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Properties of Leukemic Stem Cells in Regulating Drug Resistance in Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemias. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081841. [PMID: 36009388 PMCID: PMC9405586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Notoriously known for their capacity to reconstitute hematological malignancies in vivo, leukemic stem cells (LSCs) represent key drivers of therapeutic resistance and disease relapse, posing as a major medical dilemma. Despite having low abundance in the bulk leukemic population, LSCs have developed unique molecular dependencies and intricate signaling networks to enable self-renewal, quiescence, and drug resistance. To illustrate the multi-dimensional landscape of LSC-mediated leukemogenesis, in this review, we present phenotypical characteristics of LSCs, address the LSC-associated leukemic stromal microenvironment, highlight molecular aberrations that occur in the transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome of LSCs, and showcase promising novel therapeutic strategies that potentially target the molecular vulnerabilities of LSCs.
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Ebian HF, Abdelnabi ALSM, Abdelazem AS, Khamis T, Fawzy HM, Hussein S. Peripheral Blood CD26 Positive Leukemic Stem Cells as a Possible Diagnostic and Prognostic Marker in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Leuk Res Rep 2022; 17:100321. [PMID: 35602932 PMCID: PMC9118510 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2022.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD26 is expressed in all chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. This study investigated the role of CD26+ LSCs in diagnosis and follow up of CML patients. Method Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate CD26+ LSC in peripheral blood (PB) in CML patients. BCR-ABL1 transcript level measurement was performed using standard qRT-PCR technique. Results CD26+ LSCs were significantly correlated with BCR-ABL1 transcript level at diagnosis and after three months of treatment. CD26+ LSCs also were significantly associated with the risk score after 12 months of treatment. Conclusion CD26+ LSCs can be a useful marker in diagnosis and follow up of patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda F Ebian
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | | | - Tarek Khamis
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Fawzy
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samia Hussein
- Medical Biochemistry& Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
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Zhang Y, Cai R, Li H, Duan Y, Zhang Y, Jing W, Lv S, Chu X, Cao Z, Yang L, Ming L. Construction of a target MSNs drugcarrier loaded with siRNA GLI1 and siRNA SMO aim at hedgehog signal pathway and the pharmacodynamic study of drug-carriers in the treatment of leukemia stem cells. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2463-2473. [PMID: 35113326 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for leukemia initiation and targeting LSCs is one strategy to treat this disease. This study aims to target LSCs using multi-siRNA loaded antibodies modified with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). Here, both siRNAGLI1 and siRNASMO were loaded in an anti-CD34 antibody modified with MSNs, and then, the MSN@siRNAGLI1@Antibody + MSNs@siRNASMO@Antibody cocktail was used to target LSCs. Expression levels of BCL-2 in LSCs were significantly reduced whereas Bax expression was significantly increased after treatment with nano-drug carriers. In addition, these nano-drug carriers also effectively induced the apoptosis of LSCs. The MSNs@siRNAGLI1@Antibody + MSNs@siRNASMO@Antibody cocktail significantly inhibited LSCs. In short, we constructed two target MSN nano-drug carriers where loaded siRNAs can be used in a chemotherapeutic drug cocktail to improve the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Zhengzhou No.7 People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450016, Henan, China
| | - HaiJun Li
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - ShaoGang Lv
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Liang Ming
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Verhulst E, Garnier D, De Meester I, Bauvois B. Validating Cell Surface Proteases as Drug Targets for Cancer Therapy: What Do We Know, and Where Do We Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:624. [PMID: 35158891 PMCID: PMC8833564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteases (also known as ectoproteases) are transmembrane and membrane-bound enzymes involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Several members, most notably dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) and its related family member fibroblast activation protein (FAP), aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13), a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17/TACE), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP2 and MMP9, are often overexpressed in cancers and have been associated with tumour dysfunction. With multifaceted actions, these ectoproteases have been validated as therapeutic targets for cancer. Numerous inhibitors have been developed to target these enzymes, attempting to control their enzymatic activity. Even though clinical trials with these compounds did not show the expected results in most cases, the field of ectoprotease inhibitors is growing. This review summarizes the current knowledge on this subject and highlights the recent development of more effective and selective drugs targeting ectoproteases among which small molecular weight inhibitors, peptide conjugates, prodrugs, or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and derivatives. These promising avenues have the potential to deliver novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Verhulst
