1
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Pomreinke AP, Müller P. Zebrafish nampt-a mutants are viable despite perturbed primitive hematopoiesis. Hereditas 2024; 161:14. [PMID: 38685093 PMCID: PMC11057069 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-024-00318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) is required for recycling NAD+ in numerous cellular contexts. Morpholino-based knockdown of zebrafish nampt-a has been shown to cause abnormal development and defective hematopoiesis concomitant with decreased NAD+ levels. However, surprisingly, nampt-a mutant zebrafish were recently found to be viable, suggesting a discrepancy between the phenotypes in knockdown and knockout conditions. Here, we address this discrepancy by directly comparing loss-of-function approaches that result in identical defective transcripts in morphants and mutants. RESULTS Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis, we generated nampt-a mutant lines that carry the same mis-spliced mRNA as nampt-a morphants. Despite reduced NAD+ levels and perturbed expression of specific blood markers, nampt-a mutants did not display obvious developmental defects and were found to be viable. In contrast, injection of nampt-a morpholinos into wild-type or mutant nampt-a embryos caused aberrant phenotypes. Moreover, nampt-a morpholinos caused additional reduction of blood-related markers in nampt-a mutants, suggesting that the defects observed in nampt-a morphants can be partially attributed to off-target effects of the morpholinos. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that zebrafish nampt-a mutants are viable despite reduced NAD+ levels and a perturbed hematopoietic gene expression program, indicating strong robustness of primitive hematopoiesis during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Penecilla Pomreinke
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany.
- University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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2
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Rankin SA, Zorn AM. The homeodomain transcription factor Ventx2 regulates respiratory progenitor cell number and differentiation timing during
Xenopus
lung development. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:347-361. [PMID: 36053777 PMCID: PMC10088502 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ventx2 is an Antennapedia superfamily/NK-like subclass homeodomain transcription factor best known for its roles in the regulation of early dorsoventral patterning during Xenopus gastrulation and in the maintenance of neural crest multipotency. In this work we characterize the spatiotemporal expression pattern of ventx2 in progenitor cells of the Xenopus respiratory system epithelium. We find that ventx2 is directly induced by BMP signaling in the ventral foregut prior to nkx2-1, the earliest epithelial marker of the respiratory lineage. Functional studies demonstrate that Ventx2 regulates the number of Nkx2-1/Sox9+ respiratory progenitor cells induced during foregut development, the timing and level of surfactant protein gene expression, and proper tracheal-esophageal separation. Our data suggest that Ventx2 regulates the balance of respiratory progenitor cell expansion and differentiation. While the ventx gene family has been lost from the mouse genome during evolution, humans have retained a ventx2-like gene (VENTX). Finally, we discuss how our findings might suggest a possible function of VENTX in human respiratory progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Rankin
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH
| | - Aaron M. Zorn
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Developmental Biology Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati OH
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati OH
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3
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Neo WH, Lie-A-Ling M, Fadlullah MZH, Lacaud G. Contributions of Embryonic HSC-Independent Hematopoiesis to Organogenesis and the Adult Hematopoietic System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:631699. [PMID: 33681211 PMCID: PMC7930747 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.631699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During ontogeny, the establishment of the hematopoietic system takes place in several phases, separated both in time and location. The process is initiated extra-embryonically in the yolk sac (YS) and concludes in the main arteries of the embryo with the formation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Initially, it was thought that HSC-independent hematopoietic YS cells were transient, and only required to bridge the gap to HSC activity. However, in recent years it has become clear that these cells also contribute to embryonic organogenesis, including the emergence of HSCs. Furthermore, some of these early HSC-independent YS cells persist into adulthood as distinct hematopoietic populations. These previously unrecognized abilities of embryonic HSC-independent hematopoietic cells constitute a new field of interest. Here, we aim to provide a succinct overview of the current knowledge regarding the contribution of YS-derived hematopoietic cells to the development of the embryo and the adult hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hao Neo
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Georges Lacaud
- Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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4
