identifying multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases for G-CSFR shall improve our understanding of activation and subsequent attenuation of G-CSFR signaling required for differentiation and proliferation. Here, for the first time we demonstrate that E6 associated protein (E6AP), an E3 ubiquitin ligase physically associates with G-CSFR and targets it for ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation and thereby attenuates its functions. We further show that E6AP promoted G-CSFR degradation leads to reduced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) which is required for G-CSF dependent granulocytic differentiation. More importantly, our finding shows that E6AP also targets mutant form of G-SCFR (G-CSFR-T718), frequently observed in severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) patients that very often culminate to AML, however, at a quite slower rate than wild type G-CSFR. In addition, our data showed that knockdown of E6AP restores G-CSFR and its signaling thereby promoting granulocytic differentiation. Collectively, our data demonstrates that E6AP facilitates ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of G-CSFR leading to attenuation of its downstream signaling and inhibition of granulocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuti Chhabra
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Gatha Thacker
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Isha Kapoor
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Savita Lochab
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Madan L B Bhatt
- Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Arun Kumar Trivedi
- Biochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.
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27
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Gamell C, Gulati T, Levav-Cohen Y, Young RJ, Do H, Pilling P, Takano E, Watkins N, Fox SB, Russell P, Ginsberg D, Monahan BJ, Wright G, Dobrovic A, Haupt S, Solomon B, Haupt Y. Reduced abundance of the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP contributes to decreased expression of the INK4/ARF locus in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaaf8223. [PMID: 28074012 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf8223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p16INK4a, one protein encoded by the INK4/ARF locus, is frequently absent in multiple cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whereas increased methylation of the encoding gene (CDKN2A) accounts for its loss in a third of patients, no molecular explanation exists for the remainder. We unraveled an alternative mechanism for the silencing of the INK4/ARF locus involving the E3 ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional cofactor E6AP (also known as UBE3A). We found that the expression of three tumor suppressor genes encoded in the INK4/ARF locus (p15INK4b, p16INK4a, and p19ARF) was decreased in E6AP-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts. E6AP induced the expression of the INK4/ARF locus at the transcriptional level by inhibiting CDC6 transcription, a gene encoding a key repressor of the locus. Luciferase assays revealed that E6AP inhibited CDC6 expression by reducing its E2F1-dependent transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that E6AP reduced the amount of E2F1 at the CDC6 promoter. In a subset of NSCLC samples, an E6AP-low/CDC6-high/p16INK4a-low protein abundance profile correlated with low methylation of the gene encoding p16INK4a (CDKN2A) and poor patient prognosis. These findings define a previously unrecognized tumor-suppressive role for E6AP in NSCLC, reveal an alternative silencing mechanism of the INK4/ARF locus, and reveal E6AP as a potential prognostic marker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gamell
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yaara Levav-Cohen
- The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Richard J Young
- Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Pat Pilling
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Elena Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Neil Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Prudence Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Doron Ginsberg
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 2555, Australia
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alex Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ben Solomon
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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28
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Paul PJ, Raghu D, Chan AL, Gulati T, Lambeth L, Takano E, Herold MJ, Hagekyriakou J, Vessella RL, Fedele C, Shackleton M, Williams ED, Fox S, Williams S, Haupt S, Gamell C, Haupt Y. Restoration of tumor suppression in prostate cancer by targeting the E3 ligase E6AP. Oncogene 2016; 35:6235-6245. [PMID: 27641331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of tumor suppression is an attractive onco-therapeutic approach. It is particularly relevant when a tumor suppressor is excessively degraded by an overactive oncogenic E3 ligase. We previously discovered that the E6-associated protein (E6AP; as classified in the human papilloma virus context) is an E3 ligase that has an important role in the cellular stress response, and it directly targets the tumor-suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) for proteasomal degradation. In this study, we have examined the role of the E6AP-PML axis in prostate cancer (PC). We show that knockdown (KD) of E6AP expression attenuates growth of PC cell lines in vitro. We validated this finding in vivo using cell line xenografts, patient-derived xenografts and mouse genetics. We found that KD of E6AP attenuates cancer cell growth by promoting cellular senescence in vivo, which correlates with restoration of tumor suppression by PML. In addition, we show that KD of E6AP sensitizes cells to radiation-induced death. Overall, our findings demonstrate a role for E6AP in the promotion of PC and support E6AP targeting as a novel approach for PC treatment, either alone or in combination with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Paul
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Raghu
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A-L Chan
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Gulati
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Lambeth
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Herold
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Hagekyriakou
- Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Fedele
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Development and Treatment Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Shackleton