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.V.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.V.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Brigitte Bauvois
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France;
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Ilhan O, Narli Ozdemir Z, Dalva K, Arslan A, Okay Ozgeyik M, Ipek S, Saydam G, Haznedaroglu IC. Leukemic stem cells shall be searched in the bone marrow before "tyrosine kinase inhibitor-discontinuation" in chronic myeloid leukemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2021; 43:1110-1116. [PMID: 33834631 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), persisting in the bone marrow (BM) niche, could be responsible for the relapses within the patients of whom the treatment-free remission (TFR) had been attempted. We assessed the presence of the CML LSCs in the peripheral blood (PB) and concurrently in the BM in the patients with chronic-phase CML (CP CML). PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-eight patients with CP CML were included into the study. CD45+ /CD34+ /CD38- cells with positive CD26 expression were considered as CML LSCs (CD26+ LSC) by using multiparameter flow cytometry (FCM). RESULTS Mean BCR-ABL, PB LSC, and BM LSC were 58.528 IS (37.405-83.414 IS), 237.5 LSC/μL (16-737.5 LSC/μL), and 805 LSC/106 WBCs (134.6-2470 LSC/106 WBCs), respectively, in newly diagnosed CML patients. In the patients with BCR-ABL positive hematopoiesis, mean BCR-ABL, PB LSCs, and BM LSCs were 30.09 IS (0.024-147.690 IS), 13.5 LSC/μL (0-248.7 LSC/μL) and 143.5 LSC/106 WBCs (9-455.2 LSC/106 WBCs), respectively. No CML LSCs were detected in PB of patients who achieved deep molecular response (DMR). BM LSCs of the patients who were in DMR were 281.1 LSC/106 WBCs (3.1-613.7 LSC/106 WBCs). The amount of PB LSCs was highest in patients with newly diagnosed CML (P < .001). CONCLUSION LSCs persisted in the BM of the patients with DMR, whereas there was no LSCs in the peripheral blood. The investigation of the CML LSCs in bone marrow before deciding TKI discontinuation could be justified to achieve and maintain stable TFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ilhan
- Department of Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zehra Narli Ozdemir
- Department of Hematology, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Klara Dalva
- Department of Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Arslan
- Department of Hematology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mufide Okay Ozgeyik
- Department of Hematology, Ministry of Health Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Senay Ipek
- Department of Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Guray Saydam
- Department of Hematology, Ege University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Tusa I, Cheloni G, Poteti M, Silvano A, Tubita A, Lombardi Z, Gozzini A, Caporale R, Scappini B, Dello Sbarba P, Rovida E. In Vitro Comparison of the Effects of Imatinib and Ponatinib on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Progenitor/Stem Cell Features. Target Oncol 2020; 15:659-671. [PMID: 32780298 PMCID: PMC7568716 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The development of molecularly tailored therapeutic agents such as the BCR/ABL-active tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKi) resulted in an excellent treatment option for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. However, following TKi discontinuation, disease relapses in 40–60% of patients, an occurrence very likely due to the persistence of leukemic stem cells that are scarcely sensitive to TKi. Nevertheless, TKi are still the only current treatment option for CML patients. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of TKi belonging to different generations, imatinib and ponatinib (first and third generation, respectively), on progenitor/stem cell expansion potential and markers. Patients and Methods We used stabilized CML cell lines (KCL22, K562 and LAMA-84 cells), taking advantage of the previous demonstration of ours that cell lines contain cell subsets endowed with progenitor/stem cell properties. Primary cells explanted from CML patients were also used. The effects of TKi on the expression of stem cell related genes were compared by quantitative PCR. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) cell surface hematopoietic stem cell markers. Progenitor/stem cell potential was estimated by serial colony formation ability (CFA) assay. Results Ponatinib was more effective than imatinib for the reduction of cells with ALDH activity and progenitor/stem cell potential of CML patient-derived cells and cell lines. Furthermore, ponatinib was more effective than imatinib in reducing the percentage of CD26-expressing cells in primary CML cells, whereas imatinib and ponatinib showed similar efficacy on KCL22 cells. Both drugs strongly upregulated NANOG and SOX2 in CML cell lines, but in KCL22 cells this upregulation was significantly lower with ponatinib than with imatinib, an outcome compatible with a lower level of enrichment of the stem cell compartment upon ponatinib treatment. Conclusion Ponatinib seems to target CML progenitor/stem cells better than imatinib. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11523-020-00741-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Cheloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Poteti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Silvano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Zoe Lombardi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Caporale