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Salanga MC, Brun NR, Francolini RD, Stegeman JJ, Goldstone JV. CRISPR-Cas9-Mutated Pregnane X Receptor (pxr) Retains Pregnenolone-induced Expression of cyp3a65 in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:51-62. [PMID: 31868891 PMCID: PMC7043230 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a nuclear receptor that regulates transcriptional responses to drug or xenobiotic exposure, including induction of CYP3A transcription, in many vertebrate species. PXR is activated by a wide range of ligands that differ across species, making functional studies on its role in the chemical defensome most relevant when approached in a species-specific manner. Knockout studies in mammals have shown a requirement for PXR in ligand-dependent activation of CYP3A expression or reporter gene activity. Morpholino knockdown of Pxr in zebrafish indicated a similar requirement. Here, we report on the generation of 2 zebrafish lines each carrying a heritable deletion in the pxr coding region, predicted to result in loss of a functional gene product. To our surprise, larvae homozygous for either of the pxr mutant alleles retain their ability to induce cyp3a65 mRNA expression following exposure to the established zebrafish Pxr ligand, pregnenolone. Thus, zebrafish carrying pxr alleles with deletions in either the DNA binding or the ligand-binding domains did not yield a loss-of-function phenotype, suggesting that a compensatory mechanism is responsible for cyp3a65 induction. Alternative possibilities are that Pxr is not required for the induction of selected genes, or that truncated yet functional mutant Pxr is sufficient for the downstream transcriptional effects. It is crucial that we develop a better understanding for the role of Pxr in this important biomedical test species. This study highlights the potential for compensatory mechanisms to avoid deleterious effects arising from gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Salanga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Nadja R Brun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Rene D Francolini
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - John J Stegeman
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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5
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Melchert J, Henningfeld KA, Richts S, Lingner T, Jonigk D, Pieler T. The secreted BMP antagonist ERFE is required for the development of a functional circulatory system in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2019; 459:138-148. [PMID: 31846624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The hormone Erythroferrone (ERFE) is a member of the C1q/TNF-related protein family that regulates iron homeostasis through the suppression of hamp. In a gain of function screen in Xenopus embryos, we identified ERFE as a potent secondary axis-inducing agent. Experiments in Xenopus embryos and ectodermal explants revealed that ERFE functions as a selective inhibitor of the BMP pathway and the conserved C1q domain is not required for this activity. Inhibition occurs at the extracelluar level, through the interaction of ERFE with the BMP ligand. During early Xenopus embryogenesis, erfe is first expressed in the ventral blood islands where initial erythropoiesis occurs and later in circulating blood cells. ERFE knockdown does not alter the expression of etv.2, aplnr and flt1 in tailbud stage embryos indicating endothelial cell specification is independent of ERFE. However, in tadpole embryos, defects of the vascular network and primitive blood circulation are observed as well as edema formation. RNAseq analysis of ERFE morphant embryos also revealed the inhibition of gja4 indicating disruption of dorsal aorta formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Melchert
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Kristine A Henningfeld
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sven Richts
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory, University Medical Center Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH) Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tomas Pieler
- Institute of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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6
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Sainz de Aja J, Menchero S, Rollan I, Barral A, Tiana M, Jawaid W, Cossio I, Alvarez A, Carreño‐Tarragona G, Badia‐Careaga C, Nichols J, Göttgens B, Isern J, Manzanares M. The pluripotency factor NANOG controls primitive hematopoiesis and directly regulates Tal1. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.201899122. [PMID: 30814124 PMCID: PMC6443201 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Progenitors of the first hematopoietic cells in the mouse arise in the early embryo from Brachyury-positive multipotent cells in the posterior-proximal region of the epiblast, but the mechanisms that specify primitive blood cells are still largely unknown. Pluripotency factors maintain uncommitted cells of the blastocyst and embryonic stem cells in the pluripotent state. However, little is known about the role played by these factors during later development, despite being expressed in the postimplantation epiblast. Using a dual transgene system for controlled expression at postimplantation stages, we found that Nanog blocks primitive hematopoiesis in the gastrulating embryo, resulting in a loss of red blood cells and downregulation of erythropoietic genes. Accordingly, Nanog-deficient embryonic stem cells are prone to erythropoietic differentiation. Moreover, Nanog expression in adults prevents the maturation of erythroid cells. By analysis of previous data for NANOG binding during stem cell differentiation and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we found that Tal1 is a direct NANOG target. Our results show that Nanog regulates primitive hematopoiesis by directly repressing critical erythroid lineage specifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sainz de Aja
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Sergio Menchero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Isabel Rollan
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Antonio Barral
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Maria Tiana
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Wajid Jawaid
- Wellcome‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUK,Department of HaematologyCambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Itziar Cossio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Alba Alvarez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Gonzalo Carreño‐Tarragona
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain,Department of HaematologyHospital 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | | | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUK,Department of PhysiologyDevelopment and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Berthold Göttgens