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Development and Treatment Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Gamell
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Haupt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Gao S, Fang L, Phan LM, Qdaisat A, Yeung SCJ, Lee MH. COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6) regulates E6AP/UBE3A in cervical cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28026-41. [PMID: 26318036 PMCID: PMC4695042 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the major cause in almost 99.7% of cervical cancer. E6 oncoprotein of HPV and E6-associated protein (E6AP) are critical in causing p53 degradation and malignancy. Understanding the E6AP regulation is critical to develop treating strategy for cervical cancer patients. The COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6) is involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. We found that both CSN6 and E6AP are overexpressed in cervical cancer. We characterized that CSN6 associated with E6AP and stabilized E6AP expression by reducing E6AP poly-ubiquitination, thereby regulating p53 activity in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that CSN6-E6AP axis can be regulated by EGF/Akt signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of CSN6-E6AP axis hinders cervical cancer growth in mice. Taken together, our results indicate that CSN6 is a positive regulator of E6AP and is important for cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Gao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lekun Fang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Liem Minh Phan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Aiham Qdaisat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sai-Ching J Yeung
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mong-Hong Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China.,Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Obeid JP, Zafar N, El Hokayem J. Steroid Hormone Receptor Coregulators in Endocrine Cancers. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:504-15. [PMID: 27240871 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coregulators span a broad and extensive domain in modulating cellular transcriptional activity. Studies have established a dynamic role for such coregulators in various endocrine cancers. Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) play a pivotal role in such endocrine cancers, and interact abundantly with transcriptional coregulators in altering gene expression. Several families of coregulators have implications in propagating the development, progression and invasion of breast, prostate, and other hormone-responsive cancers. This mini-review aims to discuss different classes of coregulators involved in endocrine cancers and highlight unique information regarding each family with relevance to mechanism, intervention, and novel directions being investigated. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(7):504-515, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Obeid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nawal Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jimmy El Hokayem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
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31
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Kovatcheva M, Liu DD, Dickson MA, Klein ME, O'Connor R, Wilder FO, Socci ND, Tap WD, Schwartz GK, Singer S, Crago AM, Koff A. MDM2 turnover and expression of ATRX determine the choice between quiescence and senescence in response to CDK4 inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8226-43. [PMID: 25803170 PMCID: PMC4480747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK4 inhibitors (CDK4i) earned Breakthrough Therapy Designation from the FDA last year and are entering phase III clinical trials in several cancers. However, not all tumors respond favorably to these drugs. CDK4 activity is critical for progression through G1 phase and into the mitotic cell cycle. Inhibiting this kinase induces Rb-positive cells to exit the cell cycle into either a quiescent or senescent state. In this report, using well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WD/DDLS) cell lines, we show that the proteolytic turnover of MDM2 is required for CDK4i-induced senescence. Failure to reduce MDM2 does not prevent CDK4i-induced withdrawal from the cell cycle but the cells remain in a reversible quiescent state. Reducing MDM2 in these cells drives them into the more stable senescent state. CDK4i-induced senescence associated with loss of MDM2 is also observed in some breast cancer, lung cancer and glioma cell lines indicating that this is not limited to WD/DDLS cells in which MDM2 is overexpressed or in cells that contain wild type p53. MDM2 turnover depends on its E3 ligase activity and expression of ATRX. Interestingly, in seven patients the changes in MDM2 expression were correlated with outcome. These insights identify MDM2 and ATRX as new regulators controlling geroconversion, the process by which quiescent cells become senescent, and this insight may be exploited to improve the activity of CDK4i in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kovatcheva
- The Louis V. Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - David D Liu
- The Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mark A Dickson
- Department of Medicine, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Mary E Klein
- The Louis V. Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Rachael O'Connor
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Fatima O Wilder
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Program in Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Current address: Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Aimee M Crago
- Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Koff
- The Louis V. Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.,The Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Weill College of Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA.,Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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32
