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Wang X, Wang W, Vega F, Quesada AE. Aggressive Mediastinal Lymphomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 2024; 41:125-139. [PMID: 34175178 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mediastinum contains essentially all major intrathoracic organs except for the lungs. A variety of both benign and malignant tumors can involve the mediastinum, of which lymphoma is the most common malignancy. Compared to secondary mediastinal involvement by systemic lymphomas, primary mediastinal lymphomas are less common with several specific entities that are mainly confined to mediastinal lymph nodes, and/or thymus. This review will summarize the clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic and molecular genetic features of the most common and most aggressive primary mediastinal lymphomas as well as provide suggested immunohistochemistry panels and differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Francisco Vega
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andres E Quesada
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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2
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Takata K, Miyata-Takata T, Nishikori A, Haratake T, Sato Y. T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement analysis of classic Hodgkin lymphoma using a BIOMED-2 assay: a paraffin-embedded tissue analysis of one hundred cases. J Clin Exp Hematop 2024; 64:138-143. [PMID: 38925974 PMCID: PMC11303964 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the new WHO classifications of haematolymphoid tumours (WHO-HAEM5), classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is categorized into B-cell lymphoid proliferations and lymphomas. Although the majority of Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells are of germinal center B-cell origin with some defects of B-cell transcription factors, they rarely express T-cell antigens or cytotoxic molecules. Clonality analyses on cHL samples using BIOMED-2 have been reported by several groups; however, those studies were only focused on Ig regions, including IgH, Ig-kappa, and Ig-lambda, and TCR-γ clonality analysis of cHL has not yet been explored. Here, we investigated TCR-γ gene rearrangement for one hundred cases using a PCR-based method. Four of one hundred (4%) cases showed TCR-γ clonal peaks. Of these, three were at an advanced stage and one patient died of the disease. To clarify whether HRS cells showed T-cell clonality or not, we performed PCR analysis using DNAs of microdissected HRS cells. Three samples showed identical clonal peaks with bulk specimens. Our results indicate that cHL is a heterogeneous disease of mainly B-cell and rarely T-cell origin with a special phenotype. Further molecular studies are warranted.
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Takahara T, Sakakibara A, Tsuyuki Y, Satou A, Kato S, Nakamura S. Diagnostic approach for classic Hodgkin lymphoma in small samples with an emphasis on PD-L1 expression and EBV harboring in tumor cells: a brief review from morphology to biology. J Clin Exp Hematop 2023; 63:58-64. [PMID: 37380470 PMCID: PMC10410620 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.23003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) was first described in 1832 by Thomas Hodgkin, and is characterized by a small number of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in a rich inflammatory background. However, even in this modern era, due to the histological and biological overlap with CHL and other B-cell malignancies, including mediastinal grey zone lymphoma and other lymphomas accompanied by "Hodgkinoid cells", their discrimination is challenging and sometimes impossible. The complexity and ambiguity of the boundaries of CHL and its related diseases make the definition of CHL unresolved. Our group has studied the significance of PD-L1 expression and infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the diagnosis of CHL, emphasizing their pathological role, clinical significance, and high reproducibility even in daily clinical practice. In this review, we summarize the diagnostic strategy of CHL and its histological lookalikes based on neoplastic PD-L1 expression and infection of EBV, and attempt a reappraisal of the definition of CHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Takahara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakakibara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuyuki
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Satou
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kato
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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4
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Jung H, Kim HS, Han J, Ko YH, Choi YD, Lee T. Clinicopathological Characteristics of Primary Pulmonary Hodgkin Lymphoma (PPHL): Two Institutional Experiences with Comprehensive Literature Review of 115 PPHL Cases. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010126. [PMID: 36614926 PMCID: PMC9821715 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary pulmonary Hodgkin lymphoma (PPHL) is an extremely rare condition. Its clinicopathological characteristics remain unclear because of the limited number of patients with PPHL. The aim of this study was to comprehensively analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of PPHL. We reviewed the electronic medical records and pathology slides of our 10 PPHL patients. The female-to-male ratio was 6:4, and the mean age was 41 years. Although three patients had no symptoms, seven had localized or generalized symptoms, including cough, sputum, chest discomfort/pain, and weight loss. Some cases had not been diagnosed as PPHL in the initial needle biopsy. Four patients underwent surgical resection. With chemotherapy, eight patients achieved complete remission. We also conducted a thorough literature review on 105 previously reported PPHL cases. Among a total of 115 PPHL cases, the most common subtype was nodular sclerosis (37.4%). More than half of the cases (55%) were clinically suspected as infectious pneumonia. Of 61 patients whose biopsies were available, 27 (44.3%) were diagnosed correctly as Hodgkin lymphoma, whereas the misdiagnoses included tuberculosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, solitary fibrous tumor, and adenocarcinoma. We demonstrated that PPHL represents a diagnostic challenge on small biopsies. Recognizing that this rare tumor can mimic infectious and inflammatory diseases as well as malignancies is important because the accurate diagnosis of PPHL is essential for adequate clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera Jung
- Department of Pathology, CHA Ilsan Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Goyang 10414, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Duk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Taebum Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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5
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van Bladel DAG, Stevens WBC, van den Brand M, Kroeze LI, Groenen PJTA, van Krieken JHJM, Hebeda KM, Scheijen B. Novel Approaches in Molecular Characterization of Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133222. [PMID: 35805000 PMCID: PMC9264882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The unique tumor composition of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), with only a small fraction of malignant Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells within the tumor tissue, has created many challenges to characterize the genetic alterations that drive this lymphoid malignancy. Major advances in sequencing technologies and detailed analysis of circulating tumor DNA in blood samples of patients have provided important contributions to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of cHL. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in genotyping the clonal and mutational landscape of cHL. In addition, we discuss different next-generation sequencing applications to characterize tumor tissue and cell-free DNA, which are now available to improve the diagnosis of cHL, and to monitor therapeutic response or disease progression during treatment and follow up of cHL patients. Abstract Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) represents a B-cell lymphoproliferative disease characterized by clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements and recurrent genomic aberrations in the Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg cells in a reactive inflammatory background. Several methods are available for the molecular analysis of cHL on both tissue and cell-free DNA isolated from blood, which can provide detailed information regarding the clonal composition and genetic alterations that drive lymphoma pathogenesis. Clonality testing involving the detection of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor gene rearrangements, together with mutation analysis, represent valuable tools for cHL diagnostics, especially for patients with an atypical histological or clinical presentation reminiscent of a reactive lesion or another lymphoma subtype. In addition, clonality assessment may establish the clonal relationship of composite or subsequent lymphoma presentations within one patient. During the last few decades, more insight has been obtained on the molecular mechanisms that drive cHL development, including recurrently affected signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB and JAK/STAT) and immune evasion. We provide an overview of the different approaches to characterize the molecular composition of cHL, and the implementation of these next-generation sequencing-based techniques in research and diagnostic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede A. G. van Bladel
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.A.G.v.B.); (M.v.d.B.); (L.I.K.); (P.J.T.A.G.); (J.H.J.M.v.K.); (K.M.H.)