- Wellcome‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUK,Department of HaematologyCambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joan Isern
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC)MadridSpain,Department of Experimental & Health SciencesUniversity Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Miguel Manzanares
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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7
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Transcriptome analysis of Xenopus orofacial tissues deficient in retinoic acid receptor function. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:795. [PMID: 30390632 PMCID: PMC6215681 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the face and mouth is orchestrated by a large number of transcription factors, signaling pathways and epigenetic regulators. While we know many of these regulators, our understanding of how they interact with each other and implement changes in gene expression during orofacial development is still in its infancy. Therefore, this study focuses on uncovering potential cooperation between transcriptional regulators and one important signaling pathway, retinoic acid, during development of the midface. RESULTS Transcriptome analyses was performed on facial tissues deficient for retinoic acid receptor function at two time points in development; early (35 hpf) just after the neural crest migrates and facial tissues are specified and later (60 hpf) when the mouth has formed and facial structures begin to differentiate. Functional and network analyses revealed that retinoic acid signaling could cooperate with novel epigenetic factors and calcium-NFAT signaling during early orofacial development. At the later stage, retinoic acid may work with WNT and BMP and regulate homeobox containing transcription factors. Finally, there is an overlap in genes dysregulated in Xenopus embryos with median clefts with human genes associated with similar orofacial defects. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovers novel signaling pathways required for orofacial development as well as pathways that could interact with retinoic acid signaling during the formation of the face. We show that frog faces are an important tool for studying orofacial development and birth defects.
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8
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Dissecting BMP signaling input into the gene regulatory networks driving specification of the blood stem cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 114:5814-5821. [PMID: 28584091 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610615114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that sustain lifelong blood production are created during embryogenesis. They emerge from a specialized endothelial population, termed hemogenic endothelium (HE), located in the ventral wall of the dorsal aorta (DA). In Xenopus, we have been studying the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) required for the formation of HSCs, and critically found that the hemogenic potential is defined at an earlier time point when precursors to the DA express hematopoietic as well as endothelial genes, in the definitive hemangioblasts (DHs). The GRN for DH programming has been constructed and, here, we show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is essential for the initiation of this GRN. BMP2, -4, and -7 are the principal ligands expressed in the lineage forming the HE. To investigate the requirement and timing of all BMP signaling in HSC ontogeny, we have used a transgenic line, which inducibly expresses an inhibitor of BMP signaling, Noggin, as well as a chemical inhibitor of BMP receptors, DMH1, and described the inputs from BMP signaling into the DH GRN and the HE, as well as into primitive hematopoiesis. BMP signaling is required in at least three points in DH programming: first to initiate the DH GRN through gata2 expression, then for kdr expression to enable the DH to respond to vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) ligand from the somites, and finally for gata2 expression in the DA, but is dispensable for HE specification after hemangioblasts have been formed.
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9
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Stefanska M, Batta K, Patel R, Florkowska M, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Primitive erythrocytes are generated from hemogenic endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6401. [PMID: 28743905 PMCID: PMC5526883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive erythroblasts are the first blood cells generated during embryonic hematopoiesis. Tracking their emergence both in vivo and in vitro has remained challenging due to the lack of specific cell surface markers. To selectively investigate primitive erythropoiesis, we have engineered a new transgenic embryonic stem (ES) cell line, where eGFP expression is driven by the regulatory sequences of the embryonic βH1 hemoglobin gene expressed specifically in primitive erythroid cells. Using this ES cell line, we observed that the first primitive erythroblasts are detected in vitro around day 1.5 of blast colony differentiation, within the cell population positive for the early hematopoietic progenitor marker CD41. Moreover, we establish that these eGFP+ cells emerge from a hemogenic endothelial cell population similarly to their definitive hematopoietic counterparts. We further generated a corresponding βH1-eGFP transgenic mouse model and demonstrated the presence of a primitive erythroid primed hemogenic endothelial cell population in the developing embryo. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that both in vivo and in vitro primitive erythrocytes are generated from hemogenic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stefanska
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Kiran Batta
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Rahima Patel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Magdalena Florkowska