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Shire K, Wong AI, Tatham MH, Anderson OF, Ripsman D, Gulstene S, Moffat J, Hay RT, Frappier L. Identification of RNF168 as a PML nuclear body regulator. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:580-91. [PMID: 26675234 PMCID: PMC4760303 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein forms the basis of PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs), which control many important processes. We have screened an shRNA library targeting ubiquitin pathway proteins for effects on PML NBs, and identified RNF8 and RNF168 DNA-damage response proteins as negative regulators of PML NBs. Additional studies confirmed that depletion of either RNF8 or RNF168 increased the levels of PML NBs and proteins, whereas overexpression induced loss of PML NBs. RNF168 partially localized to PML NBs through its UMI/MIU1 ubiquitin-interacting region and associated with NBs formed by any PML isoform. The association of RNF168 with PML NBs resulted in increased ubiquitylation and SUMO2 modification of PML. In addition, RNF168 was found to associate with proteins modified by SUMO2 and/or SUMO3 in a manner dependent on its ubiquitin-binding sequences, suggesting that hybrid SUMO-ubiquitin chains can be bound. In vitro assays confirmed that RNF168, preferentially, binds hybrid SUMO2-K63 ubiquitin chains compared with K63-ubiquitin chains or individual SUMO2. Our study identified previously unrecognized roles for RNF8 and RNF168 in the regulation of PML, and a so far unknown preference of RNF168 for hybrid SUMO-ubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Shire
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Andrew I Wong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Michael H Tatham
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
| | - Oliver F Anderson
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
| | - David Ripsman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Stephanie Gulstene
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee
| | - Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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33
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Wu HC, Lin YC, Liu CH, Chung HC, Wang YT, Lin YW, Ma HI, Tu PH, Lawler SE, Chen RH. USP11 regulates PML stability to control Notch-induced malignancy in brain tumours. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3214. [PMID: 24487962 PMCID: PMC5645609 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) protein controls multiple tumour suppressive functions and is downregulated in diverse types of human cancers through incompletely characterized post-translational mechanisms. Here we identify USP11 as a PML regulator by RNAi screening. USP11 deubiquitinates and stabilizes PML, thereby counteracting the functions of PML ubiquitin ligases RNF4 and the KLHL20-Cul3 (Cullin 3)-Roc1 complex. We find that USP11 is transcriptionally repressed through a Notch/Hey1-dependent mechanism, leading to PML destabilization. In human glioma, Hey1 upregulation correlates with USP11 and PML downregulation and with high-grade malignancy. The Notch/Hey1-induced downregulation of USP11 and PML not only confers multiple malignant characteristics of aggressive glioma, including proliferation, invasiveness and tumour growth in an orthotopic mouse model, but also potentiates self-renewal, tumour-forming capacity and therapeutic resistance of patient-derived glioma-initiating cells. Our study uncovers a PML degradation mechanism through Notch/Hey1-induced repression of the PML deubiquitinase USP11 and suggests an important role for this pathway in brain tumour pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Wu
- 1] Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan [2] Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- 1] Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan [2] Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Liu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Ya-Ting Wang
- 1] Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan [2] Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Lin
- 1] Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Ma
- 1] Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan [2] Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hsien Tu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ruey-Hwa Chen
- 1] Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan [2] Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan [3] Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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LMP1-Induced Sumoylation Influences the Maintenance of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency through KAP1. J Virol 2015; 89:7465-77. [PMID: 25948750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00711-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As a herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a latent infection that can periodically undergo reactivation, resulting in lytic replication and the production of new infectious virus. Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), the principal viral oncoprotein, is a latency-associated protein implicated in regulating viral reactivation and the maintenance of latency. We recently found that LMP1 hijacks the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 via its C-terminal activating region-3 (CTAR3) and induces the sumoylation of cellular proteins. Because protein sumoylation can promote transcriptional repression, we hypothesized that LMP1-induced protein sumoylation induces the repression of EBV lytic promoters and helps maintain the viral genome in its latent state. We now show that with inhibition of LMP1-induced protein sumoylation, the latent state becomes less stable or leakier in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. The cells are also more sensitive to viral reactivation induced by irradiation, which results in the increased production and release of infectious virus, as well as increased susceptibility to ganciclovir treatment. We have identified a target of LMP1-mediated sumoylation that contributes to the maintenance of latency in this context: KRAB-associated protein-1 (KAP1). LMP1 CTAR3-mediated sumoylation regulates the function of KAP1. KAP1 also binds to EBV OriLyt and immediate early promoters in a CTAR3-dependent manner, and inhibition of sumoylation processes abrogates the binding of KAP1 to these promoters. These data provide an additional line of evidence that supports our findings that CTAR3 is a distinct functioning regulatory region of LMP1 and confirm that LMP1-induced sumoylation may help stabilize the maintenance of EBV latency. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) plays an important role in the maintenance of viral latency. Previously, we documented that LMP1 targets cellular proteins to be modified by a ubiquitin-like protein (SUMO). We have now identified a function for this LMP1-induced modification of cellular proteins in the maintenance of EBV latency. Because latently infected cells have to undergo viral reactivation in order to be vulnerable to antiviral drugs, these findings identify a new way to increase the rate of EBV reactivation, which increases cell susceptibility to antiviral therapies.