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy B. C. Stevens
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Hematology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Michiel van den Brand
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.A.G.v.B.); (M.v.d.B.); (L.I.K.); (P.J.T.A.G.); (J.H.J.M.v.K.); (K.M.H.)
- Pathology-DNA, Rijnstate Hospital, 6815 AD Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie I. Kroeze
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.A.G.v.B.); (M.v.d.B.); (L.I.K.); (P.J.T.A.G.); (J.H.J.M.v.K.); (K.M.H.)
| | - Patricia J. T. A. Groenen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.A.G.v.B.); (M.v.d.B.); (L.I.K.); (P.J.T.A.G.); (J.H.J.M.v.K.); (K.M.H.)
| | - J. Han J. M. van Krieken
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.A.G.v.B.); (M.v.d.B.); (L.I.K.); (P.J.T.A.G.); (J.H.J.M.v.K.); (K.M.H.)
| | - Konnie M. Hebeda
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.A.G.v.B.); (M.v.d.B.); (L.I.K.); (P.J.T.A.G.); (J.H.J.M.v.K.); (K.M.H.)
| | - Blanca Scheijen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.A.G.v.B.); (M.v.d.B.); (L.I.K.); (P.J.T.A.G.); (J.H.J.M.v.K.); (K.M.H.)
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Hodgkin Lymphoma: Biology and Differential Diagnostic Problem. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061507. [PMID: 35741318 PMCID: PMC9221773 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs) are lymphoid neoplasms that are morphologically defined as being composed of dysplastic cells, namely, Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells, in a reactive inflammatory background. The biological nature of HLs has long been unclear; however, our understanding of HL-related genetics and tumor microenvironment interactions is rapidly expanding. For example, cell surface overexpression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274/PD-L1) is now considered a defining feature of an HL subset, and targeting such immune checkpoint molecules is a promising therapeutic option. Still, HLs comprise multiple disease subtypes, and some HL features may overlap with its morphological mimics, posing challenging diagnostic and therapeutic problems. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the biology of HLs, and discuss approaches to differentiating HL and its mimics.
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Symes E, Wang P, Lager AM, Bishop MR, Aqil B, Venkataraman G. TP53/PLCG2-mutated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma richter transformation (DLBCL-RT) of CLL with unusual CD2 and PD-1 expression. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2735-2738. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2087070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Symes
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela M. Lager
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael R. Bishop
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The David and Etta Jonas Center for Cellular Therapy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barina Aqil
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Calvani J, Gérard L, Fadlallah J, Poullot E, Galicier L, Robe C, Garzaro M, Bertinchamp R, Boutboul D, Cuccuini W, Cayuela JM, Gaulard P, Oksenhendler É, Meignin V. A Comprehensive Clinicopathologic and Molecular Study of 19 Primary Effusion Lymphomas in HIV-infected Patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:353-362. [PMID: 34560683 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is associated with human herpesvirus 8 and frequently with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We report here a single-center series of 19 human immunodeficiency virus-associated PELs, including 14 EBV+ and 5 EBV- PELs. The objectives were to describe the clinicopathologic features of PELs, with a focus on programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, to search for genetic alterations by targeted deep sequencing analysis, and to compare the features between EBV+ and EBV- cases. All the patients were male, and the median age at diagnosis was 47 years old (interquartile range: 40 to 56 y). Reflecting the terminal B-cell differentiation, immunophenotypic profiles showed low expression levels of B-cell markers, including CD19 (0/19), CD20 (1/19), CD79a (0/19), PAX5 (1/19), BOB1 (3/19), and OCT2 (4/19), contrasting with a common expression of CD38 (10/19), CD138 (7/19), and IRF4/MUM1 (18/19). We observed a frequent aberrant expression of T-cell markers, especially CD3 (10/19), and less frequently CD2 (2/19), CD4 (3/19), CD5 (1/19), and CD8 (0/19). Only 2 cases were PD-L1 positive on tumor cells and none PD-1 positive. With respect to immune cells, 3 samples tested positive for PD-L1 and 5 for PD-1. Our 36-gene lymphopanel revealed 7 distinct variants in 5/10 PELs, with either a single or 2 mutations per sample: B2M (n=2), CD58 (n=1), EP300 (n=1), TNFAIP3 (n=1), ARID1A (n=1), and TP53 (n=1). Finally, we did not observe any major clinical, pathologic, or immunohistochemical differences between EBV+ and EBV- PELs and the outcome was similar (2-y overall survival probability of 61.9% [95% confidence interval, 31.2-82.1] vs. 60.0% [95% confidence interval, 12.6-88.2], respectively, P=0.62).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elsa Poullot
- Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)
- INSERM U955, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | | | - Cyrielle Robe
- Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)
- INSERM U955, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Michel Cayuela
- Hematology Laboratory, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)
- University of Paris, Paris
| | - Philippe Gaulard
- Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP)
- INSERM U955, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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9
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Bosch-Schips J, Granai M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F. The Grey Zones of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030742. [PMID: 35159009 PMCID: PMC8833496 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a well-defined lymphoid neoplasm with a minority of characteristic neoplastic cells of B cell origin, namely Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg cells immersed in a rich reactive inflammatory infiltrate in the background. Although CHL has always been set apart from non-Hodgkin lymphomas, cases with morphological and phenotypic features intermediate between CHL and other lymphomas have been described. Whereas some of these lymphomas only represent morphological mimics, others exhibit mutational and gene expression profiles which overlap with CHL, indicating that these cases, frequently termed grey zone lymphomas, reside on the biological boundary between CHL and large B-cell lymphomas. In the present review, we aim to describe the current knowledge of these rare lymphomas, address diagnostic issues and summarize today’s concepts on the classification of grey zone lymphomas and related tumors. Abstract Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is a well-defined neoplasm characterized by the presence of a minority of pathognomonic Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells in a reactive inflammatory background. Although genotypically of B