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
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10
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Green YS, Kwon S, Mimoto MS, Xie Y, Christian JL. Tril targets Smad7 for degradation to allow hematopoietic specification in Xenopus embryos. Development 2016; 143:4016-4026. [PMID: 27633996 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In Xenopus laevis, bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) induce expression of the transcription factor Gata2 during gastrulation, and Gata2 is required in both ectodermal and mesodermal cells to enable mesoderm to commit to a hematopoietic fate. Here, we identify tril as a Gata2 target gene that is required in both ectoderm and mesoderm for primitive hematopoiesis to occur. Tril is a transmembrane protein that functions as a co-receptor for Toll-like receptors to mediate innate immune responses in the adult brain, but developmental roles for this molecule have not been identified. We show that Tril function is required both upstream and downstream of Bmp receptor-mediated Smad1 phosphorylation for induction of Bmp target genes. Mechanistically, Tril triggers degradation of the Bmp inhibitor Smad7. Tril-dependent downregulation of Smad7 relieves repression of endogenous Bmp signaling during gastrulation and this enables mesodermal progenitors to commit to a blood fate. Thus, Tril is a novel component of a Bmp-Gata2 positive-feedback loop that plays an essential role in hematopoietic specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsook Song Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sunjong Kwon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Mizuho S Mimoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Jan L Christian
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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11
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Ackermann M, Liebhaber S, Klusmann JH, Lachmann N. Lost in translation: pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoiesis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1388-402. [PMID: 26174486 PMCID: PMC4644373 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells represent a promising cell type to gain novel insights into human biology. Understanding the differentiation process of PSCs in vitro may allow for the identification of cell extrinsic/intrinsic factors, driving the specification process toward all cell types of the three germ layers, which may be similar to the human in vivo scenario. This would not only lay the ground for an improved understanding of human embryonic development but would also contribute toward the generation of novel cell types used in cell replacement therapies. In this line, especially the developmental process of mesodermal cells toward the hematopoietic lineage is of great interest. Therefore, this review highlights recent progress in the field of hematopoietic specification of pluripotent stem cell sources. In addition, we would like to shed light on emerging factors controlling primitive and definitive hematopoietic development and to highlight recent approaches to improve the differentiation potential of PSC sources toward hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. While the generation of fully defined hematopoietic stem cells from PSCs remains challenging in vitro, we here underline the instructive role of cell extrinsic factors such as cytokines for the generation of PSC-derived mature hematopoietic cells. Thus, we have comprehensively examined the role of cytokines for the derivation of mature hematopoietic cell types such as macrophages, granulocytes, megakaryocytes, erythrocytes, dendritic cells, and cells of the B- and T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mania Ackermann
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steffi Liebhaber
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nico Lachmann
- RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Institute of Experimental Hematology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany JRG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Constanzo JD, Deng M, Rindhe S, Tang KJ, Zhang CC, Scaglioni PP. Pias1 is essential for erythroid and vascular development in the mouse embryo. Dev Biol 2016; 415:98-110. [PMID: 27155222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The protein inhibitor of activated STAT-1 (PIAS1) is one of the few known SUMO E3 ligases. PIAS1 has been implicated in several biological processes including repression of innate immunity and DNA repair. However, PIAS1 function during development and tissue differentiation has not been studied. Here, we report that Pias1 is required for proper embryonic development. Approximately 90% of Pias1 null embryos die in utero between E10.5 and E12.5. We found significant apoptosis within the yolk sac (YS) blood vessels and concomitant loss of red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in profound anemia. In addition, Pias1 loss impairs YS angiogenesis and results in defective capillary plexus formation and blood vessel occlusions. Moreover, heart development is impaired as a result of loss of myocardium muscle mass. Accordingly, we found that Pias1 expression in primary myoblasts enhances the induction of cardiac muscle genes MyoD, Myogenin and Myomaker. PIAS1 protein regulation of cardiac gene transcription is dependent on transcription factors Myocardin and Gata-4. Finally, endothelial cell specific inactivation of Pias1 in vivo impairs YS erythrogenesis, angiogenesis and recapitulates loss of myocardium muscle mass. However, these defects are not sufficient to recapitulate the lethal phenotype of Pias1 null embryos. These findings highlight Pias1 as an essential gene for YS erythropoiesis and vasculogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerfiz D Constanzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mi Deng
- Departments of Physiology, and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Smita Rindhe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ke-Jing Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhang
- Departments of Physiology, and Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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13