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KLHL39 suppresses colon cancer metastasis by blocking KLHL20-mediated PML and DAPK ubiquitination. Oncogene 2015; 34:5141-51. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lin YC, Lu LT, Chen HY, Duan X, Lin X, Feng XH, Tang MJ, Chen RH. SCP phosphatases suppress renal cell carcinoma by stabilizing PML and inhibiting mTOR/HIF signaling. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6935-46. [PMID: 25293974 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor-suppressor protein promyelocytic leukemia (PML) is aberrantly degraded in multiple types of human cancers through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Here, we show that the phosphatase SCP1 and its isoforms SCP2/3 dephosphorylate PML at S518, thereby blocking PML ubiquitination and degradation mediated by the prolyl isomerase Pin1 and the ubiquitin ligase KLHL20. Clinically, SCP1 and SCP3 are downregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and these events correlated with PMLS518 phosphorylation, PML turnover, and high-grade tumors. Restoring SCP1-mediated PML stabilization not only inhibited malignant features of ccRCC, including proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth, and tumor angiogenesis, but also suppressed the mTOR-HIF pathway. Furthermore, blocking PML degradation in ccRCC by SCP1 overexpression or Pin1 inhibition enhanced the tumor-suppressive effects of the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus. Taken together, our results define a novel pathway of PML degradation in ccRCC that involves SCP downregulation, revealing contributions of this pathway to ccRCC progression and offering a mechanistic rationale for combination therapies that jointly target PML degradation and mTOR inhibition for ccRCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Lu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xueyan Duan
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Birch SE, Kench JG, Takano E, Chan P, Chan AL, Chiam K, Veillard AS, Stricker P, Haupt S, Haupt Y, Horvath L, Fox SB. Expression of E6AP and PML predicts for prostate cancer progression and cancer-specific death. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:2392-2397. [PMID: 25231954 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) tumor suppressor plays an important role in the response to a variety of cellular stressors and its expression is downregulated or lost in a range of human tumors. We have previously shown that the E3 ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) is an important regulator of PML protein stability but the relationship and clinical impact of PML and E6AP expression in prostatic carcinoma is unknown. METHODS E6AP and PML expression was assessed in tissue microarrays from a phase I discovery cohort of 170 patients treated by radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer (PC). Correlation analysis was carried out between PML and E6AP expression and clinicopathological variates including PSA as a surrogate of disease recurrence. The results were confirmed in a phase II validation cohort of 318 patients with associated clinical recurrence and survival data. RESULTS Survival analysis of the phase I cohort revealed that patients whose tumors showed reduced PML and high E6AP expression had reduced time to PSA relapse (P = 0.012). This was confirmed in the phase II validation cohort where the expression profile of high E6AP/low PML was significantly associated with reduced time to PSA relapse (P < 0.001), clinical relapse (P = 0.016) and PC-specific death (P = 0.014). In multivariate analysis, this expression profile was an independent prognostic indicator of PSA relapse and clinical relapse independent of clinicopathologic factors predicting recurrence. CONCLUSION This study identifies E6AP and PML as potential prognostic markers in localized prostate carcinoma and supports a role for E6AP in driving the downregulation or loss of PML expression in prostate carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Birch
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne.