cell origin, HRS cells exhibit a downregulated B cell program and therefore are set apart from other B cell lymphomas in the current WHO classification. However, cases with morphological and phenotypic features overlapping with CHL have been recognized, and the category of B cell lymphoma—unclassifiable—with features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and CHL, also termed grey zone lymphoma, was first introduced into the WHO classification in 2008 as provisional entity. These cases, as well as others raising a differential diagnosis of CHL can present diagnostic problems, as well as therapeutic challenges. Whereas some of these lymphomas only represent biologically unrelated morphological mimics, others, especially mediastinal grey zone lymphoma, exhibit genetic and gene expression profiles which overlap with CHL, indicating a true biological relationship. In this review, we address areas of diagnostic difficulties between CHL and other lymphoma subtypes, discuss the biological basis of true grey zone lymphoma based on recent molecular studies and delineate current concepts for the classification of these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bosch-Schips
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge—Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Granai
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tübingen University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen-Stuttgart, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (J.B.-S.); (M.G.); (L.Q.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-2982266
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10
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Pabari R, Weidman DR, Punnett A. Hodgkin lymphoma involving the sternum. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29296. [PMID: 34387929 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Pabari
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Danielle R Weidman
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Punnett
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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11
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Usefulness of BATF3 Immunohistochemistry in Diagnosing Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061123. [PMID: 34202976 PMCID: PMC8234195 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that the AP-1 transcription factor BATF3 is constitutively expressed in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, but its potential as a diagnostic marker for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) has not yet been addressed. In this study, we performed immunohistochemistry and analyzed the BATF3 expression in lymphoma cells on 218 lymphoma samples belonging to 14 different lymphoma entities. We observed varying degrees of BATF3 expression in nearly half of the cases (n = 100) with BATF3 expression being a constitutive feature of cHL (n = 53) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). By scoring BATF3 expression (BATF3-score) we observed constitutively high BATF3-scores in cHL and ALCL and low to moderate BATF3-scores in all other entities examined. Western blot analysis confirmed BATF3 protein expression in cell lysates from cHL cell lines (n = 7). Thus, BATF3 can be considered a useful IHC marker for the diagnosis of cHL as it is highly sensitive and sufficiently specific when analyzed by BATF3-scoring.
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12
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Syncytial variant of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma: an under-emphasized variant. Hum Pathol 2021; 117:115-125. [PMID: 34058246 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Syncytial variant nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a variant that was described over 40 years ago but has received relatively little attention in the literature. Earlier studies emphasized the predominance of Hodgkin (also known as lacunar) and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in this variant. Here we emphasize that the HRS cells in syncytial variant nodular sclerosis HL have a cohesive appearance, form confluent sheets, and have an immunophenotype typical of classic HL. Cases of syncytial variant nodular sclerosis HL are also commonly associated with necrosis and granulocytes in the background. Patients with syncytial variant nodular sclerosis HL tend to be young adults who present with lymphadenopathy (most often cervical) and/or a mediastinal mass. The few studies of syncytial variant nodular sclerosis HL available in the literature have suggested that this variant is associated with a higher frequency of B-type symptoms and advanced-stage disease, and one study has suggested that patients have a shorter progression-free survival than patients with typical nodular sclerosis HL. However, currently patients with syncytial variant nodular sclerosis HL are treated similarly to patients with typical nodular sclerosis HL. The large number of neoplastic cells in syncytial variant nodular sclerosis HL cases presents a diagnostic challenge, and the differential diagnosis includes non-Hodgkin lymphomas, other types of classic HL, gray zone lymphoma, thymoma and metastatic neoplasms to the mediastinum including germ cell tumors, carcinomas, and melanoma.
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13
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Clinicopathological features of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with HTLV-1-infected Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg-like cells. Blood Adv 2021; 5:198-206. [PMID: 33570645 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, a hallmark of classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), are occasionally detected in non-Hodgkin lymphomas, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a lymphoid neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HRS-like cells associated with ATLL have been described to be of B-cell lineage and infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), not HTLV-1. We herein describe clinicopathological findings in 8 cases (4 males and 4 females; median age, 73 years [range, 55-81 years]) of ATLL with HTLV-1-infected HRS-like cells identified by ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization for HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ-ISH), a specific viral transcript of HTLV-1. All patients showed nodal or mediastinal lesions, and 5 of the 8 patients were at an advanced disease stage. HRS-like cells were positive for CD30, CD15, MUM1, CD25, and HBZ-ISH and negative for B-cell markers, including PAX5, pan-T-cell antigens, and EBV in all cases. Five cases were positive for CD4, and 6 cases were positive for fascin. HBZ was identified in both HRS-like cells and surrounding lymphoid cells in 1 case with an aggressive clinical course and only HRS-like cells in 7 cases, most of whom showed a clinical response regardless of the chemotherapeutic regimen. Even though the definitive lineage typing of the HTLV-1-infected HRS cells is one of the limitations of this study in the absence of single-cell microdissection for polymerase chain reaction analysis, the combination of diffuse HBZ-ISH positivity and negativity for PAX5 and EBV deemed these cases distinct from CHL arising in HTLV-1 carriers.