- Dipartimento DAI Oncologico e di Chirurgia ad Indirizzo Robotico SOD Centro Diagnostico di Citofluorimetria e Immunoterapia, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Persio Dello Sbarba
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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7
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Bocchia M, Sicuranza A, Abruzzese E, Iurlo A, Sirianni S, Gozzini A, Galimberti S, Aprile L, Martino B, Pregno P, Sorà F, Alunni G, Fava C, Castagnetti F, Puccetti L, Breccia M, Cattaneo D, Defina M, Mulas O, Baratè C, Caocci G, Sica S, Gozzetti A, Luciano L, Crugnola M, Annunziata M, Tiribelli M, Pacelli P, Ferrigno I, Usala E, Sgherza N, Rosti G, Bosi A, Raspadori D. Residual Peripheral Blood CD26 + Leukemic Stem Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients During TKI Therapy and During Treatment-Free Remission. Front Oncol 2018; 8:194. [PMID: 29900128 PMCID: PMC5988870 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in sustained "deep molecular response" may stop TKI treatment without disease recurrence; however, half of them lose molecular response shortly after TKI withdrawing. Well-defined eligibility criteria to predict a safe discontinuation up-front are still missing. Relapse is probably due to residual quiescent TKI-resistant leukemic stem cells (LSCs) supposedly transcriptionally low/silent and not easily detectable by BCR-ABL1 qRT-PCR. Bone marrow Ph+ CML CD34+/CD38- LSCs were found to specifically co-express CD26 (dipeptidylpeptidase-IV). We explored feasibility of detecting and quantifying CD26+ LSCs by flow cytometry in peripheral blood (PB). Over 400 CML patients (at diagnosis and during/after therapy) entered this cross-sectional study in which CD26 expression was evaluated by a standardized multiparametric flow cytometry analysis on PB CD45+/CD34+/CD38- stem cell population. All 120 CP-CML patients at diagnosis showed measurable PB CD26+ LSCs (median 19.20/μL, range 0.27-698.6). PB CD26+ LSCs were also detectable in 169/236 (71.6%) CP-CML patients in first-line TKI treatment (median 0.014 cells/μL; range 0.0012-0.66) and in 74/112 (66%), additional patients studied on treatment-free remission (TFR) (median 0.015/μL; range 0.006-0.76). Notably, no correlation between BCR-ABL/ABLIS ratio and number of residual LSCs was found both in patients on or off TKIs. This is the first evidence that "circulating" CML LSCs persist in the majority of CML patients in molecular response while on TKI treatment and even after TKI discontinuation. Prospective studies evaluating the dynamics of PB CD26+ LSCs during TKI treatment and the role of a "stem cell response" threshold to achieve and maintain TFR are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bocchia
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Sicuranza
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Iurlo
- IRCCS Ca' Granda - Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Santina Sirianni
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Sara Galimberti
- Department of Hematology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Aprile
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Martino
- Hematology Unit Bianchi Melacrino Morelli Hospital, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pregno
- Hematology Division, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Sorà
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCSS Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Fava
- Hematology Division, Ospedale Mauriziano, Torino, Italy
| | - Fausto Castagnetti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology "L. & A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Puccetti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimo Breccia
- Hematology, Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Cattaneo
- IRCCS Ca' Granda - Maggiore Policlinico Hospital Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Defina
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Olga Mulas
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Baratè
- Department of Hematology, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caocci
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Sica
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCSS Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gozzetti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Monica Crugnola
- Hematology Unit, Maggiore Hospital University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Mario Tiribelli
- Division of Hematology and BMT, Department of Medical and Morphological Researches, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Pacelli
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ferrigno
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emilio Usala
- Hematology Unit, Ospedale Oncologico A. Businco, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Sgherza
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Gianantonio Rosti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology "L. & A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Bosi
- Department of Hematology, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Raspadori
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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