| | - J G Kench
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney
| | - E Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne
| | - P Chan
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne
| | - A-L Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - K Chiam
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney
| | - A-S Veillard
- NHMRC Clinical Trial Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney
| | - P Stricker
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney; Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney
| | - S Haupt
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne
| | - Y Haupt
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne
| | - L Horvath
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Sydney; Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, Australia
| | - S B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer, East Melbourne; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne
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Gamell C, Jan Paul P, Haupt Y, Haupt S. PML tumour suppression and beyond: Therapeutic implications. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2653-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
The role of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein has been widely tested in many different contexts, as attested by the hundreds of papers present in the literature. In most of these studies, PML is regarded as a tumor suppressor, a notion on the whole accepted by the scientific community. In this review, we examine how the concept of tumor-suppressor gene has evolved until now and then systematically assess whether this assumption for PML is supported by unambiguous experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mazza
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy
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40
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Ivanschitz L, De Thé H, Le Bras M. PML, SUMOylation, and Senescence. Front Oncol 2013; 3:171. [PMID: 23847762 PMCID: PMC3701148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, 25 years ago, promyelocytic leukemia (PML) has been an enigma. Implicated in the oncogenic PML/RARA fusion, forming elusive intranuclear domains, triggering cell death or senescence, controlled by and perhaps controlling SUMOylation… there are multiple PML-related issues. Here we review the reciprocal interactions between PML, senescence, and SUMOylation, notably in the context of cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ivanschitz
- University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital St. Louis , Paris , France ; INSERM UMR 944, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St. Louis , Paris , France ; CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital St. Louis , Paris , France
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Nisole S, Maroui MA, Mascle XH, Aubry M, Chelbi-Alix MK. Differential Roles of PML Isoforms. Front Oncol 2013; 3:125. [PMID: 23734343 PMCID: PMC3660695 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is fused to the retinoic acid receptor alpha in patients suffering from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Treatment of APL patients with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) reverses the disease phenotype by a process involving the degradation of the fusion protein via its PML moiety. Several PML isoforms are generated from a single PML gene by alternative splicing. They share the same N-terminal region containing the RBCC/tripartite motif but differ in their C-terminal sequences. Recent studies of all the PML isoforms reveal the specific functions of each. Here, we review the nomenclature and structural organization of the PML isoforms in order to clarify the various designations and classifications found in different databases. The functions of the PML isoforms and their differential roles in antiviral defense also are reviewed. Finally, the key players involved in the degradation of the PML isoforms in response to As2O3 or other inducers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 747 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
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Wolyniec K, Carney DA, Haupt S, Haupt Y. New Strategies to Direct Therapeutic Targeting of PML to Treat Cancers. Front Oncol 2013; 3:124. [PMID: 23730625 PMCID: PMC3656422 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor function of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein was first identified as a result of its dysregulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia, however, its importance is now emerging far beyond hematological neoplasms, to an extensive range of malignancies, including solid tumors. In response to stress signals, PML coordinates the regulation of numerous proteins, which activate fundamental cellular processes that suppress tumorigenesis. Importantly, PML itself is the subject of specific post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation, acetylation, and SUMOylation, which in turn control PML activity and stability and ultimately dictate cellular fate. Improved understanding of the regulation of this key tumor suppressor is uncovering potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Targeting the key negative regulators of PML in cancer cells such as casein kinase 2, big MAP kinase 1, and E6-associated protein, with specific inhibitors that are becoming available, provides unique and exciting avenues for restoring tumor suppression through the induction of apoptosis and senescence. These approaches could be combined with DNA damaging drugs and cytokines that are known to activate PML. Depending on the cellular context, reactivation or enhancement of tumor suppressive PML functions, or targeted elimination of aberrantly functioning PML, may provide clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wolyniec
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dennis A. Carney
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreEast Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
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Vecchio L, Seke Etet PF, Kipanyula MJ, Krampera M, Nwabo Kamdje AH. Importance of epigenetic changes in cancer etiology, pathogenesis, clinical profiling, and treatment: what can be learned from hematologic malignancies? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:90-104. [PMID: 23603458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations represent a key cancer hallmark, even in hematologic malignancies (HMs) or blood cancers, whose clinical features display a high inter-individual variability. Evidence accumulated in recent years indicates that inactivating DNA hypermethylation preferentially targets the subset of polycomb group (PcG) genes that are regulators of developmental processes. Conversely, activating DNA hypomethylation targets oncogenic signaling pathway genes, but outcomes of both events lead in the overexpression of oncogenic signaling pathways that contribute to the stem-like state of cancer cells. On the basis of recent evidence from population-based, clinical and experimental studies, we hypothesize that factors associated with risk for developing a HM, such as metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation, trigger epigenetic mechanisms to increase the transcriptional expression of oncogenes and activate oncogenic signaling pathways. Among others, signaling pathways associated with such risk factors include pro-inflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and mitogenic, growth, and survival Janus kinase (JAK) intracellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase-triggered pathways, which include signaling pathways such as transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Ras GTPases/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and β-catenin pathways. Recent findings on epigenetic mechanisms at work in HMs and their importance in the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are herein summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the role of epigenetic processes in the determination of biological identity, the consequences for interindividual variability in disease clinical profile, and the potential of epigenetic drugs in HMs are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Vecchio
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Institute of Molecular Genetics, CNR, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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PML-mediated signaling and its role in cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:1475-84. [PMID: 23563177 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, initially discovered as a part of the PML/retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion protein, has been found to be a critical player in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Multiple cellular activities, including DNA repair, alternative lengthening of telomeres, transcriptional control, apoptosis and senescence, are regulated by PML and its featured subcellular structure, the PML nuclear body. In correspondence with its role in many important life processes, PML mediates several complex downstream signaling pathways. The determinant function of PML in tumorigenesis and cancer progression raises the interest in its involvement in cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells that share properties with stem cells and are critical for tumor propagation. Recently, there are exciting discoveries concerning the requirement of PML in CSC maintenance. Growing evidences strongly suggest a positive role of PML in regulating CSCs in both hematopoietic cancers and solid tumors, whereas the underlying mechanisms may be different and remain elusive. Here we summarize and discuss the PML-mediated signaling pathways in cancers and their potential roles in regulating CSCs.