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14
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Sun K, Yu Q, Zhou J, Zhang H, Gao L, Nong L, Wang M, Que C. Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma mimicking rheumatoid arthritis-associated organizing pneumonia: A case report. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:1620-1624. [PMID: 33811475 PMCID: PMC8107033 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma (PPHL) is an extremely rare disease. The nonspecific clinical and radiological features render the diagnosis a great challenge. Here, we present a case of PPHL mimicking rheumatoid arthritis-associated organizing pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyan Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Li Gao
- Department of RadiologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Lin Nong
- Department of PathologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Mangju Wang
- Department of HematologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chengli Que
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicinePeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
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15
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Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a B cell lymphoma characterized by few malignant cells and numerous immune effector cells in the tumour microenvironment. The incidence of HL is highest in adolescents and young adults, although HL can affect elderly individuals. Diagnosis is based on histological and immunohistochemical analyses of tissue from a lymph node biopsy; the tissue morphology and antigen expression profile enable classification into one of the four types of classic HL (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-depleted or lymphocyte-rich HL), which account for the majority of cases, or nodular lymphocyte-predominant HL. Although uncommon, HL remains a crucial test case for progress in cancer treatment. HL was among the first systemic neoplasms shown to be curable with radiation therapy and multiagent chemotherapy. The goal of multimodality therapy is to minimize lifelong residual treatment-associated toxicity while maintaining high levels of effectiveness. Recurrent or refractory disease can be effectively treated or cured with high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and prospective trials have demonstrated the potency of immunotherapeutic approaches with antibody-drug conjugates and immune checkpoint inhibitors. This Primer explores the wealth of information that has been assembled to understand HL; these updated observations verify that HL investigation and treatment remain at the leading edge of oncological research.
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16
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Complexities in the diagnosis of large B-cell lymphomas, classic Hodgkin lymphomas and overlapping peripheral T-cell lymphomas simplified: An evidence-based guide. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 46:151534. [PMID: 32473554 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of a large B-cell lymphoma and classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) is often straightforward. However, in select circumstances, these simple diagnoses can be quite complex. In part, diagnostic difficulty may be due to uncertainty in the evaluation of morphologic and immunophenotypic features along a biologic continuum, or alternatively arise from uncertainty in predicting the behavior and outcomes of patients. Here, we systematically discuss and review areas of diagnostic difficulty in the diagnosis of large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL), classic Hodgkin lymphomas (CHL) and peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL). We provide careful data-driven analyses and evidence-based approaches to help guide pathologists and clinicians. We discuss: 1) marginal zone lymphomas with increased large cells versus diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 2) chronic lymphocytic leukemia with expanded proliferation centers versus diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), 3) chronic lymphocytic leukemia with Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg-like cells versus CHL arising from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 4) complex cases of follicular lymphoma versus DLBCL, 5) PTCL with large B-cell proliferations versus PTCL with LBCL, 6) PTCL with Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg-like cells versus CHL, and finally 7) blastoid/pleomorphic mantle cell lymphoma versus DLBCL. Our evidence and data driven approach may serve as a useful diagnostic guide.
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17
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Pizzi M, Tazzoli S, Carraro E, Chaviano F, Massano D, Lovisa F, Mussolin L, Todesco A, Biffi A, d'Amore ES, Pillon M, Rugge M. Histology of pediatric classic Hodgkin lymphoma: From diagnosis to prognostic stratification. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28230. [PMID: 32134194 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a common malignancy of the pediatric age. Although clinical-radiological features are routinely used for disease risk stratification, the role of tumor histology has yet to be defined. This study aimed to characterize the clinical-pathological features of a large cohort of pediatric cHL specifically investigating the relevance of tumor histology for the prognostic stratification of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The study considered 96 clinically annotated cases of pediatric cHL treated according to the AIEOP-LH2004 protocol. The following histological parameters were considered: (i) cHL variant; (ii) grade of nodular sclerosis (NS); (iii) staining for Bcl2 and p53, and expression of B-cell (BCA) and T-cell antigens (TCA) by Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. The study population consisted of 51 males and 45 females (median age: 13.6 years) with five-year overall and progression-free survival of 94% and 81%, respectively. Most cases featured NS morphology (96%) with a prevalence of NS1 over NS2 grades. Two NS2 variants were recognized (sarcomatous/syncytial and fibrohistiocytic). A consistent subset of cases disclosed positivity for BCA (34%), TCA (26%), p53 (13%), and Bcl2 (19%). Clinical-pathological correlations showed a more aggressive clinical course for NS2 over NS1 cases. The NS2 fibrohistiocytic variant was associated with the worst outcome. No other histological features correlated with prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric cHL is a clinically and histologically heterogeneous neoplasm. The majority of cases disclose NS morphology and aberrant phenotypes are frequently encountered. In the pediatric population, NS grading and NS2 subtyping bear significant prognostic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Tazzoli
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Carraro
- Paediatric Oncohematology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Davide Massano
- Paediatric Oncohematology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Lovisa
- Paediatric Oncohematology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Paediatric Oncohematology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Todesco
- Paediatric Oncohematology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Paediatric Oncohematology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marta Pillon
- Paediatric Oncohematology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of uncommon malignancies derived from mature T cells and usually characterised by an aggressive clinical course. Their clinical presentation, localisation and pattern of dissemination are highly variable, but the majority of cases present as nodal diseases. The recently revised classification of lymphomas has incorporated many new molecular genetic data derived from gene expression profiling and next generation sequencing studies, which refine the definition and diagnostic criteria of several entities. Nevertheless, the distinction of PTCL from various reactive conditions, and the diagnosis of PTCL subtypes remains notably challenging. Here, an updated summary of the clinicopathological and molecular features of the most common nodal-based PTCLs (angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and other nodal lymphomas derived from follicular T helper cells, anaplastic large cell lymphomas and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified) is presented. Practical recommendations in the diagnostic approach to nodal T-cell lymphoproliferations are presented, including indications for the appropriate use and interpretation of ancillary studies. Finally, we discuss commonly encountered diagnostic problems, including pitfalls and mimics in the differential diagnosis with various reactive conditions, and the criteria that allow proper identification of distinct PTCL entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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19
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Huettl KS, Staiger AM, Stehle A, Bonzheim I, Horn H, Borgmann V, Ott M, Fend F, Ott G. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma NOS arising in patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma of cytotoxic phenotype. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:3561-3564. [PMID: 31290373 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1636987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Huettl
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Annette M Staiger