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Sumanas S, Choi K. ETS Transcription Factor ETV2/ER71/Etsrp in Hematopoietic and Vascular Development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 118:77-111. [PMID: 27137655 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective establishment of the hematopoietic and vascular systems is prerequisite for successful embryogenesis. The ETS transcription factor Etv2 has proven to be essential for hematopoietic and vascular development. Etv2 expression marks the onset of the hematopoietic and vascular development and its deficiency leads to an absolute block in hematopoietic and vascular development. Etv2 is transiently expressed during development and is mainly expressed in testis in adults. Consistent with its expression pattern, Etv2 is transiently required for the generation of the optimal levels of the hemangiogenic cell population. Deletion of this gene after the hemangiogenic progenitor formation leads to normal hematopoietic and vascular development. Mechanistically, ETV2 induces the hemangiogenic program by activating blood and endothelial cell lineage specifying genes and enhancing VEGF signaling. Moreover, ETV2 establishes an ETS hierarchy by directly activating other Ets genes, which in the face of transient Etv2 expression, presumably maintain blood and endothelial cell program initiated by ETV2 through an ETS switching mechanism. Current studies suggest that the hemangiogenic progenitor population is exclusively sensitive to ETV2-dependent FLK1 signaling. Any perturbation in the ETV2, VEGF, and FLK1 balance causing insufficient hemangiogenic progenitor cell generation would lead to defects in hematopoietic and endothelial cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sumanas
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - K Choi
- Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Yu X, Wei L, Lu P, Shen T, Liu X, Li T, Zhang B, Yu H, Zhu D. 15-Lipoxygenase Promotes Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Phenotype Changes of PASMCs Via Positive Feedback-Loop of BMP4. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1489-502. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Yu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Liuping Wei
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Tingting Shen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
| | - Daling Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences; College of Pharmacy; Harbin Medical University (Daqing); Daqing China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province; Harbin China
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Liu F, Li D, Yu YYL, Kang I, Cha MJ, Kim JY, Park C, Watson DK, Wang T, Choi K. Induction of hematopoietic and endothelial cell program orchestrated by ETS transcription factor ER71/ETV2. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:654-69. [PMID: 25802403 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS factor ETV2 (aka ER71) is essential for the generation of the blood and vascular system, as ETV2 deficiency leads to a complete block in blood and endothelial cell formation and embryonic lethality in the mouse. However, the ETV2-mediated gene regulatory network and signaling governing hematopoietic and endothelial cell development are poorly understood. Here, we map ETV2 global binding sites and carry out in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells, and germ line and conditional knockout mouse studies to uncover mechanisms involved in the hemangiogenic fate commitment from mesoderm. We show that ETV2 binds to enhancers that specify hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages. We find that the hemangiogenic progenitor population in the developing embryo can be identified as FLK1(high)PDGFRα(-). Notably, these hemangiogenic progenitors are exclusively sensitive to ETV2-dependent FLK1 signaling. Importantly, ETV2 turns on other Ets genes, thereby establishing an ETS hierarchy. Consequently, the hematopoietic and endothelial cell program initiated by ETV2 is maintained partly by other ETS factors through an ETS switching mechanism. These findings highlight the critical role that transient ETV2 expression plays in the regulation of hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineage specification and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yik Yeung Lawrence Yu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Inyoung Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Min-Ji Cha
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ju Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Changwon Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Heart Research and Outcomes Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis K Watson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Developmental, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Rankin SA, Thi Tran H, Wlizla M, Mancini P, Shifley ET, Bloor SD, Han L, Vleminckx K, Wert SE, Zorn AM. A Molecular atlas of Xenopus respiratory system development. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:69-85. [PMID: 25156440 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory system development is regulated by a complex series of endoderm-mesoderm interactions that are not fully understood. Recently Xenopus has emerged as an alternative model to investigate early respiratory system development, but the extent to which the morphogenesis and molecular pathways involved are conserved between Xenopus and mammals has not been systematically documented. RESULTS In this study, we provide a histological and molecular atlas of Xenopus respiratory system development, focusing on Nkx2.1+ respiratory cell fate specification in the developing foregut. We document the expression patterns of Wnt/β-catenin, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling components in the foregut and show that the molecular mechanisms of respiratory lineage induction are remarkably conserved between Xenopus and mice. Finally, using several functional experiments we refine the epistatic relationships among FGF, Wnt, and BMP signaling in early Xenopus respiratory system development. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that Xenopus trachea and lung development, before metamorphosis, is comparable at the cellular and molecular levels to embryonic stages of mouse respiratory system development between embryonic days 8.5 and 10.5. This molecular atlas provides a fundamental starting point for further studies using Xenopus as a model to define the conserved genetic programs controlling early respiratory system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rankin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Developmental hematopoiesis: ontogeny, genetic programming and conservation. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:669-83. [PMID: 24950425 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain blood production throughout life and are of pivotal importance in regenerative medicine. Although HSC generation from pluripotent stem cells would resolve their shortage for clinical applications, this has not yet been achieved mainly because of the poor mechanistic understanding of their programming. Bone marrow HSCs are first created during embryogenesis in the dorsal aorta (DA) of the midgestation conceptus, from where they migrate to the fetal liver and, eventually, the bone marrow. It is currently accepted that HSCs emerge from specialized endothelium, the hemogenic endothelium, localized in the ventral wall of the DA through an evolutionarily conserved process called the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. However, the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition represents one of the last steps in HSC creation, and an understanding of earlier events in the specification of their progenitors is required if we are to create them from naïve pluripotent cells. Because of their ready availability and external development, zebrafish and Xenopus embryos have enormously facilitated our understanding of the early developmental processes leading to the programming of HSCs from nascent lateral plate mesoderm to hemogenic endothelium in the DA. The amenity of the Xenopus model to lineage tracing experiments has also contributed to the establishment of the distinct origins of embryonic (yolk sac) and adult (HSC) hematopoiesis, whereas the transparency of the zebrafish has allowed in vivo imaging of developing blood cells, particularly during and after the emergence of HSCs in the DA. Here, we discuss the key contributions of these model organisms to our understanding of developmental hematopoiesis.
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Kirmizitas A, Gillis WQ, Zhu H, Thomsen GH. Gtpbp2 is required for BMP signaling and mesoderm patterning in Xenopus embryos. Dev Biol 2014; 392:358-67. [PMID: 24858484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Smad proteins convey canonical intracellular signals for activated receptors in the TGFβ superfamily, but the activity of Smads and their impact on target genes are further regulated by a wide variety of cofactors and partner proteins. We have identified a new Smad1 partner, a GTPase named Gtpbp2 that is a distant relative of the translation factor eEf1a. Gtpbp2 affects canonical signaling in the BMP branch of the TGFβ superfamily, as morpholino knockdown of Gtpbp2 decreases, and overexpression of Gtpbp2 enhances, animal cap responses to BMP4. During Xenopus development, gtpbp2 transcripts are maternally expressed and localized to the egg animal pole, and partitioned into the nascent ectodermal and mesodermal cells during cleavage and early gastrulation stages. Subsequently, gtpbp2 is expressed in the neural folds, and in early tadpoles undergoing organogenesis gtpbp2 is expressed prominently in the brain, eyes, somites, ventral blood island and branchial arches. Consistent with its expression, morpholino knockdown of Gtpbp2 causes defects in ventral-posterior germ layer patterning, gastrulation and tadpole morphology. Overexpressed Gtpbp2 can induce ventral-posterior marker genes and localize to cell nuclei in Xenopus animal caps, highlighting its role in regulating BMP signaling in the early embryo. Here, we introduce this large GTPase as a novel factor in BMP signaling and ventral-posterior patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Kirmizitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - William Q Gillis
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Gerald H Thomsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA.
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Song P, Zou MH. Redox regulation of endothelial cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3219-39. [PMID: 24633153 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1598-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are present throughout blood vessels and have variable roles in both physiological and pathological settings. EC fate is altered and regulated by several key factors in physiological or pathological conditions. Reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species derived from NAD(P)H oxidases, mitochondria, or nitric oxide-producing enzymes are not only cytotoxic but also compose a signaling network in the redox system. The formation, actions, key molecular interactions, and physiological and pathological relevance of redox signals in ECs remain unclear. We review the identities, sources, and biological actions of oxidants and reductants produced during EC function or dysfunction. Further, we discuss how ECs shape key redox sensors and examine the biological functions, transcriptional responses, and post-translational modifications evoked by the redox system in ECs. We summarize recent findings regarding the mechanisms by which redox signals regulate the fate of ECs and address the outcome of altered EC fate in health and disease. Future studies will examine if the redox biology of ECs can be targeted in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA,
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Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Myers and Krieg present an elegant series of experiments, which suggest that the hemangioblast may be a state of competence rather than a bipotential progenitor state that exists in vivo.
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