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45
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Rabellino A, Scaglioni PP. PML Degradation: Multiple Ways to Eliminate PML. Front Oncol 2013; 3:60. [PMID: 23526763 PMCID: PMC3605509 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia tumor suppressor gene (PML) critically regulates several cellular functions that oppose tumorigenesis such as oncogene-induced senescence, apoptosis, the response to DNA damage and to viral infections. PML deficiency occurs commonly in a broad spectrum of human cancers through mechanisms that involve its aberrant ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, several viruses encode viral proteins that promote viral replication through degradation of PML. These observations suggest that restoration of PML should lead to potent antitumor effects or antiviral responses. In this review we will summarize the mechanisms involved in PML degradation with the intent to highlight novel therapeutic strategies to trigger PML restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rabellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
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46
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Schmitz ML, Grishina I. Regulation of the tumor suppressor PML by sequential post-translational modifications. Front Oncol 2012; 2:204. [PMID: 23293771 PMCID: PMC3533183 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate multiple biological functions of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein and also the fission, disassembly, and rebuilding of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) during the cell cycle. Pathway-specific PML modification patterns ensure proper signal output from PML-NBs that suit the specific functional requirements. Here we comprehensively review the signaling pathways and enzymes that modify PML and also the oncogenic PML-RARα fusion protein. Many PTMs occur in a hierarchical and timely organized fashion. Phosphorylation or acetylation constitutes typical starting points for many PML modifying events, while degradative ubiquitination is an irreversible end point of the modification cascade. As this hierarchical organization of PTMs frequently turns phosphorylation events as primordial events, kinases or phosphatases regulating PML phosphorylation may be interesting drug targets to manipulate the downstream modifications and thus the stability and function of PML or PML-RARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus Liebig University, German Center for Lung Research Giessen, Germany
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47
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Wolyniec K, Chan AL, Haupt S, Haupt Y. Restoring PML tumor suppression to combat cancer. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3705-6. [PMID: 22983003 PMCID: PMC3495802 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Chen RH, Lee YR, Yuan WC. The role of PML ubiquitination in human malignancies. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:81. [PMID: 22935031 PMCID: PMC3438505 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressors are frequently downregulated in human cancers and understanding of the mechanisms through which tumor cells restrict the expression of tumor suppressors is important for the prognosis and intervention of diseases. The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein plays a critical role in multiple tumor suppressive functions, such as growth inhibition, apoptosis, replicative senescence, suppression of oncogenic transformation, and inhibition of migration and angiogenesis. These tumor suppression functions are recapitulated in several mouse models. The expression of PML protein is frequently downregulated in diverse types of human tumors and this downregulation often correlates with tumor progression. Recent evidence has emerged that PML is aberrantly degraded in various types of tumors through ubiquitination-dependent mechanisms. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the PML ubiquitination/degradation pathways in human cancers. We point out that multiple pathways lead to PML ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, the PML ubiquitination processes are often dependent on other types of posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation, prolylisomerization, and sumoylation. Such feature indicates a highly regulated nature of PML ubiquitination in different cellular conditions and cell contexts, thus providing many avenues of opportunity to intervene PML ubiquitination pathways. We discuss the potential of targeting PML ubiquitination pathways for anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Hwa Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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