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany.,Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Stehle
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Irina Bonzheim
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Horn
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Borgmann
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Ott
- Department of Pathology, MVZ Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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American Registry of Pathology Expert Opinions: Immunohistochemical evaluation of classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2019; 39:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Liang K, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Ge S, Mei S, Li H, Jing X, Zhang C. The histologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma with aberrant T-cell/B-cell antigen expression. Hum Pathol 2019; 84:309-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The Hodgkin lymphomas are a family of unique lymphoma subtypes, in which the nature of the neoplastic cell was enigmatic for many years. Much of the mystery has been solved, with all forms now considered to be of B-cell origin, in most cases of germinal centre derivation. Today we recognize Hodgkin lymphoma as an eponym that encompasses multiple entities. One of the unifying themes is the major contribution from the tumour microenvironment. Both the character of the neoplastic cells and the nature of the immune environment are critical to accurate diagnosis. Moreover, an understanding of the molecular alterations that characterize both the neoplastic cells and their microenvironment have led to therapeutic advances, targeting both neoplastic and reactive components. Other conditions may foster a similar inflammatory milieu and lead to lymphoproliferations that mimic the Hodgkin lymphomas. In this review we provide an update on the diagnostic features of the various subtypes and include additional information relevant for prognostic evaluation and investigation of potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we also discuss those conditions that often cause confusion in diagnosis and need to be distinguished from the Hodgkin lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wei Wang
- From the Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jayalakshmi P Balakrishna
- From the Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- From the Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elaine S Jaffe
- From the Hematopathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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23
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Mirzamani N, Zhang X, Brody J, Spitzer SG, Sen F, Hsu P. Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma With Aberrant CD8 Expression: A Clinicopathologic Study of Five Cases. Int J Surg Pathol 2018; 27:166-173. [PMID: 30058423 DOI: 10.1177/1066896918790384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) are of B-cell origin. In a small number of CHL cases, the tumor cells can express T-cell antigens. CD8 expression in this setting is extremely rare. We identified 5 cases of CHL with aberrant CD8 expression from our database. The patients included 3 men and 2 women with a median age of 33 years (range = 20-59 years). All the patients initially presented with lymphadenopathy and variable number of RS cells. Two cases were classified as mixed cellularity type that showed prominent vascular proliferation mimicking peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Two cases represented nodular sclerosis type. The tumor cells in all cases were positive for CD8 and negative for CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD7 and carried germline T-cell receptor genes. Molecular studies revealed T-cell receptor genes to be in germline configuration in 4 cases with available information. Given the morphologic overlap with peripheral T-cell lymphoma and the rarity of this type of CHL, identifying more cases will help our better understanding of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Mirzamani
- 1 Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Xinmin Zhang
- 1 Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Judith Brody
- 1 Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | | | - Filiz Sen
- 3 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peihong Hsu
- 1 Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY, USA
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24
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Biology of classical Hodgkin lymphoma: implications for prognosis and novel therapies. Blood 2018; 131:1654-1665. [PMID: 29500175 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-09-772632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma is considered a prime example of treatment success, with cure rates exceeding 80% using modern combined modality therapies. However, especially in adolescents and young adults, treatment-related toxicity and long-term morbidity still represent persistent challenges. Moreover, outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory disease remain unfavorable in the era of high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell transplantation. Hence, there is a high demand for novel and innovative alternative treatment approaches. In recent years, many new therapeutic agents have emerged from preclinical and clinical studies that target molecular hallmarks of Hodgkin lymphoma, including the aberrant phenotype of the tumor cells, deregulated oncogenic pathways, and immune escape. The antibody-drug conjugate brentuximab vedotin and immune checkpoint inhibitors have already shown great success in patients with relapsed/refractory disease, leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval and new trials testing these agents in various clinical settings. The expanding knowledge and understanding of Hodgkin lymphoma biology and disease progression, as well as the development of robust tools for biomarker-driven risk stratification and therapeutic decision making, continue to be fundamentally important for the success of these and other novel agents. We anticipate that the availability and clinical implementation of novel molecular assays will be instrumental in an era of rapid shifts in the treatment landscape of this disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of Hodgkin lymphoma pathobiology, highlighting the related development of novel treatment strategies and prognostic models that hold the promise to continually challenge and change the current standard of care in classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
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25
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Butler C, Skelton WP, Patel A, Mahtta D, Zhuang Y, Cherabuddi K, Shah K, Markham M. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma mimicking classic Hodgkin's lymphoma in a patient presenting with fevers of unknown origin. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-220858. [PMID: 29420242 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 52-year-old man presented to our hospital for further workup of fever of unknown origin after an extensive workup at an outside hospital had failed to reveal a diagnosis. At the outside hospital, he underwent excisional biopsy of the left supraclavicular lymph node, which showed non-necrotising granulomatous changes, and a bone marrow biopsy which showed a normocellular marrow. He was discharged without a diagnosis with recommendations to present to a tertiary hospital. During his admission, his hospital course was complicated by new direct hyperbilirubinaemia and eosinophilia, prompting liver and skin biopsies which showed CD30+ and CD3+ cells. He subsequently underwent left axillary lymph node biopsy, which was reported as 'classic Hodgkin's lymphoma'. With worsening lab values and T cells noted on liver and skin biopsies, excisional lymph node biopsy was sent to the National Institute of Health, where it was confirmed patient had peripheral T cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Arpan Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dhruv Mahtta
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yi Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kartik Cherabuddi
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kairav Shah
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Merry Markham
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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26
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Ferry JA. There Are No Magic Bullets in Hematopathology: Even Immunostains for CD20 and CD3 Can Get You Into Trouble. Adv Anat Pathol 2018; 25:14-23. [PMID: 28914619 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is a powerful tool for the diagnosis and subclassification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. However, the expression of certain markers is not always as expected, and unusual patterns of staining can lead to misdiagnosis. CD20 and CD3 are our most commonly used markers for identification of B cells and T cells, respectively, and they almost always yield reliable, specific staining. This discussion focuses on diagnostic pitfalls related to the use of immunohistochemistry for CD20 and CD3 in hematopathology, and specifically on diagnostic challenges that arise when (1) CD20 is not expressed in B-cell lymphomas, when (2) CD20 is expressed in plasma cell neoplasms and T-cell lymphomas, and when (3) CD3 is expressed in B-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma.
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27
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Lezama LS, Gratzinger D. Nodal Involvement by CD30+ Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Its Challenging Differentiation From Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 142:139-142. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0352-rs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Primary cutaneous lymphomas are defined as non-Hodgkin lymphomas that present in the skin with no evidence of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis. Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, representing almost 50% of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are the second most common group (30%). Transformed mycosis fungoides is usually CD30+ and can involve multiple nodal sites; other primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders can also involve draining regional nodes. Nodal involvement by CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders can mimic classical Hodgkin lymphoma, which can aberrantly express T-cell antigens. The aim of this article is to briefly review salient clinical, histologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features that can be used to distinguish lymph node involvement by CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders from classical Hodgkin lymphoma, a clinically important differential diagnosis that represents a challenging task for the pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lhara Sumarriva Lezama
- From the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai St Luke's, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Lezama); and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
| | - Dita Gratzinger
- From the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai St Luke's, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York (Dr Lezama); and the Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (Dr Gratzinger)
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28
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Expression of TIA1 and PAX5 in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma at Initial Diagnosis May Predict Clinical Outcome. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 24:383-91. [PMID: 26067141 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the expression of T-cell antigens and proteins associated with tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs), regulatory T cells (T-regs), and B-cell development have been evaluated in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), few studies correlate these proteins' expression patterns with clinical outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate proteins expressed in the Reed-Sternberg cells (RSCs) and TILs of cHLs at initial diagnosis to determine their prognostic significance. The expression of 12 proteins in RSCs and TILs from 88 diagnostic cHL biopsies was quantitated and correlated to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD25, PD1, TIA1, MUM1, and ZAP70 expression in RSCs did not correlate with OS or PFS, nor did programmed death 1 (PD1) expression in TILs. High numbers of TIA1-positive TILs (≥50%) correlated with OS (P=0.027), but not PFS (P=0.993) in univariate analysis. Expression of CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, and/or TIA1 (6%) in RSCs was associated with lymphocyte-rich/mixed-cellularity subtype (P=0.032). High International Prognostic Score (IPS; P=0.036), and high stage (P=0.046) were independent predictors of worse PFS in univariate analysis. Low IPS (P=0.003) and nodular sclerosing subtype (P=0.022) were associated with better OS in univariate analysis. Only the IPS predicted OS in multivariate (P=0.009) analysis. High TIA1+ TILs correlated with worse clinical outcomes for cHLs, as did PAX5-RSCs (P=0.024), although only 2/74 cases were shown to be negative for this marker, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment and a transcription factor crucial for B-cell development are critical biological determinants of the disease course.
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29
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Diefenbach CS, Connors JM, Friedberg JW, Leonard JP, Kahl BS, Little RF, Baizer L, Evens AM, Hoppe RT, Kelly KM, Persky DO, Younes A, Kostakaglu L, Bartlett NL. Hodgkin Lymphoma: Current Status and Clinical Trial Recommendations. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 109:2742050. [PMID: 28040700 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Clinical Trials Network lymphoid malignancies Clinical Trials Planning Meeting (CTPM) occurred in November of 2014. The scope of the CTPM was to prioritize across the lymphoid tumors clinically significant questions and to foster strategies leading to biologically informed and potentially practice changing clinical trials. This review from the Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) subcommittee of the CTPM discusses the ongoing clinical challenges in HL, outlines the current standard of care for HL patients from early to advanced stage, and surveys the current science with respect to biomarkers and the landscape of ongoing clinical trials. Finally, we suggest areas of unmet need in HL and elucidate promising therapeutic strategies to guide future HL clinical trials planning across the NCTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Diefenbach
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Joseph M Connors
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Jonathan W Friedberg
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - John P Leonard
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Brad S Kahl
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Richard F Little
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Lawrence Baizer
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Andrew M Evens
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Richard T Hoppe
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Kara M Kelly
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Daniel O Persky
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Anas Younes
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Lale Kostakaglu
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
| | - Nancy L Bartlett
- Affiliations of authors: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY (CSD); BC Cancer Agency Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada (JMC); Wilmot Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY (JWF); Department of Medicine, Weil Cornell University, New York, NY (JPL); Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (BSK, NLB); Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (RFL) and Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials (LB), Tufts Cancer Center and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (AME); Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA (RTH); Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (KMK); Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ (DOP); Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (AY); Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY (LK)
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Arun I, Roy P, Arora N, Bhave SJ, Nair R, Chandy M. PAX-5 Positivity in Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Int J Surg Pathol 2016; 25:333-338. [PMID: 28013563 DOI: 10.1177/1066896916683447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a subtype of T-cell lymphomas that may mimic several other malignancies morphologically. With the help of immunohistochemistry, most cases of ALCL can be diagnosed on the basis of expression of T-cell lineage associated antigens. However, aberrations in the expression of immunohistochemical markers pose diagnostic challenges. The morphological and immunophenotypic features of ALCL show considerable overlap with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), which is a B-cell lymphoma. The 2008 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues suggests that staining for the B-cell transcription factor, paired box 5 (PAX-5), is helpful in differentiating between them, as it is weakly positive in most CHL and should be negative in ALCL. We report a rare case of ALK-negative ALCL, which was positive for PAX-5 and CD15, mimicking CHL by immunohistochemistry, resulting in a diagnostic dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Arun
- 1 Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Paromita Roy
- 1 Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Neeraj Arora
- 1 Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Reena Nair
- 1 Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Nagpal P, Akl MR, Ayoub NM, Tomiyama T, Cousins T, Tai B, Carroll N, Nyrenda T, Bhattacharyya P, Harris MB, Goy A, Pecora A, Suh KS. Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma: biomarkers, drugs, and clinical trials for translational science and medicine. Oncotarget 2016; 7:67551-67573. [PMID: 27563824 PMCID: PMC5341896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a lymphoid malignancy that is typically derived from germinal-center B cells. EBV infection, mutations in NF-κB pathway genes, and genetic susceptibility are known risk factors for developing HL. CD30 and NF-κB have been identified as potential biomarkers in pediatric HL patients, and these molecules may represent therapeutic targets. Although current risk adapted and response based treatment approaches yield overall survival rates of >95%, treatment of relapse or refractory patients remains challenging. Targeted HL therapy with the antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab vedotin (Bv) has proven to be superior to conventional salvage chemotherapy and clinical trials are being conducted to incorporate Bv into frontline therapy that substitutes Bv for alkylating agents to minimize secondary malignancies. The appearance of secondary malignancies has been a concern in pediatric HL, as these patients are at highest risk among all childhood cancer survivors. The risk of developing secondary leukemia following childhood HL treatment is 10.4 to 174.8 times greater than the risk in the general pediatric population and the prognosis is significantly poorer than the other hematological malignancies with a mortality rate of nearly 100%. Therefore, identifying clinically valuable biomarkers is of utmost importance to stratify and select patients who may or may not need intensive regimens to maintain optimal balance between maximal survival rates and averting late effects. Here we discuss epidemiology, risk factors, staging, molecular and genetic prognostic biomarkers, treatment for low and high-risk patients, and the late occurrence of secondary malignancies in pediatric HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Nagpal
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Mohamed R. Akl
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tatsunari Tomiyama
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Tasheka Cousins
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Betty Tai
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Carroll
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Themba Nyrenda
- Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | | | - Michael B. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andre Goy
- Clinical Divisions, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew Pecora
- Clinical Divisions, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - K. Stephen Suh
- The Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
- Department of Research, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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Vergara D, Simeone P, De Matteis S, Carloni S, Lanuti P, Marchisio M, Miscia S, Rizzello A, Napolitano R, Agostinelli C, Maffia M. Comparative proteomic profiling of Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:219-32. [PMID: 26588820 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00654f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a malignancy with complex pathogenesis. The hallmark of the disease is the presence of large mononucleated Hodgkin and bi- or multinucleated Reed/Sternberg (H/RS) cells. The origin of HRS cells in cHL is controversial as these cells show the coexpression of markers of several lineages. Using a proteomic approach, we compared the protein expression profile of cHL models of T- and B-cell derivation to find proteins differentially expressed in these cell lines. A total of 67 proteins were found differentially expressed between the two cell lines including metabolic proteins and proteins involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton and/or cell migration, which were further validated by western blotting. Additionally, the expression of selected B- and T-cell antigens was also assessed by flow cytometry to reveal significant differences in the expression of different surface markers. Bioinformatics analysis was then applied to our dataset to find enriched pathways and networks, and to identify possible key regulators. In the present study, a proteomic approach was used to compare the protein expression profiles of two cHL cell lines. The identified proteins and/or networks, many of which not previously related to cHL, may be important to better define the pathogenesis of the disease, to identify novel diagnostic markers, and to design new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vergara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. and Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Italy.
| | - P Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science and Unit of Cytomorphology, Research Centre on Aging (Ce.S.I), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - S De Matteis
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - S Carloni
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - P Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science and Unit of Cytomorphology, Research Centre on Aging (Ce.S.I), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - M Marchisio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science and Unit of Cytomorphology, Research Centre on Aging (Ce.S.I), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - S Miscia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Science and Unit of Cytomorphology, Research Centre on Aging (Ce.S.I), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - A Rizzello
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. and Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Italy.
| | - R Napolitano
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - C Agostinelli
- Department of Experimental, Hematopathology and Hematology Sections, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Maffia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy. and Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Italy.
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Bröckelmann PJ, Angelopoulou MK, Vassilakopoulos TP. Prognostic factors in Hodgkin lymphoma. Semin Hematol 2016; 53:155-64. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rapidly Progressing Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Case Report and a Possible Explanation. Case Rep Med 2016; 2016:7698624. [PMID: 27429620 PMCID: PMC4939189 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7698624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Hodgkin lymphoma is a highly curable lymphoid malignancy; however treatment of a significant number of patients remains challenging. Case Report. The authors present an unusually rapidly progressing case of refractory advanced stage classical nodular sclerosis subtype Hodgkin lymphoma with unfavorable prognosis. A 66-year-old male patient was refractory for first-line doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastin, dacarbazine (ABVD) treatment with persistent disease; therefore physicians changed treatment for dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (DHAP) and later ifosfamide, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine (IGEV) regimen. Unfortunately the patient developed acute kidney and respiratory failure and died after 6 months of treatment. Current and retrospective histological examination of the patient's lymph node biopsy, skin lesion, and autopsy revealed the same aberrantly expressing CD4 positive nodular sclerosis subtype Hodgkin lymphoma. Conclusion. Aberrant expression of T-cell antigens on the Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg cells could be associated with inferior outcome. T-cell associated antigens should be investigated more often in patients not responding sufficiently to treatment and hence treatment should be intensified or targeted therapy (brentuximab vedotin) should be considered.
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Metachronous classical Hodgkin's lymphoma and ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Pathology 2015; 47:372-4. [PMID: 25938345 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with 2 major types of risk: that the treatment may fail to cure the disease or that the treatment will prove unacceptably toxic. Careful assessment of the amount of the lymphoma (tumor burden), its behavior (extent of invasion or specific organ compromise), and host related factors (age; coincident systemic infection; and organ dysfunction, especially hematopoietic, cardiac, or pulmonary) is essential to optimize outcome. Elaborately assembled prognostic scoring systems, such as the International Prognostic Factors Project score, have lost their accuracy and value as increasingly effective chemotherapy and supportive care have been developed. Identification of specific biomarkers derived from sophisticated exploration of Hodgkin lymphoma biology is bringing promise of further improvement in targeted therapy in which effectiveness is increased at the same time off-target toxicity is diminished. Parallel developments in functional imaging are providing additional potential to evaluate the efficacy of treatment while it is being delivered, allowing dynamic assessment of risk during chemotherapy and adaptation of the therapy in real time. Risk assessment in Hodgkin lymphoma is continuously evolving, promising ever greater precision and clinical relevance. This article explores the past usefulness and the emerging potential of risk assessment for this imminently curable malignancy.
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Xing X, Feldman AL. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas: ALK positive, ALK negative, and primary cutaneous. Adv Anat Pathol 2015; 22:29-49. [PMID: 25461779 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) comprise a group of CD30-positive non-Hodgkin lymphomas that generally are of T-cell origin and share common morphologic and phenotypic characteristics. The World Health Organization recognizes 3 entities: primary cutaneous ALCL (pcALCL), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive ALCL, and, provisionally, ALK-negative ALCL. Despite overlapping pathologic features, these tumors differ in clinical behavior and genetics. pcALCL presents in the skin and, while it may involve locoregional lymph nodes, rarely disseminates. Outcomes typically are excellent. ALK-positive ALCL and ALK-negative ALCL are systemic diseases. ALK-positive ALCLs consistently have chromosomal rearrangements involving the ALK gene with varied gene partners, and generally have a favorable prognosis. ALK-negative ALCLs lack ALK rearrangements and their genetic and clinical features are more variable. A subset of ALK-negative ALCLs has rearrangements in or near the DUSP22 gene and has a favorable prognosis similar to that of ALK-positive ALCL. DUSP22 rearrangements also are seen in a subset of pcALCLs. In this review, we discuss the clinical, morphologic, phenotypic, genetic, and biological features of ALCLs.
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Wang L, Levenson B. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with epstein-barr virus-positive reed-sternberg-like B-cells in a 59-year-old Hispanic man. Lab Med 2014; 45:342-6. [PMID: 25316667 DOI: 10.1309/lmv8mjxg2j1osagi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Brian Levenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; AmeriPath North Texas, Dallas
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Pathobiology of hodgkin lymphoma. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2014; 6:e2014040. [PMID: 24959337 PMCID: PMC4063617 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2014.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma is a lymphoid tumour that represents about 1% of all de novo neoplasms occurring every year worldwide. Its diagnosis is based on the identification of characteristic neoplastic cells within an inflammatory milieu. Molecular studies have shown that most, if not all cases, belong to the same clonal population, which is derived from peripheral B-cells. The relevance of Epstein-Barr virus infection at least in a proportion of patients was also demonstrated. The REAL/WHO classification recognizes a basic distinction between nodular lymphocyte predominance HL (NLPHL) and classic HL (CHL), reflecting the differences in clinical presentation, behavior, morphology, phenotype, molecular features as well as in the composition of their cellular background. CHL has been classified into four subtypes: lymphocyte rich, nodular sclerosing, mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depleted. Despite its well known histological and clinical features, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) has recently been the object of intense research activity, leading to a better understanding of its phenotype, molecular characteristics and possible mechanisms of lymphomagenesis.
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Bogusz AM, Joyce R, Kolodny G, Buck T, Pihan G, Bhargava P. An unusual patient with shortness of breath--clinical, radiologic, and pathologic pitfalls. Am J Hematol 2014; 89:558-63. [PMID: 24496963 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata M. Bogusz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Robin Joyce
- Department of Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Gerald Kolodny
- Department of Radiology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Thomas Buck
- Department of Pathology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - German Pihan
- Department of Pathology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Parul Bhargava
- Department of Pathology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts
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Venkataraman G, Mirza MK, Eichenauer DA, Diehl V. Current status of prognostication in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:287-99. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish Venkataraman
- Department of Pathology; Section of Hematopathology; The University of Chicago Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - M. Kamran Mirza
- Department of Pathology; Section of Hematopathology; The University of Chicago Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - Dennis A. Eichenauer
- First Department of Internal Medicine; University Hospital Cologne; Cologne Germany
- German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG); Cologne Germany
| | - Volker Diehl
- German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG); Cologne Germany
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Attygalle AD, Cabeçadas J, Gaulard P, Jaffe ES, de Jong D, Ko YH, Said J, Klapper W. Peripheral T-cell and NK-cell lymphomas and their mimics; taking a step forward - report on the lymphoma workshop of the XVIth meeting of the European Association for Haematopathology and the Society for Hematopathology. Histopathology 2013; 64:171-99. [PMID: 24128129 DOI: 10.1111/his.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mature T-cell and T/NK-cell neoplasms are both uncommon and heterogeneous, among the broad category of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Owing to the lack of specific genetic alterations in the vast majority, most currently defined entities show overlapping morphological and immunophenotypic features, and therefore pose a challenge to the diagnostic pathologist. In the light of recent immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular genetics advances in the field of T-cell and T/NK-cell lymphomas, the focus of the lymphoma workshop of the European Association for Haematopathology/Society for Hematopathology meeting in Lisbon, Portugal, in October 2012 was to refine existing diagnostic criteria and clarify the borders between overlapping entities. The panel reviewed over 200 submitted cases, which were grouped into five categories: (i) angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and T-follicular-helper-cell-associated lymphomas; (ii) CD30-positive T-cell lymphomas/lymphoproliferative diseases; (iii) extranodal T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms; (iv) EBV-associated T-cell/NK-cell lymphomas/lymphoproliferative diseases; and (v) peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and mimics. This report summarizes the discussions and conclusions of the workshop, which question current diagnostic criteria and provide recommendations for refining existing classifications.
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New developments in the pathology of malignant lymphoma: a review of the literature published from January 2013 to April 2013. J Hematop 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-013-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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